Endocrinology

Internal Medicine Sections Endocrinology
GlobalRPh Clinical Reference Library

Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Health Resource Center

Diabetes calculators and drug classes, insulin resources, obesity and cardiometabolic tools, thyroid and parathyroid references, adrenal and pituitary content, bone and vitamin D resources, testosterone and menopause material, and current GlobalRPh endocrine articles.

Diabetes resources Thyroid & parathyroid Obesity & metabolism Internal Medicine Sections

Clinical background

Endocrine disorders rarely stay confined to one organ system

Hormonal and metabolic disorders often overlap with cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, reproductive health, bone health, nutrition, obesity, medication effects, and long-term risk. Diabetes care now incorporates glucose technology, cardiorenal risk reduction, weight management and individualized pharmacotherapy; thyroid disease intersects with pregnancy, cardiovascular status and bone health; and adrenal, pituitary and gonadal disorders require careful biochemical and clinical interpretation.

This redesigned portal brings GlobalRPh’s endocrine calculators, diabetes drug tables, insulin references, thyroid tools, hormone resources, body-composition calculators and newer 2025–2026 articles into one organized clinical center. Older resources remain accessible, but they are distinguished from newer content so users can see where we are actively updating the library.

  • Diabetes & glucose technology
  • Obesity & insulin resistance
  • Thyroid disease
  • Parathyroid disease
  • Adrenal & pituitary disorders
  • Bone & vitamin D
  • Testosterone / hypogonadism
  • Menopause & hormone therapy
Clinician Using A Glucose Meter In An Endocrinology Care Environment
Diabetes technology in 2026

CGM & Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery

GlobalRPh’s recent endocrine library now includes dedicated reviews of continuous glucose monitoring and closed-loop insulin delivery. These newer resources better represent the current diabetes technology landscape than the older stand-alone Diabetic Database.

Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Review CGM Practice Review

Cardiometabolic crossover

Cardiovascular Risk & Advanced Lipid Analyzer

Endocrine care increasingly overlaps with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic risk. The GlobalRPh analyzer combines standard lipids with advanced markers, BMI and cardiometabolic information, making it useful for many patients with diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

Open the Cardiovascular Risk & Advanced Lipid Analyzer

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Core GlobalRPh calculators

Endocrinology tools already available on the site

Diabetes & glucose

Thyroid & parathyroid

Androgen / men’s health

Diabetes mellitus

Glucose assessment, insulin resources and antihyperglycemic drug classes

The original portal contains an extensive diabetes pharmacotherapy library. The revised layout keeps all of those classes but makes current technology and newer drug classes easier to find.

Assessment & monitoring

Insulin treatment

Current GlobalRPh diabetes reading

Antihyperglycemic drug-class library

Biguanides Metformin / Biguanides
GLP-1 receptor agonists GLP-1 / Incretin Mimetics
SGLT2 inhibitors SGLT2 Inhibitors
DPP-4 inhibitors DPP-4 Inhibitors
Sulfonylureas Sulfonylureas
Meglitinides Meglitinides
Thiazolidinediones Glitazones / TZDs
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Amylin analog Amylin Agonists / Pramlintide
The long-standing Diabetic Database remains available because it contains useful historical insulin and diabetes material, but its displayed references include ADA guidance from 2001–2002. We are treating that page as an update project rather than the current starting point for diabetes-management recommendations.
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Obesity, insulin resistance & cardiometabolic health

Body composition, weight-management tools and metabolic-risk content

Obesity and insulin resistance now deserve their own endocrine subsection rather than being scattered between Nutrition, Cardiology and diabetes pages.

Body size & composition

Metabolic-risk reading

Weight-management pharmacotherapy

The existing GlobalRPh Weight Management Agents table still contains lorcaserin (Belviq), which is no longer marketed in the United States after the FDA requested its withdrawal in 2020. We are keeping the page linked for continuity while it is rebuilt around current obesity pharmacotherapy.

Thyroid & parathyroid

Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer and parathyroid imaging

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism & thyroid cancer

Parathyroid & mineral crossover

The levothyroxine calculator remains useful as a basic educational tool, but the current page is still labeled “BETA” and includes older background references. We plan to update weight-based dosing, pregnancy, older adults, cardiac disease, absorption interactions, central hypothyroidism and monitoring language when that calculator is rebuilt.
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Adrenal, pituitary & corticosteroid physiology

Adrenal incidentalomas, aldosterone, glucocorticoids and endocrine replacement

The older portal had no dedicated adrenal or pituitary section despite having related GlobalRPh drug references and newer articles elsewhere on the site.

Adrenal disease

Glucocorticoids

Pituitary / endocrine replacement context

Bone, osteoporosis & vitamin D

Bone-mineral assessment and endocrine pharmacotherapy

Bone & vitamin D tools

Osteoporosis pharmacotherapy

Menopause & bone health

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Reproductive hormones & menopause

Testosterone, hypogonadism and menopausal hormone therapy

Male hypogonadism assessment

Current male-hormone reading

Menopause & hormone therapy

GlobalRPh endocrinology article library

Recent diabetes, thyroid, obesity, adrenal and hormone articles

The old portal’s article area was concentrated in 2024. The revised library surfaces the strongest newer Endocrinology-category and closely related GlobalRPh material.

