Evidence-based clinical review Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Access: Is Landmark-Only Placement Now Outdated? For routine central venous catheterization, real-time ultrasound should be the default when trained operators and functioning equipment are available. Landmark-only access still has a limited contingency role. Estimated reading time:
Cardiology
Falls as a Cardiovascular Symptom: Hidden Orthostatic Hypotension, Atrial Fibrillation Therapies, and When Pacemakers Help
Statins in Absolute Terms: Mortality Benefit, Number Needed to Treat, and the Limits of Statin Therapy
Thrombolysis in Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: Who Should Receive Early Reperfusion?
Thrombolysis in Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism Who Should Receive Early Reperfusion Review Abstract Background Intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism sits in a genuinely difficult therapeutic space. On one side, you have uncomplicated pulmonary embolism managed primarily with anticoagulation. On the other side, pulmonary embolism complicated by cardiopulmonary failure that demands urgent
Device-Detected Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation in the Wearable Era: When Is Anticoagulation Justified?
Device-Detected Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation in the Wearable Era: When Is Anticoagulation Justified? Review Abstract Background Consumer wearables, ambulatory electrocardiographic monitors, pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and implantable cardiac monitors are increasingly identifying brief and asymptomatic atrial arrhythmias. However, a photoplethysmography-based irregular-rhythm notification is not equivalent to a diagnosis
Resistant Hypertension Gets Personal: Aldosterone, Renin, and the Renewed Secondary Workup
Resistant Hypertension Gets Personal: Aldosterone, Renin, and the Renewed Secondary Workup Review Abstract Purpose: Resistant hypertension remains a significant clinical challenge and is associated with a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease progression, stroke, heart failure, and premature mortality. Despite the availability of multiple
HFpEF: From Therapeutic Desert to Crowded Treatment Space
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Transitioning from Limited Therapeutic Options to an Expanding Treatment Landscape Review Abstract Purpose Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains one of the most heterogeneous and diagnostically challenging syndromes in cardiovascular medicine. This review examines the evolving management
Albuminuria as a Vital Sign: Why Urine ACR Is Becoming Central to Kidney-Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
Albuminuria as a Vital Sign: Why Urine ACR Is Becoming Central to Kidney-Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Review Abstract Albuminuria, most commonly assessed using the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), has emerged as one of the most valuable biomarkers in contemporary nephrology and cardiovascular medicine. Despite its proven clinical
Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Patients: The “Metabolically Obese Normal Weight” Paradox
Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Patients: The "Metabolically Obese Normal Weight” Paradox Review Abstract Normal body mass index (BMI) has long been used as a convenient and widely accepted screening tool for assessing overweight, obesity, and cardiometabolic risk. Although BMI remains valuable for population level surveillance and initial clinical
Inflammation as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: Are We Ready for Anti-Inflammatory Therapy?
Inflammation as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor Are We Ready for Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Review Abstract Inflammation is now firmly established as a central component of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and a key contributor to residual cardiovascular risk. While traditional risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and
