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Mycamine is a sterile, lyophilized product for intravenous (IV) infusion that contains micafungin sodium. Micafungin sodium is a semisynthetic lipopeptide (echinocandin) synthesized by a chemical modification of a fermentation product of Coleophoma empetri F-11899. Micafungin inhibits the synthesis of 1, 3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall.
Each single-use vial contains 50 mg or 100 mg micafungin sodium, 200 mg lactose, with citric acid and/or sodium hydroxide (used for pH adjustment). Mycamine must be diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Following reconstitution with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, the resulting pH of the solution is between 5-7.
Micafungin sodium is chemically designated as:
Pneumocandin A0,1-[(4R,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-N2-[4-[5-[4-(pentyloxy)phenyl]-3isoxazolyl]benzoyl]-L-ornithine]-4-[(4S)-4-hydroxy-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]-Lthreonine]-, monosodium salt.
The chemical structure of micafungin sodium is:
 |
The empirical/molecular formula is C56H70N9NaO23S and the formula weight is 1292.26.
Micafungin sodium is a light-sensitive, hygroscopic white powder that is freely soluble in water, isotonic sodium chloride solution, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide, slightly soluble in methyl alcohol, and practically insoluble in acetonitrile, ethyl alcohol (95%), acetone, diethyl ether and n-hexane.
MYCAMINE® is indicated for:
The recommended dosage for adult patients based on indications are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: MYCAMINE Dosage in Adult Patients
| Indication | Recommended Reconstituted Dose Once Daily |
| Treatment of Candidemia, Acute Disseminated Candidiasis, Candida Peritonitis and Abscesses1 | 100 mg |
| Treatment of Esophageal Candidiasis2 | 150 mg |
| Prophylaxis of Candida Infections in HSCT Recipients3 | 50 mg |
| 1 In patients treated successfully for candidemia and other Candida infections, the mean duration of treatment was 15 days (range 10 to 47 days). 2 In patients treated successfully for esophageal candidiasis, the mean duration of treatment was 15 days (range 10 to 30 days). 3 In hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients who experienced success of prophylactic therapy, the mean duration of prophylaxis was 19 days (range 6 to 51 days). |
|
The recommended dosage for pediatric patients 4 months of age and older based on indication and weight are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: MYCAMINE Dosage in Pediatric Patients (4 Months of Age and Older)
| Indication | Dosage for Pediatric Patients 4 Months of Age and Older | |
| 30 kg or less | Greater than 30 kg | |
| Treatment of Candidemia, Acute Disseminated Candidiasis, Candida Peritonitis and Abscesses | 2 mg/kg once daily (maximum daily dose 100 mg) | |
| Treatment of Esophageal Candidiasis | 3 mg/kg once daily | 2.5 mg/kg once daily (maximum daily dose 150 mg) |
| Prophylaxis of Candida Infections in HSCT Recipients | 1 mg/kg once daily (maximum daily dose 50 mg) | |
The recommended dosage is 4 mg/kg once daily.
The safety and effectiveness of MYCAMINE have not been established for the treatment of candidemia with meningoencephalitis and/or ocular dissemination in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age as a higher dose may be needed [see Use In Specific Populations, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and Microbiology].
Do not mix or co-infuse MYCAMINE with other medications. MYCAMINE has been shown to precipitate when mixed directly with a number of other commonly used medications. Please read this entire section carefully before beginning reconstitution.
Reconstitute MYCAMINE vials by aseptically adding 5 mL of one of the following compatible solutions:
To minimize excessive foaming, gently dissolve the MYCAMINE powder by swirling the vial. Do not vigorously shake the vial. Visually inspect the vial for particulate matter.
MYCAMINE 50 mg vial: after reconstitution each mL contains 10 mg of micafungin.
MYCAMINE 100 mg vial: after reconstitution each mL contains 20 mg of micafungin.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Do not use if there is any evidence of precipitation or foreign matter. Aseptic technique must be strictly observed in all handling since no preservative or bacteriostatic agent is present in MYCAMINE or in the materials specified for reconstitution and dilution.
The reconstituted product should be protected from light and may be stored in the original vial for up to 24 hours at room temperature, 25oC (77oF).
The diluted solution should be protected from light. It is not necessary to cover the infusion drip chamber or the tubing.
Adult Patients
Pediatric Patients
The diluted infusion bag should be protected from light and may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature, 25oC (77oF).
MYCAMINE is preservative-free. Discard partially used vials.
Administer MYCAMINE by intravenous infusion only. Infuse over one hour. More rapid infusions may result in more frequent histamine-mediated reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Flush an existing intravenous line with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, prior to infusion of MYCAMINE.
MYCAMINE should be infused over one hour. To decrease the risk of infusion reactions, concentrations above 1.5 mg/mL should be administered via central catheter [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
MYCAMINE is a sterile, white lyophilized powder for reconstitution for intravenous infusion available as:
MYCAMINE is supplied as a sterile, white lyophilized powder for reconstitution for intravenous infusion, and is available in the following packaging configurations:
Unopened vials of lyophilized material must be stored at room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Store the reconstituted product at 25°C (77°F) [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]
Store the diluted solution at 25°C (77°F) [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]
Protect from light.
Manufactured by: Astellas Pharma Tech Co., Ltd. Takaoka Plant 30 Toidesakae-machi, Takaoka city, Toyama 939-1118, Japan. Marketed by: Astellas Pharma US, Inc. Northbrook, IL 60062 USA. Revised: Jul 2020
The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of MYCAMINE cannot be directly compared to rates in clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The overall safety of MYCAMINE was assessed in 520 healthy volunteers and 3417 adult and pediatric patients who received single or multiple doses of MYCAMINE across 50 clinical trials, including the invasive candidiasis, esophageal candidiasis and prophylaxis trials. The doses of MYCAMINE administered included doses above and below the recommended doses [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION] and ranged from 0.75 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg in pediatric patients and 12.5 mg to 150 mg/day or greater in adults.
In clinical trials with MYCAMINE, 2497/2748 (91%) adult patients experienced at least one adverse reaction.
