Clinical Pharmacology for Locametz
Mechanism Of Action
Gallium Ga 68 gozetotide binds to PSMA. It binds to cells that express PSMA, including malignant prostate cancer cells, which usually overexpress PSMA. Gallium-68 is a β+ emitting radionuclide that allows PET.
Pharmacodynamics
The relationship between gallium Ga 68 gozetotide plasma concentrations and successful imaging was not explored in clinical trials.
Pharmacokinetics
Distribution
Intravenously injected gallium Ga 68 gozetotide is cleared from the blood and is accumulated preferentially in the liver (15%), kidneys (7%), spleen (2%), and salivary glands (0.5%). Gallium Ga 68 gozetotide uptake is also seen in the adrenals and prostate. There is no uptake in the cerebral cortex or in the heart, and usually lung uptake is low.
Gozetotide exhibits a mean blood-to-plasma ratio (% CV) of 0.71 (26%) and is approximately 33% bound to human plasma proteins at 1 mcg/mL to 5 mcg/mL in vitro.
Elimination
A total of 14% of the injected dose is excreted in urine in the first 2 hours post-injection.
In Vitro Drug Interaction Studies
CYP450 Enzymes
Gozetotide is not a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, not an inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, and not an inducer of CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in vitro.
Transporters
Gozetotide is not a substrate of BCRP, P-gp, MATE1, MATE2-K, OAT1, OAT3 or OCT2. Gozetotide is not an inhibitor of BCRP, P-gp, MATE1, MATE2-K, OAT1, OAT3, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1 or OCT2 in vitro.
Clinical Studies
Imaging Prior To Initial Definitive Therapy
The efficacy of LOCAMETZ for PET of PSMA-positive lesions in men with prostate cancer with suspected metastasis who are candidates for initial definitive therapy has been established based on a study of another formulation of gallium Ga 68 gozetotide injection. Below is a display of the results of the prospective, open label study PSMA-PreRP (NCT03368547 and NCT02919111, referred to as Study 1).
This two-center study enrolled 325 patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer who were considered candidates for prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. All enrolled patients met at least one of the following criteria: serum PSA of at least 10 ng/mL, tumor stage cT2b or greater, or Gleason score greater than 6. Each patient received a single gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET/CT or PET/MR from mid-thigh to skull base.
A total of 123 patients (38%) proceeded to standard-of-care prostatectomy and template pelvic lymph node dissection and had sufficient histopathology data for evaluation (evaluable patients). Three members of a pool of six central readers independently interpreted each PET scan for the presence of abnormal gallium Ga 68 gozetotide uptake in pelvic lymph nodes located in the common iliac, external iliac, internal iliac, and obturator subregions bilaterally as well as in any other pelvic location. The readers were blinded to all clinical information except for the history of prostate cancer prior to definitive treatment. Extrapelvic sites and the prostate gland itself were not analyzed in this study. For each patient, gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET results and reference standard histopathology obtained from dissected pelvic lymph nodes were compared by region (left hemipelvis, right hemipelvis, and other).
For the 123 evaluable patients, the mean age was 65 years (range, 45 to 76 years), and 89% were white. The median serum PSA was 11.8 ng/mL. The summed Gleason score was 7 for 44%, 8 for 20%, and 9 for 31% of the patients, with the remainder of the patients having Gleason scores of 6 or 10.
Table 7 compares majority PET reads to pelvic lymph node histopathology results at the patient-level with region matching, such that at least one true positive region defines a true positive patient. As shown, approximately 24% of patients studied were found to have pelvic nodal metastases based on histopathology (95% CI: 17, 32).
Table 7. Patient-Level Performance of Gallium Ga 68 Gozetotide PET for Detection of Pelvic Lymph Node Metastasisa in Men with Prostate Cancer with Suspected Metastasis in Study 1 (n = 123)
|
Histopathology |
Predictive value % (95% CI) |
| Positive |
Negative |
| PET scan |
Positive |
14 |
9 |
PPV
61% (41, 81) |
| Negative |
16 |
84 |
NPV
84% (79, 91) |
| Total |
|
30 |
93 |
|
Diagnostic performance
% (95% CI) |
Sensitivity
47% (29, 65) |
Specificity
90% (84, 96) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.
aWith region matching where at least one true positive region defines a true positive patient |
Among the pool of six readers, sensitivity ranged from 36% to 60%, specificity from 83% to 96%, positive predictive value from 38% to 80%, and negative predictive value from 80% to 88%.
In an exploratory subgroup analysis based on summed Gleason score, there was a numerical trend toward more true positives in patients with Gleason score of 8 or higher compared to those with Gleason score of 7 or lower.
An exploratory analysis was performed to estimate the sensitivity and specificity for pelvic nodal metastasis detection in all scanned patients, including the patients who were lacking histopathology reference standard. An imputation method was used based on patient-specific factors. This exploratory analysis resulted in an imputed sensitivity of 47%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 38% to 55%, and an imputed specificity of 74%, with a 95% CI ranging from 68% to 80% for all patients imaged with gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET.
