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WARNING
RISK OF DRUG RESISTANCE WITH USE OF APRETUDE FOR HIV-1 PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PrEP) IN UNDIAGNOSED HIV-1 INFECTION
Individuals must be tested for HIV-1 infection prior to initiating APRETUDE or oral cabotegravir, and with each subsequent injection of APRETUDE, using a test approved or cleared by the FDA for the diagnosis of acute or primary HIV-1 infection. Drug-resistant HIV-1 variants have been identified with use of APRETUDE by individuals with undiagnosed HIV-1 infection. Do not initiate APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP unless negative infection status is confirmed. Individuals who become infected with HIV-1 while receiving APRETUDE for PrEP must transition to a complete HIV-1 treatment regimen [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
APRETUDE contains cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspension, an HIV INSTI.
The chemical name of cabotegravir is (3S,11aR)-N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-3Âmethyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8Âcarboxamide.The empirical formulais C19H17F2N3O5 and the molecular weight is 405.35g/mol. It has the following structural formula:
 |
Cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspension is a white to light pink free-flowing suspension for intramuscular injection in a sterile single-dose vial. Each vial delivers 600 mg/3 mL (200 mg/mL) of cabotegravir and mannitol (105 mg), polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 3350 (60 mg), polysorbate 20 (60 mg), and Water for Injection.
The vial stoppers are not made with natural rubber latex.
APRETUDE is indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to reduce the risk of sexually acquired HIV-1 infection in adults and adolescents weighing at least 35 kg who are at risk for HIV-1 acquisition. Individuals must have a negative HIV-1 test prior to initiating APRETUDE (with or without an oral lead-in with oral cabotegravir) for HIV-1 PrEP [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Individuals must be tested for HIV-1 infection prior to initiating APRETUDE or oral cabotegravir, and with each subsequent injection of APRETUDE, using a test approved or cleared by the FDA for the diagnosis of acute or primary HIV-1 infection. If an antigen/antibody-specific test is used and provides negative results, then such negative results should be confirmed using an RNA-specific assay, even if the results of the RNA-assay are available after APRETUDE or oral cabotegravir administration [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Prior to starting APRETUDE, healthcare providers should carefully select individuals who agree to the required injection dosing and testing schedule and counsel individuals about the importance of adherence to scheduled dosing visits to help reduce the risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection and development of resistance [see Dosage And Administration Overview and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Microbiology].
The healthcare provider and individual may decide to use an oral lead-in with oral cabotegravir prior to the initiation of APRETUDE to assess the tolerability of cabotegravir or the healthcare provider and individual may proceed directly to injection of APRETUDE without the use of an oral lead-in [see Gluteal Intramuscular Injection Dosing With APRETUDE].
No safety and efficacy data are available for use of APRETUDE without an oral lead-in [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS]. However, in HIV-1 treatment clinical trials, data show that an oral lead-in is not needed to ensure adequate plasma cabotegravir exposure upon initiation of injections and that the safety and efficacy results of CABENUVA (cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspension; rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspension) were similar when administered with and without an oral lead-in.
If an oral lead-in is used, initiation injections should be administered on the last day of oral lead-in or within 3 days thereafter. The recommended initiation injection doses of APRETUDE in individuals is a single 600-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of APRETUDE given 1 month apart for 2 consecutive months (Table 1 and Table 2). Individuals may be given the second APRETUDE initiation injection up to 7 days before or after the date the individual is scheduled to receive the injections.
After the 2 initiation injection doses given consecutively 1 month apart, the recommended continuation injection dose of APRETUDE is a single 600-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of APRETUDE every 2 months (Table 2). Individuals may be given APRETUDE up to 7 days before or after the date the individual is scheduled to receive the injections.