In a randomized, double-blind trial for the treatment of candidemia and other Candida infections, adverse reactions occurred in 183/200 (92%) and 171/193 (89%) patients in the MYCAMINE 100 mg/day, and caspofungin (70 mg loading dose followed by 50 mg/day dose) treatment groups, respectively. Selected adverse reactions occurring in 5% or more of the patients and more frequently in the MYCAMINE treatment group, are shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Selected1 Adverse Reactions in Adult Patients with Candidemia and Other Candida Infections
| Adverse Reactions by System Organ Class2 | MYCAMINE 100 mg n (%) | Caspofungin3 n (%) |
| Number of Patients | 200 | 193 |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | 81 (41) | 76 (39) |
| Diarrhea | 15 (8) | 14 (7) |
| Vomiting | 18 (9) | 16 (8) |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | 77 (39) | 73 (38) |
| Hypoglycemia | 12 (6) | 9 (5) |
| Hyperkalemia | 10 (5) | 5 (3) |
| General Disorders/Administration Site Conditions | 59 (30) | 51 (26) |
| Investigations | 36 (18) | 37 (19) |
| Blood Alkaline Phosphatase Increased | 11 (6) | 8 (4) |
| Cardiac Disorders | 35 (18) | 36 (19) |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 5 (3) | 0 |
| Patient base: all randomized patients who received at least 1 dose of trial drug. 1. During IV treatment + 3 days. 2. Within a system organ class, patients may experience more than 1 adverse reaction. 3. 70 mg loading dose on day 1 followed by 50 mg/day thereafter (caspofungin). |
||
In a second, supportive, randomized, double-blind trial for the treatment of candidemia and other Candida infections, adverse reactions occurred in 245/264 (93%) and 250/265 (94%) adult and pediatric patients in the MYCAMINE (100 mg/day) and amphotericin B liposome (3 mg/kg/day) treatment groups, respectively. In this trial, the following adverse reactions were reported in patients at least 16 years of age in the MYCAMINE and amphotericin B liposome treatment groups, respectively: nausea (10% vs. 8%), diarrhea (11% vs. 11%), vomiting (13% vs. 9%), abnormal liver tests (4% vs. 3%), increased aspartate aminotransferase (3% vs. 2%), and increased blood alkaline phosphatase (3% vs. 2%).
In a randomized, double-blind study for treatment of esophageal candidiasis, a total of 202/260 (78%) patients who received MYCAMINE 150 mg/day and 186/258 (72%) patients who received intravenous fluconazole 200 mg/day experienced an adverse reaction. Adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation were reported in 17 (7%) MYCAMINE-treated patients; and in 12 (5%) fluconazole-treated patients. Selected treatment-emergent adverse reactions occurring in 5% or more of the patients and more frequently in the MYCAMINE group, are shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Selected1 Adverse Reactions in Adult Patients with Esophageal Candidiasis
| Adverse Reactions by System Organ Class2 | MYCAMINE 150 mg/day n (%) | Fluconazole 200 mg/day n (%) |
| Number of Patients | 260 | 258 |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | 84 (32) | 93 (36) |
| Diarrhea | 27(10) | 29 (11) |
| Nausea | 20 (8) | 23 (9) |
| Vomiting | 17 (7) | 17 (7) |
| General Disorders/Administration Site Conditions | 52 (20) | 45 (17) |
| Pyrexia | 34 (13) | 21 (8) |
| Nervous System Disorders | 42 (16) | 40 (16) |
| Headache | 22 (9) | 20 (8) |
| Vascular Disorders | 54 (21) | 21 (8) |
| Phlebitis | 49(19) | 13 (5) |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | 36(14) | 26 (10) |
| Rash | 14 (5) | 6 (2) |
| Patient base: all randomized patients who received at least 1 dose of trial drug. 1. During treatment + 3 days. 2. Within a system organ class, patients may experience more than 1 adverse reaction. |
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A double-blind trial was conducted in a total of 882 patients scheduled to undergo an autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The median duration of treatment was 18 days (range 1 to 51 days) in both treatment arms.
All adult patients who received MYCAMINE (382) or fluconazole (409) experienced at least one adverse reaction during the study. Treatment-emergent adverse reactions resulting in MYCAMINE discontinuation were reported in 15 (4%) adult patients; while those resulting in fluconazole discontinuation were reported in 32 (8%). Selected adverse reactions reported in 15% or more of adult patients and more frequently in the MYCAMINE treatment arm, are shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Selected Adverse Reactions in Adult Patients During Prophylaxis of Candida Infection in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
| System Organ Class | MYCAMINE 50 mg/day n (%) | Fluconazole 400 mg/day n (%) |
| Number of Patients | 382 | 409 |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | 377 (99) | 404 (99) |
| Diarrhea | 294 (77) | 327 (80) |
| Nausea | 270 (71) | 290 (71) |
| Vomiting | 252 (66) | 274 (67) |
| Abdominal Pain | 100 (26) | 93 (23) |
| Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | 368 (96) | 385 (94) |
| Neutropenia | 288 (75) | 297 (73) |
| Thrombocytopenia | 286 (75) | 280 (69) |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | 257 (67) | 275(67) |
| Rash | 95 (25) | 91 (22) |
| Nervous System Disorders | 250 (65) | 254 (62) |
| Headache | 169 (44) | 154 (38) |
| Psychiatric Disorders | 233 (61) | 235 (58) |
| Insomnia | 142 (37) | 140 (34) |
| Anxiety | 84 (22) | 87 (21) |
| Cardiac Disorders | 133 (35) | 138 (34) |
| Tachycardia | 99 (26) | 91 (22) |
| Patient base: all randomized adult patients who received at least 1 dose of trial drug. | ||
Other selected adverse reactions reported at less than 5% in adult clinical trials are listed below:
The safety of MYCAMINE was assessed in 593 pediatric patients, 425 of whom were 4 months through 16 years of age and 168 of whom were 3 days to less than 4 months of age who received at least one dose of MYCAMINE across 15 clinical trials.
Of the 425 pediatric patients, 4 months through 16 years of age enrolled in 11 clinical trials, 235 (55%) were male, 290 (68%) were white, with the following age distribution: 62 (15%) 4 months to <2 years, 108 (25%) 2 to 5 years, 140 (33%) 6 to 11 years, and 115 (27%) 12 to 16 years of age. The mean treatment duration was 26.1 days. A total of 246 patients received at least one dose of MYCAMINE ranging from 2 to 10 mg/kg. Overall, 388/425 (91%) patients experienced at least one adverse reaction. Adverse reactions occurring in ≥15% or more of micafungin-treated pediatric patients 4 months of age and older are: vomiting (32%), diarrhea (24%), pyrexia (24%), hypokalemia (22%), nausea (21%), mucosal inflammation (19%), thrombocytopenia (19%), abdominal pain (18%), headache (15%), and hypertension (15%).
Two randomized, double-blind active-controlled trials included pediatric patients. In the invasive candidiasis/candidemia trial, the efficacy and safety of MYCAMINE (2 mg/kg/day for patients weighing 40 kg or less and 100 mg/day for patients weighing greater than 40 kg) was compared to amphotericin B liposome (3 mg/kg/day) in 112 pediatric patients. Treatment-emergent adverse reactions occurred in 51/56 (91%) of patients in the MYCAMINE group and 52/56 (93%) of patients in the amphotericin B liposome group. Treatment-emergent adverse reactions resulting in drug discontinuation were reported in 2 (4%) MYCAMINE-treated pediatric patients and in 9 (16%) amphotericin B liposome-treated pediatric patients.
