Determination of the Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
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Background
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
The Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) is closely related to the basal metabolic rate
(BMR) and it is the amount of energy required to maintain the body's normal
metabolic activity, such as respiration, maintenance of body temperature
(thermogenesis), and digestion. Specifically, it is the amount of energy
required at rest with no additional activity. The energy consumed is sufficient
only for the functioning of the vital organs such as the heart, lungs, nervous
system, kidneys, liver, intestine, sex organs, muscles, and skin.
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR):
Age :
Gender :
Male
Female
Height :
Inches
Centimeters
Weight:
Kilograms
Pounds
The activity level below will be used along with the RMR to calculate a
rough estimate of the number of calories needed per day (kcal/day)
Current daily activity level ?
[Sedentary]
[Mild activity]
[Moderate activity]
[Heavy activity]
[Very Heavy - Extreme]
Sedentary . Little to no
regular exercise.
(factor 1.2 )Mild activity level: Intensive exercise for at least 20 minutes 1 to 3 times
per week. This may include such things as bicycling, jogging, basketball,
swimming, skating, etc. If you do not exercise regularly, but you maintain
a busy life style that requires you to walk frequently for long periods, you
meet the requirements of this level.
(factor 1.375 )Moderate activity level: Intensive exercise for at least 30 to 60 minutes
3 to 4 times per week. Any of the activities listed above will qualify.
(factor 1.55 )Heavy or (Labor-intensive) activity level: Intensive exercise for 60
minutes or greater 5 to 7 days per week (see sample activities above).
Labor-intensive occupations also qualify for this level. Labor-intensive
occupations include construction work (brick laying, carpentry, general labor,
etc.). Also farming, landscape worker or similar occupations.
(factor 1.7 )Extreme level : Exceedingly active and/or very demanding activities:
Examples include: (1) athlete with an almost unstoppable training
schedule with multiple training sessions throughout the day (2) very demanding job, such as shoveling coal or working long
hours on an assembly line. Generally, this level of activity is very difficult to achieve.
(factor 1.9 )
Background
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) equations:
(RMR) kcal/day:
(males) = 9.99 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 4.92 x age(years)
+ 5;
(RMR) kcal/day:
(females) = 9.99 x weight(kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 4.92 x age
(years) - 161.
Post-exercise energy expenditure : the amount of additional
energy (above the resting or basal metabolic needs) expended after an activity
depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise session. More intense
sessions tend to increase resting energy needs for longer time periods. These
increased energy requirements occur during the cool-down phase and are
short-lived. Sustained increases in the resting or basal metabolic rate can only
be obtained through regular strength training routines that increase lean body
mass.
Summary :
Aerobic activity: short lived increases in RMR/BMR (cool-down period)
Anaerobic activity (regular): increases in lean body weight (LBW) --> Sustained
increases in RMR/BMR.
Utilization
Utilization: The baseline BMR or RMR can be used along with
stress/activity factors to estimate the daily caloric needs of an individual - (Total Energy
Expenditure (TEE) (kcal/day)). See error rate below.
Total Energy
Expenditure (TEE)
The total energy expenditure (amount of calories needed per day) is composed of
three primary factors: (1) Resting or basal metabolic rate (2) Thermic effect of food (3) Activities of daily living (ADL) - physical
activity.
Thermic effect of food (TEF):
Rough estimation: TEF = Total calories consumed/day x 0.1
Example: 2000 kcal diet. TEF = 2000 x 0.1 = 200
kcal/day.
TEF of protein >>carbohydrates>>fats.
Graphical representation:
Measurement
versus predictive equations:
Direct measurement : Method: direct or indirect calorimetry.
BMR: Conditions: measured under very restrictive circumstances
and strict adherence to protocols. This method is generally impractical in
most cases.
RMR: less restrictive conditions and more easily obtained. The
resting metabolic rate is only marginally different from the BMR.
Predictive equations :
An alternative method is to use predictive equations that can provide a rough
estimate of the basal or resting metabolic rate. The basal or the
resting metabolism is the largest component of the total energy expenditure
(TEE).... usually 60 - 75%. The RMR or BMR is usually at the higher end of
this range for sedentary individuals (70-75%) and at lower the end for athletes.
Error rate of
predictive equations:
The various predictive equations for determining the resting or basal metabolic
rates may significantly under or overestimate the total calories needed to
maintain the current weight of an individual when combined with stress/activity
factors that are selected by the user. This variance can approach 20% (over or
underestimation) depending on differences in body composition (lean versus
obese), actual activity levels (athletic versus sedentary lifestyle), and
energy levels expended in thermogenesis.
Activity /
Stress factors:
The following activity/stress factors when used along with an estimation of the
resting or basal metabolic rate can be used to estimate an individual's total
energy expenditure (TEE) in kcal/day (recommend daily calories to maintain
current weight = RMR + TEF + ADL).
Sedentary . Little to no
exercise
Daily calories needed =
RMR x 1.2
Mild activity level: Intensive exercise for at least 20 minutes 1 to 3 times
per week. This may include such things as bicycling, jogging, basketball,
swimming, skating, etc. If you do not exercise regularly, but you maintain
a busy life style that requires you to walk frequently for long periods, you
meet the requirements of this level.
Daily calories needed =
RMR x 1.3 - 1.375
Moderate activity level: Intensive exercise for at least 30 to 60 minutes
3 to 4 times per week. Any of the activities listed above will qualify.
Daily calories needed =
RMR x 1.5 - 1.55
Heavy or (Labor-intensive) activity level: Intensive exercise for 60
minutes or greater 5 to 7 days per week (see sample activities above).
Labor-intensive occupations also qualify for this level. Labor-intensive
occupations include construction work (bricklaying, carpentry, general labor,
etc.). Also farming, landscape worker or similar occupations.
Daily calories needed =
RMR x 1.7
Extreme level : Exceedingly active
and/or very demanding activities:
Examples include: athlete with an almost unstoppable training
schedule with multiple training sessions throughout the day or a very demanding job, such as shoveling coal or working long
hours on an assembly line. Generally, this level of activity is very difficult to achieve.
Daily calories needed =
RMR x 1.9
References
Mifflin, MD; St Jeor, ST; Hill, LA; Scott, BJ; Daugherty, SA; Koh, YO (1990). "A
new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals".
The American journal of clinical nutrition 51 (2): 241-7.
Comments :
Frankenfield, David; Roth-Yousey, Lori; Compher, Charlene (2005). "Comparison of
Predictive Equations for Resting Metabolic Rate in Healthy Nonobese and Obese
Adults: A Systematic Review". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 105
(5): 775:89.
Link .
"An assessment of energy needs is a necessary component in the development and
evaluation of a nutrition care plan. The metabolic rate can be measured or
estimated by equations, but estimation is by far the more common method.
However, predictive equations might generate errors large enough to impact
outcome."
"CONCLUSIONS: The Mifflin-St Jeor equation is more likely than the other
equations tested to estimate RMR to within 10% of that measured, but noteworthy
errors and limitations exist when it is applied to individuals and possibly when
it is generalized to certain age and ethnic groups. RMR estimation errors would
be eliminated by valid measurement of RMR with indirect calorimetry, using an
evidence-based protocol to minimize measurement error. The Expert Panel advises
clinical judgment regarding when to accept estimated RMR using predictive
equations in any given individual. "
"For members of groups that are greatly underrepresented by existing validation
studies of predictive equations, a high level of suspicion regarding the
accuracy of the equations is warranted."