Table 1. Recommended Dosing Schedule (with Oral Lead-In) for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Adults and Adolescents Weighing at Least 35 kg
| Oral Lead-In (at Least 28 Days) (Month Prior to Starting Injections) |
Intramuscular (Gluteal) Initiation Injection (Month 1 and Month 2) |
Intramuscular (Gluteal) Continuation Injection (Month 4 and Every 2 Months Onwards) |
| Oral cabotegravir 30 mg by mouth once daily for 28 days | APRETUDEa 600-mg (3 mL) |
APRETUDEb 600-mg (3 mL) |
| a Should be administered on the last day of oral lead-in or within 3 days thereafter. b Individuals may be given APRETUDE up to 7 days before or after the date the individual is scheduled to receive the injections. |
||
Table 2. Recommended Dosing Schedule (Direct to Injection) for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Adults and Adolescents Weighing at Least 35 kg
| Intramuscular (Gluteal) Initiation Injection (Month 1 and Month 2) |
Intramuscular (Gluteal) Continuation Injection (Month 4 and Every 2 Months Onwards) |
| APRETUDEa | APRETUDEa |
| 600-mg (3 mL) | 600-mg (3 mL) |
| a Individuals may be given APRETUDE up to 7 days before or after the date the individual is scheduled to receive the injections. | |
Adherence to the injection dosing schedule is strongly recommended [see Adherence To APRETUDE]. Individuals who miss a scheduled injection visit should be clinically reassessed to ensure resumption of APRETUDE remains appropriate [see HIV-1 Screening For Individuals Receiving APRETUDE For HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Refer to Table 3 for dosing recommendations after missed injections.
If an individual plans to miss a scheduled every-2-month continuation injection visit by more than 7 days, take daily oral cabotegravir for up to 2 months to replace 1 missed scheduled every-2-month injection. The recommended oral daily dose is one 30-mg tablet of oral cabotegravir. The first dose of oral cabotegravir (or alternative oral PrEP regimen) should be taken approximately 2 months after the last injection dose of APRETUDE. Restart injection with APRETUDE on the day oral cabotegravir dosing completes or within 3 days, thereafter, as recommended in Table 3. For oral PrEP durations greater than 2 months, an alternative regimen to oral cabotegravir is recommended.
If a scheduled injection visit is missed or delayed by more than 7 days and oral dosing has not been taken in the interim, clinically reassess the individual to determine if resumption of injection dosing remains appropriate [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. If the injection dosing schedule will be continued, see Table 3 for dosing recommendations.
Table 3. Injection Dosing Recommendations after Missed Injections
| Time since Last Injection | Recommendation |
| If second injection is missed and time since first injection is: | |
| Less than or equal to 2 months | Administer 600-mg (3-mL) gluteal intramuscular injection of APRETUDE as soon as possible, then continue to follow the every-2-month injection dosing schedule. |
| Greater than 2 months | Restart with 600-mg (3-mL) gluteal intramuscular injection of APRETUDE, followed by a second 600-mg (3-mL) initiation injection dose 1 month later. Then continue to follow the every-2- month injection dosing schedule thereafter. |
| If third or subsequent injection is missed and time since prior injection is: | |
| Less than or equal to 3 months | Administer 600-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of APRETUDE as soon as possible, then continue with the every-2- month injection dosing schedule. |
| Greater than 3 months | Restart with 600-mg (3-mL) gluteal intramuscular injection of APRETUDE, followed by the second 600-mg (3-mL) initiation injection dose 1 month later. Then continue with the every-2- month injection dosing schedule thereafter. |
Refer to the Instructions for Use for complete administration instructions with illustrations. Carefully follow these instructions and ensure that the vial adaptor is used correctly when preparing the suspension for injection to avoid leakage.
APRETUDE is a suspension for gluteal intramuscular injection that does not need further dilution or reconstitution.
The ventrogluteal site is recommended for injection. A dorsogluteal approach (upper outer quadrant) is acceptable, if preferred by the healthcare professional. Do not administer by any other route or anatomical site. Consider the body mass index (BMI) of the individual to ensure that the needle length is sufficient to reach the gluteus muscle. Longer needle lengths (not included in the dosing kit) may be required for individuals with higher BMI (e.g., >30 kg/m2) to ensure that the injection is administered intramuscularly as opposed to subcutaneously.
If the pack has been stored in the refrigerator, the vial should be brought to room temperature prior to administration (not to exceed 30°C [86°F]).
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit. The APRETUDE vial has a brown tint to the glass that may limit visual inspection. Discard the vial if the medicine exhibits particulate matter or discoloration.
Shake the vial vigorously so that the suspension looks uniform before injecting. Small air bubbles are expected and acceptable.
Once the suspension has been drawn into the syringe, the injection should be administered as soon as possible, but may remain in the syringe for up to 2 hours. The filled syringe should not be placed in the refrigerator. If the medicine remains in the syringe for more than 2 hours, the filled syringe and needle must be discarded [see HOW SUPPLIED].
Injection: Single-dose vial containing 600 mg/3 mL (200 mg/mL) of cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspension.
APRETUDE is supplied in a kit containing one 600-mg/3-mL single-dose (200-mg/mL) vial of cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspension, 1 syringe, 1 vial adapter, and 1 needle for intramuscular injection (23 gauge, 1½ inch) (NDC 49702-264-23). The vial stopper is not made with natural rubber latex.