The prophylaxis study in patients undergoing HSCT investigated the efficacy of MYCAMINE (1 mg/kg/day for patients weighing 50 kg or less and 50 mg/day for patients weighing greater than 50 kg) as compared to fluconazole (8 mg/kg/day for patients weighing 50 kg or less and 400 mg/day for patients weighing greater than 50 kg). All 91 pediatric patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse reaction. Three (7%) pediatric patients discontinued MYCAMINE due to adverse reaction, while one (2%) patient discontinued fluconazole.
Selected adverse reactions, occurring in 15% or more of the patients and more frequently in a MYCAMINE group, for the two comparative trials are shown in Table 6.
Table 6: Selected Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients with Candidemia and Other Candida Infections (C/IC), and in Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Recipients During Prophylaxis of Candida Infections
| Adverse Reactions1 | C/IC2 | Prophylaxis | ||
| MYCAMINE n = 56 n (%) |
Amphotericin B liposome n = 56 n (%) |
MYCAMINE n = 43 n (%) |
Fluconazole n = 48 n (%) |
|
| Gastrointestinal disorders | 22 (40) | 18 (32) | 43 (100) | 45 (94) |
| Vomiting | 10(18) | 8 (14) | 28 (65) | 32 (67) |
| Diarrhea | 4 (7) | 5 (9) | 22 (51) | 31 (65) |
| Nausea | 4 (7) | 4 (7) | 30 (70) | 25 (52) |
| Abdominal pain | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | 15 (35) | 12 (25) |
| Abdominal distension | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 8 (19) | 6 (13) |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | 14 (25) | 14 (25) | 41 (95) | 46 (96) |
| Pyrexia | 5 (9) | 9 (16) | 26 (61) | 31 (65) |
| Infusion-related reaction | 0 | 3 (5) | 7 (16) | 4 (8) |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | 11(20) | 8 (14) | 33 (77) | 38 (79) |
| Pruritus | 0 | 1 (2) | 14 (33) | 15 (31) |
| Rash | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 13 (30) | 13 (27) |
| Urticaria | 0 | 1 (2) | 8 (19) | 4 (8) |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | 9 (16) | 13 (23) | 30 (70) | 33 (69) |
| Epistaxis | 0 | 0 | 4 (9) | 8 (17) |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | 17 (30) | 13 (23) | 40 (93) | 44 (92) |
| Thrombocytopenia | 5 (9) | 3 (5) | 31(72) | 37 (77) |
| Neutropenia | 3 (5) | 4 (7) | 33 (77) | 34 (71) |
| Anemia | 10(18) | 6 (11) | 22 (51) | 24 (50) |
| Febrile neutropenia | 0 | 0 | 7 (16) | 7 (15) |
| Investigations | 12 (21) | 8 (14) | 24 (56) | 25 (52) |
| Alanine aminotransferase increased | 0 | 0 | 7 (16) | 1 (2) |
| Urine output decreased | 0 | 0 | 10(23) | 8 (17) |
| Cardiac disorders | 7 (13) | 3 (5) | 10 (23) | 17 (35) |
| Tachycardia | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | 7 (16) | 12 (25) |
| Renal and urinary disorders | 4 (7) | 4 (7) | 16 (37) | 15 (31) |
| Hematuria | 0 | 0 | 10 (23) | 7 (15) |
| Psychiatric disorders | 3 (5) | 1 (2) | 20 (47) | 9 (19) |
| Anxiety | 0 | 0 | 10 (23) | 3 (6) |
| 1. Within a system organ class, patients may experience more than 1 adverse reaction. 2. Study population included 20 pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age (10 in each arm) |
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Other clinically significant adverse reactions reported at less than 15% in pediatric clinical trials are listed below:
The safety of MYCAMINE was assessed in 168 pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age who received varying doses of MYCAMINE in 9 clinical trials. The mean treatment duration was 16.6 days. A total of 59 patients received MYCAMINE at doses ≤4 mg/kg/day and 109 patients received MYCAMINE doses >4 mg/kg/day [5 to 15 mg/kg/day (approximately 1.3 to 3.8 times the recommended dosage in pediatric patients less than 4 months old)].
The adverse reaction profile of MYCAMINE in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age was generally comparable to that of pediatric patients 4 months of age and older and adults. The most frequent adverse reactions (≥15%) in pediatric patients younger than 4 months old receiving a MYCAMINE dose of approximately 4 mg/kg/day included hypokalemia (25%), thrombocytopenia (25%), acidosis (20%), sepsis (20%), anemia (15%), oxygen saturation decreased (15%), and vomiting (15%). No new safety signals were seen in patients who received 5 to 15 mg/kg/day [see Use In Specific Populations].
Additional clinically significant adverse reactions reported in less than 15% of pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age who received approximately 4 mg/kg/day are listed below:
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of micafungin for injection. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Co-administration of MYCAMINE with cyclosporine, itraconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole did not alter the pharmacokinetics of MYCAMINE.
Co-administration of MYCAMINE with rifampin and ritonavir did not alter the pharmacokinetics of MYCAMINE.
Co-administration of MYCAMINE with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), amphotericin B, tacrolimus, prednisolone, sirolimus and nifedipine did not alter the pharmacokinetics of MYCAMINE.
There was no effect of single or multiple doses of MYCAMINE on cyclosporine, tacrolimus, prednisolone, voriconazole and fluconazole pharmacokinetics.
Sirolimus AUC was increased by 21% with no effect on Cmax in the presence of steady-state MYCAMINE compared with sirolimus alone. Nifedipine AUC and Cmax were increased by 18% and 42%, respectively, in the presence of steady-state MYCAMINE compared with nifedipine alone. Itraconazole AUC and Cmax were increased by 22% and 11%, respectively. Patients receiving sirolimus, nifedipine, and itraconazole in combination with MYCAMINE should be monitored for sirolimus, nifedipine, and itraconazole toxicity and the sirolimus, nifedipine, and itraconazole dosage should be reduced if necessary.
Co-administration of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with MYCAMINE did not alter the pharmacokinetics of MMF.
There has been no evidence of either psychological or physical dependence or withdrawal or rebound effects with MYCAMINE.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
Isolated cases of serious hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid) reactions (including shock) have been reported in patients receiving MYCAMINE. If these reactions occur, MYCAMINE infusion should be discontinued and appropriate treatment administered.
Acute intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria was seen in a healthy volunteer during infusion of MYCAMINE (200 mg) and oral prednisolone (20 mg). Cases of significant hemolysis and hemolytic anemia have also been reported in patients treated with MYCAMINE. Patients who develop clinical or laboratory evidence of hemolysis or hemolytic anemia during MYCAMINE therapy should be monitored closely for evidence of worsening of these conditions and evaluated for the risk/benefit of continuing MYCAMINE therapy.