2026

Resistant Hypertension Gets Personal: Aldosterone, Renin, and the Renewed Secondary Workup Adrenal • Primary aldosteronism • Secondary hypertension Prediabetes in 2026: Evidence Thresholds for Lifestyle Intervention, Metformin, and Anti-Obesity Pharmacotherapy Prediabetes • Prevention • Metformin • Obesity treatment Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Patients: The Metabolically Obese Normal-Weight Paradox Insulin resistance • Metabolic health • Body composition Revisiting Hormone Replacement Therapy: Are the Risks Still Overstated? Menopause • Hormone therapy • Risk-benefit assessment Revisiting Adrenal Incidentalomas: Who Really Needs Surgery? Adrenal incidentaloma • Hormonal evaluation • Surgery GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Aspiration Risk: From Universal Holding to Risk-Based Perioperative Management GLP-1 therapy • Perioperative care • Gastric emptying What a Closed Loop System for Insulin Delivery Contains Type 1 diabetes • Automated insulin delivery • CGM Managing Diabetes in the Age of Continuous Glucose Monitoring CGM • Time in range • Diabetes technology Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cellular Mechanisms, Reductionist Pitfalls, and Evidence-Based Prevention Type 2 diabetes • Beta-cell dysfunction • Prevention The Vitamin D Debate: From Universal Supplement to Precision Therapy Vitamin D • Bone health • Precision supplementation Obesity as Chronic Disease: Building a Follow-up Model Like HTN/A1c Obesity • Longitudinal management • Cardiometabolic risk The Microbiome and Metabolism: Can Gut Flora Be the Next Endocrine Organ? Microbiome • Metabolism • Insulin resistance Thyroid Cancer Overdiagnosis: When Screening Causes More Harm Than Good Thyroid cancer • Screening • Overdiagnosis Why GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Are Becoming Essential Cardiovascular Drugs GLP-1 receptor agonists • Diabetes • Cardiovascular risk Precision Endocrinology: How Genomic Testing Improves Thyroid Treatment Outcomes Thyroid • Genomics • Precision medicine New Frontiers in Male Hypogonadism: Are We Over-Treating Low Testosterone? Hypogonadism • Testosterone • Diagnostic thresholds
2025 & established content

Testosterone Replacement Therapy: New Guidelines Challenge Old Beliefs Testosterone • Hypogonadism • Monitoring The Hidden Burden of Subclinical Hypothyroidism: When to Treat and When to Watch Subclinical hypothyroidism • TSH • Treatment thresholds GLP-1 Agonists for Obesity in Non-Diabetic Patients Obesity • Semaglutide • Tirzepatide • Safety Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy Menopause • Hormone therapy • Compounded products Androgen Deficiency and the Role of the GlobalRPh ADAM and AMS Calculators Low testosterone • ADAM • AMS Oral Insulin Development Diabetes • Drug delivery • Insulin innovation Thyroid Levels and Macular Degeneration Thyroid physiology • Ophthalmology Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Patients Menopause • Bone health • Osteoporosis
Browse Endocrinology Articles Browse Obesity Articles Endocrinology Calculators
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GlobalRPh endocrinology video

Existing diabetes and hormone videos

Androgen deficiency

How to Assess Androgen Deficiency with ADAM and AMS Tools

Diabetes innovation

Is Oral Insulin the Future of Diabetes Care?

Insulin therapy

Newer Advancements in Insulin Therapy

Diabetes management

Breakthroughs in Diabetes Management

Menopause / HRT

Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy for Postmenopausal Women

Obesity / sleep

The Relationship Between BMI, Binge Eating, and Sleep Disturbances

Planned GlobalRPh updates

Areas we’re continuing to improve in the Endocrinology library

GlobalRPh has maintained endocrine calculators and drug tables for many years while the field has changed rapidly. As we work through this section, we plan to update the oldest diabetes, thyroid, obesity and hormone pages first, then connect them more tightly to current product labeling, guidelines and newer GlobalRPh articles.