Store APRETUDE at 2°C to 25°C (36°F to 77°F) in the original carton until ready to use. Exposure up to 30°C permitted. Do not freeze. Do not mix with any other product or diluent.
If the pack has been stored in the refrigerator, the vial should be brought to room temperature prior to administration (not to exceed 30°C [86°F]).
Once the suspension has been drawn into the syringe, the injection should be administered as soon as possible, but may remain in the syringe for up to 2 hours. The filled syringes should not be placed in the refrigerator. If the medicine remains in the syringe for more than 2 hours, the filled syringe and needle must be discarded [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Manufactured for: ViiV Healthcare Durham, NC 27701. Revised: Apr 2025.
The following adverse reactions are described below and in other sections of the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in practice.
The safety assessment of APRETUDE is based on the analysis of data from 2 international, multicenter, double-blind trials, HPTN 083 and HPTN 084 [see Clinical Studies].
Adverse reactions were reported while on blinded study product following exposure to APRETUDE extended-release injectable suspension and oral cabotegravir tablets as oral lead-in. The median time on blinded study product in HPTN 083 was 65 weeks and 2 days (range: 1 day to 156 weeks and 1 day), with a total exposure on cabotegravir of 3,231 person-years. The median time on blinded study product in HPTN 084 was 64 weeks and 1 day (range: 1 day to 153 weeks and 1 day), with a total exposure on cabotegravir of 2,009 person-years.
The most common adverse reactions regardless of severity reported in at least 1% of participants in HPTN 083 or HPTN 084 are presented in Table 4.
In HPTN 083, 6% of participants in the group receiving APRETUDE intramuscular injection every 2 months and 4% of participants receiving oral TRUVADA [emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)] once daily discontinued due to adverse events (all causality). Non-injection-site–associated adverse events leading to discontinuation and occurring in ≥1% of participants were increased alanine aminotransferase with APRETUDE and TRUVADA.
In HPTN 084, 1% of participants receiving APRETUDE and 1% of participants receiving TRUVADA discontinued due to adverse events. The most commonly reported adverse event (all causality) leading to discontinuation was increased alanine aminotransferase (<1%) with APRETUDE and TRUVADA. The side-by-side tabulation is to simplify presentation; direct comparison across trials should not be made due to differing trials.
Table 4. Adverse Drug Reactionsa (All Grades) Reported in at Least 1% of Participants Receiving APRETUDE in Either HPTN 083 or HPTN 084
| Adverse Reactions | HPTN 083 | HPTN 084 | ||
| APRETUDE Every 2 Months (n = 2,281) |
TRUVADA Once Daily (n = 2,285) |
APRETUDE Every 2 Months (n = 1,614) |
TRUVADA Once Daily (n = 1,610) |
|
| Injection site reactionsb | 82% | 35% | 38% | 11% |
| Diarrhea | 4% | 5% | 4% | 4% |
| Headache | 4% | 3% | 12% | 13% |
| Pyrexiac | 4% | <1% | <1% | <1% |
| Fatigued | 4% | 2% | 3% | 3% |
| Sleep disorderse | 3% | 3% | 1% | 1% |
| Nausea | 3% | 5% | 4% | 8% |
| Dizziness | 2% | 3% | 4% | 6% |
| Flatulence | 1% | 1% | <1% | <1% |
| Abdominal painf | 1% | 1% | 2% | 2% |
| Vomiting | <1% | 1% | 2% | 5% |
| Myalgia | <1% | <1% | 2% | 1% |
| Rashg | <1% | <1% | 2% | 1% |
| Decreased appetite | <1% | <1% | 2% | 4% |
| Somnolence | <1% | <1% | 2% | 2% |
| Back pain | <1% | <1% | 1% | <1% |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 0 | <1% | 4% | 4% |
| a Adverse reactions defined as “treatment-related” as assessed by the investigator, with exception of injection site reactions, where all injection site reactions were reported regardless of causality. b Participants who received injection: HPTN 083, APRETUDE (n = 2,117) and TRUVADA (n = 2,081); HPTN 084, APRETUDE (n = 1,519) and TRUVADA (n = 1,516). c Pyrexia includes pyrexia, feeling hot, chills, influenza-like illness. d Fatigue includes fatigue, malaise. e Sleep disorders includes insomnia, abnormal dreams. f Abdominal pain includes abdominal pain, upper abdominal pain. g Rash includes rash, erythema, pruritis, macular, papular, maculopapular. |
||||
Local Injection Site Reactions (ISRs) with APRETUDE: The most frequent adverse reactions associated with the intramuscular administration of APRETUDE in HPTN 083 were ISRs. After 20,286 injections, 8,900 ISRs were reported. Of the 2,117 participants who received at least one injection of APRETUDE, 1,740 (82%) participants experienced at least one ISR, of which a total of 3% of participants discontinued APRETUDE because of ISRs. Among the participants who received APRETUDE and experienced at least one ISR, the maximum severity of reactions was mild (Grade 1) in 41% of participants, moderate (Grade 2) in 56% of participants, and severe (Grade 3) in 3% of participants. The median duration of overall ISR events was 4 days. The proportion of participants reporting ISRs at each visit and the severity of the ISRs decreased over time. The most commonly reported ISRs (all causality and grades) in at least 1% of participants who received APRETUDE and experienced at least one ISR from HPTN 083 are presented in Table 5.