Laboratory abnormalities in liver function tests have been seen in healthy volunteers and patients treated with MYCAMINE. In some patients with serious underlying conditions who were receiving MYCAMINE along with multiple concomitant medications, clinical hepatic abnormalities have occurred, and isolated cases of significant hepatic impairment, hepatitis, and hepatic failure have been reported. Patients who develop abnormal liver function tests during MYCAMINE therapy should be monitored for evidence of worsening hepatic function and evaluated for the risk/benefit of continuing MYCAMINE therapy.
Elevations in BUN and creatinine, and isolated cases of significant renal impairment or acute renal failure have been reported in patients who received MYCAMINE. In fluconazole-controlled trials, the incidence of drug-related renal adverse reactions was 0.4% for MYCAMINE-treated patients and 0.5% for fluconazole-treated patients. Patients who develop abnormal renal function tests during MYCAMINE therapy should be monitored for evidence of worsening renal function.
Possible histamine-mediated symptoms have been reported with MYCAMINE, including rash, pruritus, facial swelling, and vasodilatation. Slow the infusion rate if infusion reaction occurs [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Injection site reactions, including phlebitis and thrombophlebitis have been reported, at MYCAMINE doses of 50 to 150 mg/day. These reactions tended to occur more often in patients receiving MYCAMINE via peripheral intravenous administration [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Hepatic carcinomas and adenomas were observed in a 6-month intravenous toxicology study with an 18-month recovery period of micafungin sodium in rats designed to assess the reversibility of hepatocellular lesions.
Rats administered micafungin sodium for 3 months at 32 mg/kg/day (corresponding to 8 times the highest recommended human dose [150 mg/day], based on AUC comparisons), exhibited colored patches/zones, multinucleated hepatocytes and altered hepatocellular foci after 1 or 3-month recovery periods, and adenomas were observed after a 21-month recovery period. Rats administered micafungin sodium at the same dose for 6 months exhibited adenomas after a 12-month recovery period; after an 18-month recovery period, an increased incidence of adenomas was observed and, additionally, carcinomas were detected. A lower dose of micafungin sodium (equivalent to 5 times the human AUC) in the 6-month rat study resulted in a lower incidence of adenomas and carcinomas following 18 months recovery. The duration of micafungin dosing in these rat studies (3 or 6 months) exceeds the usual duration of MYCAMINE dosing in patients, which is typically less than 1 month for treatment of esophageal candidiasis, but dosing may exceed 1 month for Candida prophylaxis.
Although the increase in carcinomas in the 6-month rat study did not reach statistical significance, the persistence of altered hepatocellular foci subsequent to MYCAMINE dosing, and the presence of adenomas and carcinomas in the recovery periods suggest a causal relationship between micafungin sodium, altered hepatocellular foci, and hepatic neoplasms. Whole-life carcinogenicity studies of MYCAMINE in animals have not been conducted, and it is not known whether the hepatic neoplasms observed in treated rats also occur in other species, or if there is a dose threshold for this effect.
Micafungin sodium was not mutagenic or clastogenic when evaluated in a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo tests (i.e., bacterial reversion - S. typhimurium, E. coli; chromosomal aberration; intravenous mouse micronucleus).
Male rats treated intravenously with micafungin sodium for 9 weeks showed vacuolation of the epididymal ductal epithelial cells at or above 10 mg/kg (about 0.6 times the recommended clinical dose for esophageal candidiasis, based on body surface area comparisons). Higher doses (about twice the recommended clinical dose, based on body surface area comparisons) resulted in higher epididymis weights and reduced numbers of sperm cells. In a 39-week intravenous study in dogs, seminiferous tubular atrophy and decreased sperm in the epididymis were observed at 10 and 32 mg/kg, doses equal to about 2 and 7 times the recommended clinical dose, based on body surface area comparisons. There was no impairment of fertility in animal studies with micafungin sodium.
Based on findings from animal studies, MYCAMINE may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman (see Data). There is insufficient human data on the use of MYCAMINE in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. In animal reproduction studies, intravenous administration of micafungin sodium to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis at doses four times the maximum recommended human dose resulted in visceral abnormalities and increased abortion (see Data). Advise pregnant women of the risk to the fetus.
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Animal Data
In an embryo-fetal toxicity study in pregnant rabbits, intravenous administration of micafungin sodium during organogenesis (days 6 to 18 of gestation) resulted in fetal visceral abnormalities and abortion at 32 mg/kg, a dose equivalent to four times the recommended human dose based on body surface area comparisons. Visceral abnormalities included abnormal lobation of the lung, levocardia, retrocaval ureter, anomalous right subclavian artery, and dilatation of the ureter.
There are no data on the presence of micafungin in human milk, the effects on the breast-fed infant or the effects on milk production. Micafungin was present in the milk of lactating rats following intravenous administration. When a drug is present in animal milk, it is likely that the drug will be present in human milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for MYCAMINE, and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed child from MYCAMINE, or from the underlying maternal condition.
The safety and effectiveness of MYCAMINE for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, Candida peritonitis and abscesses, esophageal candidiasis, and for prophylaxis of Candida infections in patients undergoing HSCT have been established in pediatric patients 4 months of age and older. Use of MYCAMINE for these indications and in this age group is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies in adult and pediatric patients with additional pharmacokinetic and safety data in pediatric patients 4 months of age and older [see Indications And Usage, ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, and Clinical Studies].
Treatment Of Candidemia, Acute Disseminated Candidiasis, Candida Peritonitis And Abscesses Without Meningoencephalitis And/Or Ocular Dissemination in Pediatric Patients Younger Than 4 Months of Age
The safety and effectiveness of MYCAMINE for the treatment of candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, Candida peritonitis and abscesses without meningoencephalitis and/or ocular dissemination at a dosage of 4 mg/kg once daily have been established in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age. This use and dosage of MYCAMINE are supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies in adult and pediatric patients 4 months of age and older with additional pharmacokinetic and safety data in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Treatment Of Candidemia, Acute Disseminated Candidiasis, Candida Peritonitis And Abscesses With Meningoencephalitis And/Or Ocular Dissemination In Pediatric Patients Younger Than 4 Months Of Age
The safety and effectiveness of MYCAMINE have not been established for the treatment of candidemia with meningoencephalitis and/or ocular dissemination in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age.