Imaging Prior To Suspected Recurrence Therapy
The efficacy of LOCAMETZ for PET of PSMA-positive lesions in men with prostate cancer with suspected recurrence based on elevated serum PSA level has been established based on studies of another formulation of gallium Ga 68 gozetotide injection. Below is a display of the result of the prospective, open label study PSMA-BCR (NCT02940262 and NCT02918357, referred to as Study 2).
This two-center study enrolled 635 patients with biochemical evidence of recurrent prostate cancer after definitive therapy, defined by serum PSA of > 0.2 ng/mL more than 6 weeks after prostatectomy or by an increase in serum PSA of at least 2 ng/mL above nadir after definitive radiotherapy. All patients received a single gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET/CT or PET/MR from mid-thigh to skull base. Three members of a pool of nine independent central readers evaluated each scan for the presence and regional location (20 subregions grouped into four regions) of abnormal gallium Ga 68 gozetotide uptake suggestive of recurrent prostate cancer. The readers were blinded to all clinical information other than type of primary therapy and most recent serum PSA level.
A total of 469 patients (74%) had at least one positive region detected by gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET majority read. The distribution of gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET positive regions was 34% bone, 25% prostate bed, 25% pelvic lymph node, and 17% extrapelvic soft tissue. Two hundred and ten patients had composite reference standard information collected in a PET positive region (evaluable patients), consisting of at least one of the following: histopathology, imaging (bone scintigraphy, CT, or MRI) acquired at baseline or within 12 months after gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET, or serial serum PSA. Composite reference standard information for gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET negative regions was not systematically collected in this study.
In the 210 evaluable patients, the mean age was 70 years (range, 49 to 88 years) and 82% were 65 years of age or older. White patients made up 90% of the group. The median serum PSA was 3.6 ng/mL. Prior treatment included radical prostatectomy in 64% and radiotherapy in 73%.
Of the 210 evaluable patients, 192 patients (91%) were found to be true positive in one or more regions against the composite reference standard (95% CI: 88%, 95%). Among the pool of nine readers used in the study, the proportion of patients who were true positive in one or more regions ranged from 82% to 97%. The prostate bed had the lowest proportion of true positive results at the region-level (76% versus 96% for non-prostate regions).
An exploratory analysis was also performed in which gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET positive patients who lacked reference standard information were imputed using an estimated likelihood that at least one location-matched PET positive lesion was reference standard positive based on patient-specific factors. In this exploratory analysis, 340 of 475 patients (72%) were imputed as true positive in one or more regions (95% CI: 68%, 76%).
In another exploratory analysis using the same imputation approach for PET positive patients who lacked reference standard information, 340 of 635 patients (54%) were correctly detected as true positive (95% CI: 50%, 57%) among all BCR patients who received a PET scan, whether it was read as positive or negative. The likelihood of identifying a gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET positive lesion in this study generally increased with higher serum PSA level. Table 8 shows the patient-level gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET results stratified by serum PSA level. The mean time between PSA measurement and PET scan was 40 days with a range of 0 to 367 days. Percent PET positivity was calculated as the proportion of patients with a positive gallium Ga 68 gozetotide PET out of all patients scanned. Percent PET positivity includes patients determined to be either true positive or false positive as well as those in whom such determination was not made due to the absence of composite reference standard data.
Table 8. Patient-Level Gallium Ga 68 Gozetotide PET Results and Percent PET Positivity Stratified by Serum PSA Level in Men with Prostate Cancer with Suspected Recurrence in Study 2 (n = 628)a
| PSA (ng/mL) |
PET-positive patients |
PET-negative
patients |
PET positivity %b
(95% CI) |
| Total |
TP |
FP |
Without
reference
standard |
| With reference standard |
| < 0.5 |
48 |
11 |
1 |
36 |
87 |
36%
(27, 44) |
| 12 |
| ≥ 0.5 and < 1 |
44 |
15 |
3 |
26 |
35 |
56%
(45, 67) |
| 18 |
| ≥ 1 and < 2 |
71 |
29 |
1 |
41 |
15 |
83%
(75, 91) |
| 30 |
| ≥ 2 |
299 |
137 |
13 |
149 |
29 |
91%
(88, 94) |
| 150 |
| Total |
462 |
192 |
18 |
252 |
166 |
74%
(70, 77) |
| 210 |
Abbreviations: PET, positron emission tomography; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen;
BCR, biochemical recurrence; TP, true positive; FP, false positive.
a7 patients were excluded from this table due to protocol deviations.
bPercent PET positivity: PET positive patients/total patients scanned. |
Imaging to Select Patients for PSMA-Directed Therapy
Refer to the prescribing information of the PSMA-directed therapy for description of the studies in which the efficacy of LOCAMETZ for selecting patients has been established.