The most frequent adverse reactions associated with the intramuscular administration of APRETUDE in HPTN 084 were ISRs. After 13,068 injections, 1,171 ISRs were reported. Of the 1,519 participants who received at least one injection of APRETUDE, 578 (38%) participants experienced at least one ISR. No participants discontinued APRETUDE because of ISRs. Among the participants who received APRETUDE and experienced at least one ISR, the maximum severity of reactions was mild (Grade 1) in 66% of participants, moderate (Grade 2) in 34% of participants, and severe (Grade 3) in less than 1% of participants. The median duration of overall ISR events was 8 days. The proportion of participants reporting ISRs at each visit and the severity of the ISRs generally decreased over time. The most commonly reported ISRs (all causality and grades) in at least 1% of participants who received APRETUDE and experienced at least one ISR from HPTN 084 are presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Injection Site Reactions (All Grades) Reported in at Least 1% of Participants Who Experienced at Least One Injection Site Reaction (All Causality) with APRETUDE in Either HPTN 083 or HPTN 084
| Injection Site Reactions | HPTN 083 | HPTN 084 | ||
| APRETUDE (n = 1,740) |
TRUVADAa (n = 724) |
APRETUDE (n = 578) |
TRUVADAa (n = 166) |
|
| Pain/tenderness | 98% | 95% | 90% | 87% |
| Nodules | 15% | 2% | 14% | 2% |
| Induration | 15% | <1% | 12% | 2% |
| Swelling | 12% | 1% | 18% | 3% |
| Bruising | 4% | 4% | 1% | 0 |
| Erythema | 4% | 2% | 5% | 2% |
| Pruritus | 3% | 3% | 6% | 11% |
| Warmth | 3% | 1% | <1% | 0 |
| Anesthesia | 1% | 2% | 1% | 2% |
| Abscess | <1% | 0 | 2% | 3% |
| Discoloration | <1% | 0 | 1% | 0 |
| a Placebo injectable suspension: intralipid 20% fat emulsion. | ||||
In the HPTN 083 clinical trial, an increased incidence of pyrexia (including pyrexia, feeling hot, chills, influenza-like illness) (4%) was reported by participants receiving APRETUDE compared with participants receiving TRUVADA (<1%). There were no differences reported in the incidence of pyrexia between groups in HPTN 084.
Vasovagal or pre-syncopal reactions considered treatment related were reported in <1% of participants after injection with APRETUDE in HPTN 083. None were reported as treatment related by the investigators in HPTN 084.
The following select adverse reactions (regardless of severity) occurred in <1% of participants receiving APRETUDE in HPTN 083 or HPTN 084.
Hepatobiliary Disorders: Hepatotoxicity.
Investigations: Weight increase (see below).
Psychiatric Disorders: Depression; suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt (these events were observed primarily in participants with a pre-existing history of depression or other psychiatric illness).
Weight Increase: At the Week 41 and Week 97 timepoints in HPTN 083, participants who received APRETUDE gained a median of 1.2 kg (Interquartile Range [IQR]; -1.0, 3.5; n = 1,623) and 2.1 kg (IQR; -0.9, 5.9; n = 601) in weight from baseline. Those who received TRUVADA gained a median of 0 kg (IQR; -2.1, 2.4; n = 1,611) and 1 kg (IQR; -1.9, 4.0; n = 598) in weight from baseline, respectively.