In a rabbit model of hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis (HCME) with Candida albicans (minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.125 mcg/mL), a decrease in mean fungal burden in central nervous system (CNS) compartments assessed as the average of combined fungal burden in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord relative to untreated controls, was observed with increasing micafungin dosages administered once daily for 7 days. Data from the rabbit model suggest that a micafungin dose regimen of 4 mg/kg once daily is inadequate to treat meningoencephalitis and that a dose regimen of approximately 10 to 25 mg/kg once daily may be necessary to lower fungal burden in the CNS in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age [see Microbiology]. In this rabbit model, micafungin concentrations could not be reliably detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Due to limitations of the study design, the clinical significance of a decreased CNS fungal burden in the rabbit HCME model is uncertain.
A randomized controlled trial evaluated a MYCAMINE dose regimen of 10 mg/kg once daily in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age with suspected or proven Candida meningoencephalitis. Fungal-free survival at 1 week after end of therapy was observed in 60% of MYCAMINE-treated vs. 70% of amphotericin B-treated patients, and all-cause mortality was 15% vs. 10%, respectively. However, because this study was terminated early and enrolled only 30 pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age (20 treated with MYCAMINE and 10 treated with amphotericin B) which was 13% of the planned enrollment for the study, no conclusions can be drawn regarding efficacy of MYCAMINE at this dose regimen.
In six uncontrolled, open-label studies, and a neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) medical records database, pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age with suspected Candida meningoencephalitis or disseminated candidemia received MYCAMINE at dose regimens ranging from 5 to 15 mg/kg once daily. Across the entire MYCAMINE development program, only 6 pediatric patients with proven Candida meningoencephalitis were treated with dosages of 2 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg once daily. Micafungin was detected in the CSF of pediatric patients with suspected Candida meningoencephalitis. No conclusions regarding the efficacy of a particular dosage of MYCAMINE or the penetration of micafungin into the CSF can be drawn due to limitations of the data, including but not limited to, multiple confounding factors, variable study designs, and limited numbers of patients. No new safety signals were observed with the use of MYCAMINE at dosages of 5 to 15 mg/kg once daily in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age, and there was no discernible dose-response for adverse events.
Although the dosage for the treatment of candidemia with meningoencephalitis has not been established, antifungal activity in various CNS compartments in the rabbit HCME model and limited clinical trial data suggest that in patients younger than 4 months of age, dose regimens 10 mg/kg once daily or higher may be necessary for the treatment of candidemia with meningoencephalitis. Safety data from clinical studies for MYCAMINE at dose regimens of 10 to 15 mg/kg once daily in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age did not reveal new safety signals.
Treatment Of Esophageal Candidiasis And Prophylaxis Of Candida Infections In Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation In Pediatric Patients Younger Than 4 Months Of Age
The safety and effectiveness of MYCAMINE in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age have not been established for the:
A total of 418 subjects in clinical studies of MYCAMINE were 65 years of age and older, and 124 subjects were 75 years of age and older. No overall differences in safety and effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
The exposure and disposition of a 50 mg MYCAMINE dose administered as a single 1-hour infusion to 10 healthy subjects aged 66 to 78 years were not significantly different from those in 10 healthy subjects aged 20 to 24 years. No dose adjustment is necessary for the elderly.
MYCAMINE does not require dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment. Supplementary dosing should not be required following hemodialysis [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Dose adjustment of MYCAMINE is not required in patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
No dose adjustment of MYCAMINE is required based on gender or race. After 14 daily doses of 150 mg to healthy subjects, micafungin AUC in women was greater by approximately 23% compared with men, due to smaller body weight. No notable differences among white, black, and Hispanic subjects were seen. The micafungin AUC was greater by 19% in Japanese subjects compared to blacks, due to smaller body weight.
MYCAMINE is highly protein bound and, therefore, is not dialyzable. No cases of MYCAMINE overdosage have been reported. Repeated daily doses up to 8 mg/kg (maximum total dose of 896 mg) in adult patients, up to 6 mg/kg in pediatric patients 4 months of age and older, and up to 15 mg/kg in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age have been administered in clinical trials with no reported dose-limiting toxicity [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and Use In Specific Populations.
MYCAMINE is contraindicated in persons with known hypersensitivity to micafungin, any component of MYCAMINE, or other echinocandins.
Micafungin is a member of the echinocandin class of antifungal agents [see Microbiology].
The pharmacodynamics of micafungin related to hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis are described in other sections of the prescribing information [see Use In Specific Populations  and Microbiology].
The pharmacokinetics of micafungin were determined in healthy subjects, hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, and patients with esophageal candidiasis up to a maximum daily dose of 8 mg/kg body weight.
The relationship of area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to micafungin dose was linear over the daily dose range of 50 mg to 150 mg and 3 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg body weight. Typically, 85% of the steady-state concentration is achieved after three daily MYCAMINE doses.
Steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters in relevant patient populations after repeated daily administration are presented in Table 7.
Table 7: Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Micafungin in Adult Patients
| Population | n | Dose (mg) | Pharmacokine (Mean ± Stanttic Parameters ard Deviation) | |||
| Cmax (mcg/mL) | AUC0-241 (mcg•h/mL) | t½(h) | Cl (mL/min/kg) | |||
| Patients with IC2 [Day 1] [ Steady-State] | 20 | 100 | 5.7 ± 2.2 | 83 ± 51 | 14.5 ± 7.0 | 0.359 ± 0.179 |
| 20 | 100 | 10.1 ± 4.4 | 97 ± 29 | 13.4 ± 2.0 | 0.298 ± 0.115 | |
| HIV3- Positive | 20 | 50 | 4.1 ± 1.4 | 36 ± 9 | 14.9 ± 4.3 | 0.321 ± 0.098 |
| Patients with EC4 | 20 | 100 | 8.0 ± 2.4 | 108 ± 31 | 13.8 ± 3.0 | 0.327 ± 0.093 |
| [Day 1] | 14 | 150 | 11.6 ± 3.1 | 151 ± 45 | 14.1 ± 2.6 | 0.340 ± 0.092 |
| [Day 14 or 21] | 20 | 50 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 54 ± 13 | 15.6 ± 2.8 | 0.300 ± 0.063 |
| 20 | 100 | 10.1 ± 2.6 | 115 ± 25 | 16.9 ± 4.4 | 0.301 ± 0.086 | |
| 14 | 150 | 16.4 ± 6.5 | 167 ± 40 | 15.2 ± 2.2 | 0.297 ± 0.081 | |
| HSCT5 Recipients [Day 7] | 8 | per kg 3 | 21.1 ± 2.84 | 234 ± 34 | 14.0 ± 1.4 | 0.214 ± 0.031 |
| 10 | 4 | 29.2 ± 6.2 | 339 ± 72 | 14.2 ± 3.2 | 0.204 ± 0.036 | |
| 8 | 6 | 38.4 ± 6.9 | 479±157 | 14.9 ± 2.6 | 0.224 ± 0.064 | |
| 8 | 8 | 60.8 ± 26.9 | 663±212 | 17.2 ± 2.3 | 0.223 ± 0.081 | |
| 1 AUC0-infinity is presented for Day 1; AUC0-24 is presented for steady-state. 2 candidemia or other Candida infections. 3 human immunodeficiency virus. 4 esophageal candidiasis. 5 hematopoietic stem cell transplant. |
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Micafungin pharmacokinetics in 229 pediatric patients 4 months through 16 years of age were characterized using population pharmacokinetics. Micafungin exposure was dose proportional across the dose and age range studied.