Pages we plan to refresh

  • Diabetic Database: this is one of our highest-priority endocrine updates. The current page still displays ADA references from 2001–2002 and older insulin/product information. We plan to rebuild it around current diagnostic criteria, CGM, time in range, insulin technology, cardiorenal risk, obesity therapy and the 2026 diabetes standards.
  • Levothyroxine Dosing Calculator: the current calculator remains labeled BETA and includes older background references. We plan to update initial dosing, older adults, cardiac disease, obesity/body composition, pregnancy, central hypothyroidism, absorption interactions, formulation issues and monitoring.
  • Weight Management Agents: the current table contains historical products, including lorcaserin/Belviq, that no longer belong in a current U.S. treatment table. We plan to rebuild this around contemporary anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, labeling, indications, contraindications and long-term treatment principles.
  • GLP-1 / incretin drug table: we plan to expand this beyond the older GLP-1 agonist framework to make current GLP-1, GIP/GLP-1 and evolving incretin strategies easier to compare, while separating diabetes and obesity indications.
  • SGLT2 inhibitors: we plan to update diabetes, heart-failure and kidney-disease indications, renal thresholds, perioperative considerations, ketoacidosis risk and current product labeling.
  • Insulin class pages: we plan to re-check currently marketed formulations, onset/duration language, concentrated products, pump compatibility, newer ultra-rapid products and the relationship to automated insulin delivery.
  • Insulin Mixing Tool: we plan to verify compatibility guidance against currently marketed insulin formulations and more clearly distinguish syringe mixing from pump/reservoir use.
  • Thyroid Hormone / Antithyroid tables: we plan to update current products, monitoring, pregnancy considerations, major interactions, thyroid-cancer contexts and safety language.
  • Parathyroid Scan Score Calculator: we plan to re-review the score against contemporary parathyroid imaging and surgical localization practice and clarify where it is most useful.
  • ADAM and AMS tools: we plan to preserve the validated screening instruments while strengthening the explanation that symptoms require biochemical confirmation and evaluation for reversible causes before testosterone treatment decisions.
  • Testosterone Products: we plan to update currently marketed formulations, REMS or administration requirements where applicable, cardiovascular and hematologic monitoring, fertility considerations, contraindications and transfer-risk precautions for topical products.
  • Hormone Replacement / Postmenopausal Agents: we plan to modernize product tables around contemporary menopausal hormone therapy, route-specific considerations, nonhormonal options and current prescribing guidance.
  • Osteoporosis / bisphosphonate tables: we plan to align these with current sequencing concepts, anabolic therapy, denosumab discontinuation considerations, renal function and contemporary fracture-risk management.
  • Endocrine / Other: we plan to turn this older miscellaneous page into a more coherent adrenal-pituitary reference with current replacement therapies and monitoring.
Our goal is to keep the practical GlobalRPh tools that clinicians already use while making it immediately clear which pages reflect current endocrine practice and which pages are actively being refreshed.
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Current external clinical guidance

Primary endocrine guideline resources

Endocrinology changes quickly, especially diabetes technology, obesity pharmacotherapy and thyroid care. These official sources provide current guidance while individual GlobalRPh pages are progressively updated.

American Diabetes Association – Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026 Current annual ADA clinical-practice recommendations covering diagnosis, prevention, technology, pharmacotherapy, cardiorenal risk, inpatient care and complications. Open the 2026 Standards of Care
American Diabetes Association – 2026 Abridged Standards Condensed current diabetes recommendations designed for primary-care professionals. Open abridged guidance
Endocrine Society – Clinical Practice Guidelines Official guideline hub for adrenal, pituitary, obesity, reproductive, bone and other endocrine topics. Open Endocrine Society guidance
American Thyroid Association – Professional Guidelines Official ATA guideline and statement library for thyroid disease and thyroid cancer. Open ATA guidelines
ATA 2026 – Thyroid Disease in Preconception, Pregnancy & Postpartum Updated ATA guidance for thyroid testing and management across pregnancy-related endocrine care. Open ATA pregnancy update
AACE – Diabetes Guidance & Algorithms Clinical guidance for adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, including treatment algorithms and shared decision-making resources. Open AACE diabetes guidance
AACE – Nutrition & Obesity Guidance Clinical obesity and adiposity-based chronic-disease guidance. Open obesity guidance
Endocrine Society – Adrenal Guidance Guideline resources covering adrenal health, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma and related disorders. Open adrenal guidance

Supporting GlobalRPh resources

Related clinical portals, drug references and laboratory support

Cardiorenal & metabolic support

Laboratory & medication support

Related specialty sections

Older endocrine resources remain accessible during the update process

We are not removing older calculators simply because their background references need updating. Where a tool still has practical value, the new portal keeps it discoverable and identifies it in our planned-update section. This allows us to modernize the clinical logic and references without breaking useful internal links or hiding longstanding GlobalRPh resources.

Endocrinology Calculators Endocrinology Articles Endocrine Drug Tables
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Clinical use: GlobalRPh endocrine calculators, historical drug tables, screening tools and educational articles are intended to support, not replace, current product labeling, laboratory interpretation, guideline-based care, appropriate diagnostic evaluation, specialist consultation when indicated and professional judgment. Endocrine therapy should be individualized to diagnosis, symptoms, age, pregnancy status, cardiovascular and kidney disease, comorbidities, concurrent medications, treatment goals and patient preferences.

Return to Internal Medicine Sections  |  Endocrinology Calculators  |  Endocrinology Articles  |  Drug Tables  |  Common Lab Values

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Alphabetical Listing of individual drugs

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Common LAB Values  Renal Dosing

Internal Medicine Sections