At the Week 41 and 97 timepoints in HPTN 084, participants who received APRETUDE gained a median of 2 kg (IQR; 0.0, 5.0; n = 1,151) and 4 kg (IQR; 0.0, 8.0; n = 216) in weight from baseline, respectively. Those who received TRUVADA gained a median of 1 kg (IQR; -1.0, 4.0; n = 1,131) and 3 kg (IQR; -1.0, 6.0; n = 218) in weight from baseline, respectively.
Laboratory Abnormalities: Grade 3 or 4 post-baseline maximum toxicity laboratory abnormalities for HPTN 083 or HPTN 084 are summarized in Table 6.
Table 6. Laboratory Abnormalities (Grades 3 to 4) in ≥1% of Participants in Either HPTN 083 or HPTN 084
| Laboratory Parameter | HPTN 083 | HPTN 084 | ||
| APRETUDE Every 2 Months (n = 2,281) |
TRUVADA Once Daily (n = 2,285) |
APRETUDE Every 2 Months (n = 1,614) |
TRUVADA Once Daily (n = 1,610) |
|
| ALT (≥5.0 x ULN) | 2% | 2% | <1% | 1% |
| AST (≥5.0 x ULN) | 3% | 3% | <1% | <1% |
| Creatine phosphokinase (≥10.0 x ULN) | 15% | 14% | 2% | 2% |
| Lipase (≥3.0 x ULN) | 3% | 3% | <1% | <1% |
| Creatinine (>1.8 x ULN) or increase to ≥1.5 x baseline) | 3% | 3% | 5% | 4% |
| ALT = Alanine transaminase, ULN = upper limit of normal, AST = Aspartate aminotransferase. | ||||
Serum Lipids: Changes from baseline to Month 15 in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol to HDL ratio in HPTN 083 and HPTN 084 are presented in Table 7.
Table 7. Fasting Lipid Values, Median Change from Baselinea at Week 57, Reported in HPTN 083 and HPTN 084
| HPTN 083 | HPTN 084 | |||
| APRETUDE | TRUVADA | APRETUDE | TRUVADA | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | +1.0 | -10.0 | +0.2 | -3.9 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | +1.0 | -6.0 | -1.1 | -5.0 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | -0.2 | -3.0 | -0.8 | -2.6 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | +2.7 | 0.0 | +3.1 | +0.7 |
| Total cholesterol: HDL cholesterol ratio | +0.1 | +0.0 | +0.1 | +0.1 |
| a Nearly 60% of participants with baseline data available had Week 57 data available in both arms of both trials. Within each trial, baseline values were comparable among participants receiving APRETUDE and TRUVADA. | ||||
In adolescents receiving APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP, the safety data were comparable to the safety data reported in adults receiving APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP [see Use In Specific Populations].
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postmarketing use of APRETUDE or cabotegravir-containing regimens. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Hypersensitivity reactions (including angioedema and urticaria) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Residual concentrations of cabotegravir may remain in the systemic circulation of individuals for prolonged periods (up to 12 months or longer). These residual concentrations are not expected to affect the exposures of antiretroviral drugs that are initiated after discontinuation of APRETUDE [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Cabotegravir is primarily metabolized by UGT1A1 with some contribution from UGT1A9. Drugs that are strong inducers of UGT1A1 or 1A9 are expected to decrease cabotegravir plasma concentrations; therefore, coadministration of APRETUDE with these drugs is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Information regarding potential drug interactions with cabotegravir is provided in Table 8. These recommendations are based on either drug interaction trials following oral administration of cabotegravir or predicted interactions due to the expected magnitude of the interaction [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Table 8 includes potentially significant interactions but is not all inclusive.
Table 8. Drug Interactions with APRETUDE
| Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name |
Effect on Concentration | Clinical Comment |
| Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine Oxcarbazepine Phenobarbital Phenytoin |
↓Cabotegravir | Coadministration is contraindicated with APRETUDE due to potential for significant decreases in plasma concentration of APRETUDE. |
| Antimycobacterials: Rifampin Rifapentine |
↓Cabotegravir | |
| Antimycobacterial: Rifabutin |
↓Cabotegravir | When rifabutin is started before or concomitantly with the first initiation injection of APRETUDE, the recommended dosing of APRETUDE is one 600-mg (3-mL) injection, followed 2 weeks later by a second 600-mg (3-mL) initiation injection and monthly thereafter while on rifabutin. When rifabutin is started at the time of the second initiation injection or later, the recommended dosing schedule of APRETUDE is 600-mg (3 mL) monthly while on rifabutin.After stopping rifabutin, the recommended dosing schedule of APRETUDE is 600-mg (3 mL) every 2 months. |
| ↑ = Increase, ↓ = Decrease, ↔ = No change. | ||
Based on drug interaction study results, the following drugs can be coadministered with cabotegravir (non-antiretrovirals) or given after discontinuation of cabotegravir (antiretrovirals and non-antiretrovirals) without a dose adjustment: etravirine, midazolam, oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol, and rilpivirine [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
Use APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP to reduce the risk of HIV-1 infection as part of a comprehensive prevention strategy including adherence to the administration schedule and safer sex practices, including condoms, to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). APRETUDE is not always effective in preventing HIV-1 acquisition [see Clinical Studies]. The time from initiation of APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP to maximal protection against HIV-1 infection is unknown.