Table 8: Summary (Mean +/- Standard Deviation) of Micafungin Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients 4 Months of Age and Older (Steady-State)
| Body weight group | N | Dose1 mg/kg | Cmax,ss2 (mcg/mL) | AUC,ss2 (mcg-h/mL) | t½3 | CL3 (mL/min/kg) |
| 30 kg or less | 149 | 1.0 | 7.1 +/- 4.7 | 55 +/- 16 | 12.5 +/- 4.6 | 0.328 +/- 0.091 |
| 2.0 | 14.2 +/- 9.3 | 109 +/- 31 | ||||
| 3.0 | 21.3 +/- 14.0 | 164 +/- 47 | ||||
| Greater than 30 kg | 80 | 1.0 | 8.7 +/- 5.6 | 67 +/- 17 | ||
| 2.0 | 17.5 +/- 11.2 | 134 +/- 33 | 13.6 +/- 8.8 | 0.241 +/- 0.061 | ||
| 2.5 | 23.0 +/- 14.5 | 176 +/- 42 | ||||
| 1 Or the equivalent if receiving the adult dose (50, 100, or 150 mg). 2 Derived from simulations from the population PK model. 3 Derived from the population PK model. |
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Micafungin pharmacokinetic data in 103 pediatric patients less than 4 months of age were assessed using population pharmacokinetics. Predicted micafungin AUC estimates were dose proportional across the dose regimens and age ranges studied. The body weight-normalized micafungin clearance in pediatric patients less than 4 months of age is higher than the body weight-normalized micafungin clearance in older pediatric patients greater than 4 months of age and adults. Administration of 4 mg/kg once daily micafungin to pediatric patients less than 4 months of age produces a mean (SD) steady-state AUC of 131 (50) mcg·h/mL, which is comparable to the steady-state AUC in pediatric patients 4 months of age and older administered micafungin 2 mg/kg/day and adults administered 100 mg once daily.
MYCAMINE does not require dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment. A single 1-hour infusion of 100 mg MYCAMINE was administered to 9 adult subjects with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min) and to 9 age-, gender-, and weight-matched subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance greater than 80 mL/min). The maximum concentration (Cmax) and AUC were not significantly altered by severe renal impairment.
Since micafungin is highly protein bound, it is not dialyzable. Supplementary dosing should not be required following hemodialysis.
The mean ± standard deviation volume of distribution of micafungin at terminal phase was 0.39 ± 0.11 L/kg body weight when determined in adult patients with esophageal candidiasis at the dose range of 50 mg to 150 mg.
Micafungin is highly (greater than 99%) protein bound in vitro, independent of plasma concentrations over the range of 10 to 100 mcg/mL. The primary binding protein is albumin; however, micafungin, at therapeutically relevant concentrations, does not competitively displace bilirubin binding to albumin. Micafungin also binds to a lesser extent to α1-acid-glycoprotein.
Micafungin is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein.
Micafungin is metabolized to M-1 (catechol form) by arylsulfatase, with further metabolism to M-2 (methoxy form) by catechol-O-methyltransferase. M-5 is formed by hydroxylation at the side chain (ω-1 position) of micafungin catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes. Even though micafungin is a substrate for and a weak inhibitor of CYP3A in vitro, hydroxylation by CYP3A is not a major pathway for micafungin metabolism in vivo. Micafungin is neither a P-glycoprotein substrate nor inhibitor in vitro.
In four healthy volunteer studies, the ratio of metabolite to parent exposure (AUC) at a dose of 150 mg/day was 6% for M-1, 1% for M-2, and 6% for M-5. In patients with esophageal candidiasis, the ratio of metabolite to parent exposure (AUC) at a dose of 150 mg/day was 11% for M-1, 2% for M-2, and 12% for M-5.
The excretion of radioactivity following a single intravenous dose of 14C-micafungin sodium for injection (25 mg) was evaluated in healthy volunteers. At 28 days after administration, mean urinary and fecal recovery of total radioactivity accounted for 82.5% (76.4% to 87.9%) of the administered dose. Fecal excretion is the major route of elimination (total radioactivity at 28 days was 71% of the administered dose).
Micafungin inhibits the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an essential component of fungal cell walls, which is not present in mammalian cells.
Activity of micafungin has been demonstrated in both mucosal and disseminated murine and rabbit models of candidiasis. Micafungin administered to immunocompetent or immunosuppressed mice or rabbits with disseminated candidiasis prolonged survival (mice) and/or decreased the fungal burden in different organs including brain in a dose-dependent manner (mice and rabbits). Overall, antifungal activity of micafungin was demonstrated in the brain and eye tissues of nonneutropenic rabbits with HCME infected with a micafungin-sensitive strain of C. albicans; however, the activity varied in different central nervous system and ocular compartments. In the cerebrum, culture negativity was achieved at a micafungin dose regimen of 32 mg/kg once daily for 7 days; whereas, in spinal cord, vitreous humor, and choroid, culture negativity was achieved at micafungin dose regimens of 24 to 32 mg/kg once daily. Compared to untreated animals, micafungin dose regimens between 8 and 24 mg/kg once daily reduced fungal burden in the cerebrum and cerebellum. When cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord data were combined, a decrease in fungal burden relative to untreated controls was evident at micafungin dose regimens between 16 and 32 mg/kg once daily [see Use In Specific Populations].
There have been reports of clinical failures in patients receiving MYCAMINE therapy due to the development of drug resistance. Some of these reports have identified specific mutations in the FKS protein component of the glucan synthase enzyme that are associated with higher MICs and breakthrough infection.
Micafungin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following Candida species, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications And Usage]:
Candida albicans
Candida glabrata
Candida guilliermondii
Candida krusei
Candida parapsilosis
Candida tropicalis
For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see: https://www.fda.gov/STIC.
High doses of micafungin sodium (5 to 8 times the highest recommended human dose, based on AUC comparisons) have been associated with irreversible changes to the liver when administered for 3 or 6 months, and these changes may be indicative of pre-malignant processes [see Nonclinical Toxicology].