Risk for HIV-1 acquisition includes behavioral, biological, or epidemiologic factors including, but not limited to, condomless sex, past or current STIs, self-identified HIV risk, having sexual partners of unknown HIV-1 viremic status, or sexual activity in a high prevalence area or network.
Counsel individuals on the use of other prevention measures (e.g., consistent and correct condom use; knowledge of partner(s)’ HIV-1 status, including viral suppression status; regular testing for STIs that can facilitate HIV-1 transmission). Inform individuals about and support their efforts in reducing sexual risk behavior.
Use APRETUDE to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV-1 only in individuals confirmed to be HIV-1 negative [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. HIV-1 resistance substitutions may emerge in individuals with undiagnosed HIV-1 infection who are taking only APRETUDE, because APRETUDE alone does not constitute a complete regimen for HIV-1 treatment [see Microbiology]; therefore, care should be taken to minimize the risk of initiating or continuing APRETUDE before confirming the individual is HIV-1 negative.
When using APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP, HIV-1 testing should be repeated prior to each injection and upon diagnosis of any other STIs [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Counsel individuals without HIV-1 to strictly adhere to the recommended dosing and testing schedule for APRETUDE in order to reduce the risk of HIV-1 acquisition and the potential development of resistance [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and Microbiology]. Some individuals, such as adolescents, may benefit from frequent visits and counseling to support adherence to the dosing and testing schedule [see Use In Specific Populations, Microbiology and Clinical Studies].
There is a potential risk of developing resistance to APRETUDE if an individual acquires HIV-1 either before or while taking APRETUDE or following discontinuation of APRETUDE [see Comprehensive Management To Reduce The Risk Of HIV-1 Infection, Long-Acting Properties And Potential Associated Risks With APRETUDE].
To minimize this risk, it is essential to clinically reassess individuals for risk of HIV-1 acquisition and to test before each injection to confirm HIV-1 negative status. Individuals who are confirmed to have HIV-1 infection must transition to a complete HIV-1 treatment regimen.
Alternative forms of PrEP should be considered following discontinuation of APRETUDE for those individuals at continuing risk of HIV-1 acquisition and initiated within 2 months of the final injection of APRETUDE.
Residual concentrations of cabotegravir may remain in the systemic circulation of individuals for prolonged periods (up to 12 months or longer). It is important to carefully select individuals who agree to the required every-2-month injection dosing schedule because non-adherence to every-2-monthly injections or missed doses could lead to HIV-1 acquisition and development of resistance.
Healthcare providers should take the prolonged-release characteristics of cabotegravir into consideration when APRETUDE is prescribed [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Comprehensive Management To Reduce The Risk Of HIV-1 Infection, Potential Risk Of Resistance With APRETUDE, DRUG INTERACTIONS, Use In Specific Populations and OVERDOSE].
Serious or severe hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with cabotegravir and include Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Administration of cabotegravir oral lead-in dosing was used in clinical studies to help identify participants who may be at risk of a hypersensitivity reaction. Remain vigilant and discontinue APRETUDE if a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CONTRAINDICATIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Discontinue APRETUDE immediately if signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions develop (including, but not limited to, severe rash, or rash accompanied by fever, general malaise, fatigue, muscle or joint aches, blisters, mucosal involvement [oral blisters or lesions], conjunctivitis, facial edema, hepatitis, eosinophilia, angioedema, difficulty breathing). Clinical status, including liver transaminases, should be monitored and appropriate therapy initiated. For information regarding the long-acting properties of APRETUDE [see Long-Acting Properties And Potential Associated Risks With APRETUDE].
Hepatotoxicity has been reported in a limited number of individuals receiving cabotegravir with or without known pre-existing hepatic disease or identifiable risk factors [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Clinical and laboratory monitoring should be considered and APRETUDE should be discontinued if hepatotoxicity is suspected and individuals managed as clinically indicated. For information regarding the long-acting properties of APRETUDE [see Long-Acting Properties And Potential Associated Risks With APRETUDE].
Depressive disorders (including depression, depressed mood, major depression, persistent depressive disorder, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt) have been reported with APRETUDE [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Promptly evaluate individuals with depressive symptoms to assess whether the symptoms are related to APRETUDE and to determine whether the risks of continued therapy outweigh the benefits.
The concomitant use of APRETUDE and other drugs may result in reduced drug concentration of APRETUDE [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS].
See Table 8 for steps to prevent or manage these possible and known significant drug interactions, including dosing recommendations. Consider the potential for drug interactions prior to and during use of, and after discontinuation of APRETUDE; review concomitant medications during use of APRETUDE [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Advise the individual to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION).
Advise individuals there is a potential risk of developing resistance to APRETUDE if HIV-1 is acquired either before or while taking APRETUDE or following discontinuation of APRETUDE [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To minimize this, it is essential that individuals are clinically reassessed for risk of HIV-1 acquisition and tested frequently to confirm HIV-1 negative status. Advise individuals who are confirmed to have with HIV-1 infection to consult with their healthcare professional, as HIV-1 treatment must be initiated [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform individuals that alternative forms of PrEP should be considered following discontinuation of APRETUDE for those at continuing risk of HIV-1 acquisition and initiated within 2 months of the final injection of APRETUDE [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise individuals that APRETUDE is an extended-release injectable that may be systemically present for 12 months or longer and consideration should be taken regarding the prolonged release characteristics when APRETUDE is discontinued [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Counsel individuals about the importance of continued medication adherence and scheduled visits to help reduce the risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection and development of resistance [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise individuals to immediately contact their healthcare provider if they develop a rash. Instruct individuals to immediately stop taking APRETUDE and seek medical attention if they develop a rash associated with any of the following symptoms as it may be a sign of a more serious reaction such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN): fever; generally ill feeling; extreme tiredness; muscle or joint aches; blisters; oral blisters or lesions; eye inflammation; facial swelling; swelling of the eyes, lips, tongue, or mouth; difficulty breathing; and/or signs and symptoms of liver problems (e.g., yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes; dark or tea-colored urine; pale-colored stools or bowel movements; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; or pain, aching, or sensitivity on the right side below the ribs). Advise individuals that if hypersensitivity occurs, they will be closely monitored, laboratory tests will be ordered, and appropriate therapy will be initiated [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform individuals that hepatotoxicity has been reported with cabotegravir [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Inform individuals that clinical and laboratory monitoring should be considered and APRETUDE should be discontinued if hepatoxicity is confirmed [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform individuals that depressive disorders (including depression, depressed mood, major depression, persistent depressive disorder, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt) have been reported with APRETUDE [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Advise individuals to seek prompt medical evaluation if they experience depressive symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform individuals that APRETUDE may interact with other drugs and may reduce exposure of APRETUDE; therefore, advise individuals to report to their healthcare provider the use of any other prescription or nonprescription medication [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Inform individuals that APRETUDE can remain in the body for up to 12 months or longer after receiving their last injection. Advise individuals that they should contact their healthcare provider if they miss or plan to miss a scheduled monthly injection visit and that oral dosing may be used to replace up to 2 consecutive monthly injections. Advise individuals that if they discontinue use of APRETUDE, they will need to take other medicines for HIV-1 PrEP [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform individuals that there is an antiretroviral pregnancy registry to monitor fetal outcomes in those exposed to APRETUDE during pregnancy. Individuals who are of reproductive potential should be informed of the long duration of exposure of APRETUDE and that there is very limited clinical experience in human pregnancy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Use In Specific Populations].
Inform individuals that due to the potential for adverse reactions and residual concentrations in the systemic circulation for up to 12 months or longer after discontinuing injections of APRETUDE, it is recommended that mothers breastfeed only if the expected benefit justifies the potential risk to the infant. The benefits and risks of APRETUDE while breastfeeding should be evaluated, including the risk of HIV-1 acquisition due to medication nonadherence and subsequent mother to child transmission. Instruct mothers not to breastfeed if acute HIV-1 infection is suspected because of the risk of passing the HIV-1 virus to the baby [see Use In Specific Populations].