Two dose levels of MYCAMINE were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind study to determine the efficacy and safety versus caspofungin in patients with invasive candidiasis and candidemia. Patients were randomized to receive once daily intravenous infusions (IV) of MYCAMINE, either 100 mg/day or 150 mg/day or caspofungin (70 mg loading dose followed by 50 mg maintenance dose). Patients in both study arms were permitted to switch to oral fluconazole after at least 10 days of intravenous therapy, provided they were non-neutropenic, had improvement or resolution of clinical signs and symptoms, had a Candida isolate which was susceptible to fluconazole, and had documentation of 2 negative cultures drawn at least 24 hours apart. Patients were stratified by APACHE II score (20 or less or greater than 20) and by geographic region. Patients with Candida endocarditis were excluded from this analysis. Outcome was assessed by overall treatment success based on clinical (complete resolution or improvement in attributable signs and symptoms and radiographic abnormalities of the Candida infection and no additional antifungal therapy) and mycological (eradication or presumed eradication) response at the end of IV therapy. Deaths that occurred during IV study drug therapy were treated as failures.
In this study, 111/578 (19.2%) of the patients had baseline APACHE II scores of greater than 20, and 50/578 (8.7%) were neutropenic at baseline (absolute neutrophil count less than 500 cells/mm³). Outcome, relapse and mortality data are shown for the recommended dose of MYCAMINE (100 mg/day) and caspofungin in Table 9.
Table 9: Efficacy Analysis: Treatment Success in Patients in Study 03-0-192 with Candidemia and Other Candida Infections
| MYCAMINE 100 mg/day n (%) % treatment difference (95% CI) | Caspofungin 70/50 mg/day1 n (%) | |
| Treatment Success at End of IV Therapy2 | 135/191 (70.7) | 119/188 (63.3) |
| 7.4 (-2.0, 16.3) | ||
| Success in Patients with Neutropenia at Baseline | 14/22 (63.6) | 5/11 (45.5) |
| Success by Site of Infection | ||
| Candidemia | 116/163 (71.2) | 103/161(64) |
| Abscess | 4/5 (80) | 5/9 (55.6) |
| Acute Disseminated3 | 6/13 (46.2) | 5/9 (55.6) |
| Endophthalmitis | 1/3 | 1/1 |
| Chorioretinitis | 0/3 | 0 |
| Skin | 1/1 | 0 |
| Kidney | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Pancreas | 1/1 | 0 |
| Peritoneum | 1/1 | 0 |
| Lung/Skin | 0/1 | 0 |
| Lung/Spleen | 0/1 | 0 |
| Liver | 0 | 0/2 |
| Intraabdominal abscess | 0 | 3/5 |
| Chronic Disseminated | 0/1 | 0 |
| Peritonitis | 4/6 (66.7) | 2/5 (40) |
| Success by Organism4 | ||
| C. albicans | 57/81 (70.4) | 45/73 (61.6) |
| C. glabrata | 16/23 (69.6) | 19/31 (61.3) |
| C. tropicalis | 17/27 (63) | 22/29 (75.9) |
| C. parapsilosis | 21/28 (75) | 22/39 (56.4) |
| C. krusei | 5/8 (62.5) | 2/3 (66.7) |
| C. guilliermondii | 1/2 | 0/1 |
| C. lusitaniae | 2/3 (66.7) | 2/2 |
| Relapse through 6 Weeks5 | ||
| Overall | 49/135 (36.3) | 44/119 (37) |
| Culture-confirmed relapse | 5 | 4 |
| Required systemic antifungal therapy | 11 | 5 |
| Died during follow-up | 17 | 16 |
| Not assessed | 16 | 19 |
| Overall study mortality | 58/200 (29) | 51/193 (26.4) |
| Mortality during IV therapy | 28/200 (14) | 27/193 (14) |
| 1 70 mg loading dose on day 1 followed by 50 mg/day thereafter (caspofungin). 2 All patients who received at least one dose of study medication and had documented invasive candidiasis or candidemia. Patients with Candida endocarditis were excluded from the analyses. 3 A patient may have had greater than 1 organ of dissemination. 4 A patient may have had greater than 1 baseline infection species. 5 All patients who had a culture-confirmed relapse or required systemic antifungal therapy in the post-treatment period for a suspected or proven Candida infection. Also includes patients who died or were not assessed in follow-up. |
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In two cases of ophthalmic involvement assessed as failures in the above table due to missing evaluation at the end of IV treatment with MYCAMINE, therapeutic success was documented during protocol-defined oral fluconazole therapy.
In two controlled trials involving 763 patients with esophageal candidiasis, 445 adults with endoscopically-proven candidiasis received MYCAMINE, and 318 received fluconazole for a median duration of 14 days (range 1 to 33 days).
MYCAMINE was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind study which compared MYCAMINE 150 mg/day (n = 260) to intravenous fluconazole 200 mg/day (n = 258) in adults with endoscopically-proven esophageal candidiasis. Most patients in this study had HIV infection, with CD4 cell counts less than 100 cells/mm³. Outcome was assessed by endoscopy and by clinical response at the end of treatment. Endoscopic cure was defined as endoscopic grade 0, based on a scale of 0 to 3. Clinical cure was defined as complete resolution in clinical symptoms of esophageal candidiasis (dysphagia, odynophagia, and retrosternal pain). Overall therapeutic cure was defined as both clinical and endoscopic cure. Mycological eradication was determined by culture, and by histological or cytological evaluation of esophageal biopsy or brushings obtained endoscopically at the end of treatment. As shown in Table 10, endoscopic cure, clinical cure, overall therapeutic cure, and mycological eradication were comparable for patients in the MYCAMINE and fluconazole treatment groups.
Table 10: Endoscopic, Clinical, and Mycological Outcomes for Esophageal Candidiasis at End-of-Treatment
| Treatment Outcome1 | MYCAMINE 150 mg/day n = 260 |
Fluconazole 200 mg/day n = 258 |
% Difference2 (95% CI) |
| Endoscopic Cure | 228 (87.7%) | 227 (88.0%) | -0.3% (-5.9, +5.3) |
| Clinical Cure | 239 (91.9%) | 237 (91.9%) | 0.06% (-4.6, +4.8) |
| Overall Therapeutic Cure | 223 (85.8%) | 220 (85.3%) | 0.5% (-5.6, +6.6) |
| Mycological Eradication | 141/189 (74.6%) | 149/192 (77.6%) | -3.0% (-11.6, +5.6) |
| 1 Endoscopic and clinical outcome were measured in the modified intent-to-treat population, including all randomized patients who received 1 or more doses of study treatment. The mycological outcome was determined in the per protocol (evaluable) population, including patients with confirmed esophageal candidiasis who received at least 10 doses of study drug, and had no major protocol violations. 2 Calculated as MYCAMINE – fluconazole. |
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Most patients (96%) in this study had C. albicans isolated at baseline. The efficacy of MYCAMINE was evaluated in less than 10 patients with Candida species other than C. albicans, most of which were isolated concurrently with C. albicans.
Relapse was assessed at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment in patients with overall therapeutic cure at end of treatment. Relapse was defined as a recurrence of clinical symptoms or endoscopic lesions (endoscopic grade greater than 0). There was no statistically significant difference in relapse rates at either 2 weeks or through 4 weeks post-treatment for patients in the MYCAMINE and fluconazole treatment groups, as shown in Table 11.
Table 11: Relapse of Esophageal Candidiasis at Week 2 and through Week 4 Post-Treatment in Patients with Overall Therapeutic Cure at the End of Treatment
| Relapse | MYCAMINE 150 mg/day n = 223 |
Fluconazole 200 mg/day n = 220 |
% Difference1 (95% CI) |
| Relapse2 at Week 2 | 40 (17.9%) | 30 (13.6%) | 4.3% (-2.5, 11.1) |
| Relapse2 through Week 4 (cumulative) | 73 (32.7%) | 62 (28.2%) | 4.6% (-4.0, 13.1) |
| 1 Calculated as MYCAMINE – fluconazole; N = number of patients with overall therapeutic cure (both clinical and endoscopic cure at end-of-treatment); 2 Relapse included patients who died or were lost to follow-up, and those who received systemic anti-fungal therapy in the post-treatment period. |
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In this study, 459 of 518 (88.6%) patients had oropharyngeal candidiasis in addition to esophageal candidiasis at baseline. At the end of treatment, 192/230 (83.5%) MYCAMINE-treated patients and 188/229 (82.1%) of fluconazole-treated patients experienced resolution of signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Of these, 32.3% in the MYCAMINE group, and 18.1% in the fluconazole group (treatment difference = 14.2%; 95% confidence interval [5.6, 22.8]) had symptomatic relapse at 2 weeks post-treatment. Relapse included patients who died or were lost to follow-up, and those who received systemic antifungal therapy during the post-treatment period. Cumulative relapse at 4 weeks post-treatment was 52.1% in the MYCAMINE group and 39.4% in the fluconazole group (treatment difference 12.7%, 95% confidence interval [2.8, 22.7]).
In a randomized, double-blind study, MYCAMINE (50 mg IV once daily) was compared to fluconazole (400 mg IV once daily) in 882 [adult (791) and pediatric (91)] patients undergoing an autologous or syngeneic (46%) or allogeneic (54%) stem cell transplant. All pediatric patients, except 2 per group, received allogeneic transplants. The status of the patients’ underlying malignancy at the time of randomization was: 365 (41%) patients with active disease, 326 (37%) patients in remission, and 195 (22%) patients in relapse. The more common baseline underlying diseases in the 476 allogeneic transplant recipients were: chronic myelogenous leukemia (22%), acute myelogenous leukemia (21%), acute lymphocytic leukemia (13%), and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (13%). In the 404 autologous and syngeneic transplant recipients the more common baseline underlying diseases were: multiple myeloma (37.1%), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (36.4%), and Hodgkin's disease (15.6%). During the study, 198 of 882 (22.4%) transplant recipients had proven graft-versus-host disease; and 475 of 882 (53.9%) recipients received immunosuppressive medications for treatment or prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease.
Study drug was continued until the patient had neutrophil recovery to an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 500 cells/mm³ or greater or up to a maximum of 42 days after transplant. The average duration of drug administration was 18 days (range 1 to 51 days). Duration of therapy was slightly longer in the pediatric patients who received MYCAMINE (median duration 22 days) compared to the adult patients who received MYCAMINE (median duration 18 days).
Successful prophylaxis was defined as the absence of a proven, probable, or suspected systemic fungal infection through the end of therapy (usually 18 days), and the absence of a proven or probable systemic fungal infection through the end of the 4-week post-therapy period. A suspected systemic fungal infection was diagnosed in patients with neutropenia (ANC less than 500 cells/mm³); persistent or recurrent fever (while ANC less than 500 cells/mm³) of no known etiology; and failure to respond to at least 96 hours of broad spectrum antibacterial therapy. A persistent fever was defined as four consecutive days of fever greater than 38®C. A recurrent fever was defined as having at least one day with temperatures 38.5®C or higher after having at least one prior temperature higher than 38®C; or having two days of temperatures higher than 38®C after having at least one prior temperature higher than 38®C. Transplant recipients who died or were lost to follow-up during the study were considered failures of prophylactic therapy.
Successful prophylaxis was documented in 80.7% of adult and pediatric MYCAMINE recipients, and in 73.7% of adult and pediatric patients who received fluconazole (7.0% difference [95% CI = 1.5, 12.5]), as shown in Table 12, along with other study endpoints. The use of systemic antifungal therapy post-treatment was 42% in both groups.
The number of proven breakthrough Candida infections was 4 in the MYCAMINE and 2 in the fluconazole group.
The efficacy of MYCAMINE against infections caused by fungi other than Candida has not been established.
Table 12: Results from Clinical Study of Prophylaxis of Candida Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
| Outcome of Prophylaxis | MYCAMINE 50 mg/day (n = 425) |
Fluconazole 400 mg/day (n = 457) |
| Success1 | 343 (80.7%) | 337 (73.7%) |
| Failure: | 82 (19.3%) | 120 (26.3%) |
| All Deaths2 | 18 (4.2%) | 26 (5.7%) |
| Proven/probable fungal infection prior to death | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (0.7%) |
| Proven/probable fungal infection (not resulting in death)2 | 6 (1.4%) | 8 (1.8%) |
| Suspected fungal infection1 | 53 (12.5%) | 83 (18.2%) |
| Lost to follow-up | 5 (1.2%) | 3 (0.7%) |
| 1 Difference (MYCAMINE – fluconazole): +7.0% [95% CI=1.5, 12.5]. 2 Through end-of-study (4 weeks post-therapy). 3 Through end-of-therapy. |
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Inform patients about the serious adverse effects of MYCAMINE including hypersensitivity reactions e.g., anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions including shock.
Inform patients about the serious adverse effects of MYCAMINE including hepatic effects e.g., abnormal liver tests, hepatic impairment, hepatitis or worsening hepatic failure.
Inform patients about the serious adverse effects of MYCAMINE including hematological effects e.g., acute intravascular hemolysis, hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria.
Inform patients about the serious adverse effects of MYCAMINE including renal effects e.g., elevations in BUN and creatinine, renal impairment or acute renal failure.
Advise pregnant women and females of reproductive potential of the potential risk of MYCAMINE to a fetus. Advise females to inform their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy.
Instruct patients to inform their healthcare provider of any other medications they are currently taking with MYCAMINE, including over-the-counter medications.