APRETUDE, CABENUVA, and VOCABRIA are trademarks owned by or licensed to the ViiV Healthcare group of companies. The other brand listed is a trademark owned by or licensed to its respective owner and is not a trademark owned by or licensed to the ViiV Healthcare group of companies. The maker of this brand is not affiliated with and does not endorse the ViiV Healthcare group of companies or its products.
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in individuals exposed to APRETUDE during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register individuals by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263.
There are insufficient human data on the use of APRETUDE during pregnancy to adequately assess a drug-associated risk of birth defects and miscarriage. Discuss the benefit-risk of using APRETUDE with individuals of childbearing potential or during pregnancy.
Cabotegravir use in pregnant individuals has not been evaluated. APRETUDE should be used during pregnancy only if the expected benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
The APR has been established to monitor for birth defects following prenatal exposure to antiretrovirals. The rate of miscarriage is not reported in the APR. The background rate for major birth defects in a U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is 2.7%. The estimated background rate of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies in the U.S. general population is 15% to 20%. The APR uses the MACDP as the U.S. reference population for birth defects in the general population. The MACDP evaluates mothers and infants from a limited geographic area and does not include outcomes for births that occurred at <20 weeks’ gestation.
In animal reproduction studies with oral cabotegravir, a delay in the onset of parturition and increased stillbirths and neonatal deaths were observed in a rat pre- and postnatal development study at >28 times the exposure at the recommended human dose (RHD). No evidence of adverse developmental outcomes was observed with oral cabotegravir in rats or rabbits (>28 times or similar to the exposure at the RHD, respectively) given during organogenesis (see Data).
Cabotegravir is detected in systemic circulation for up to 12 months or longer after discontinuing injections of APRETUDE; therefore, consideration should be given to the potential for fetal exposure during pregnancy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Animal Data
Cabotegravir was administered orally to pregnant rats at 0, 0.5, 5, or 1,000 mg/kg/day from 15 days before cohabitation, during cohabitation, and from Gestation Days 0 to 17. There were no effects on fetal viability when fetuses were delivered by caesarean, although a minor decrease in fetal body weight was observed at 1,000 mg/kg/day (>28 times the exposure in humans at the RHD). No drug-related fetal toxicities were observed at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 13 times the exposure in humans at the RHD), and no drug-related fetal malformations were observed at any dose.
Cabotegravir was administered orally to pregnant rabbits at 0, 30, 500, or 2,000 mg/kg/day from Gestation Days 7 to 19. No drug-related fetal toxicities were observed at 2,000 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.7 times the exposure in humans at the RHD).
In a rat pre- and postnatal development study, cabotegravir was administered orally to pregnant rats at 0, 0.5, 5, or 1,000 mg/kg/day from Gestation Day 6 to Lactation Day 21. A delay in the onset of parturition and increases in the number of stillbirths and neonatal deaths by Lactation Day 4 were observed at 1,000 mg/kg/day (>28 times the exposure in humans at the RHD); there were no alterations to growth and development of surviving offspring. In a cross-fostering study, similar incidences of stillbirths and early postnatal deaths were observed when rat pups born to cabotegravir-treated mothers were nursed from birth by control mothers. There was no effect on neonatal survival of control pups nursed from birth by cabotegravir-treated mothers. A lower dose of 5 mg/kg/day (13 times the exposure at the RHD) was not associated with delayed parturition or neonatal mortality in rats. Studies in pregnant rats showed that cabotegravir crosses the placenta and can be detected in fetal tissue.
There are no data on the presence of cabotegravir in human milk. Cabotegravir is present in animal milk (see Data). When a drug is present in animal milk, it is likely that the drug will be present in human milk. It is not known if cabotegravir affects human milk production, or has effects on the breastfed infant. If cabotegravir is present in human milk, residual exposures may remain for 12 months or longer after the last injections have been administered [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Cabotegravir concentrations may be detectable in systemic circulation for up to 12 months or longer after discontinuing injections of APRETUDE. Breastfeeding should only be considered if the expected benefit justifies the potential risk to the infant, including the potential risk for adverse reaction in the breastfed child, along with the risk of HIV-1 acquisition due to nonadherence and subsequent vertical transmission to the child. Breastfeeding is not recommended if acute HIV-1 infection is suspected to avoid the risk of postnatal transmission of HIV-1 infection.
Animal lactation studies with cabotegravir have not been conducted. However, cabotegravir was detected in the plasma of nursing pups on Lactation Day 10 in the rat pre- and postnatal development study.
The safety and effectiveness of APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP in adolescents weighing at least 35 kg who are at risk for HIV-1 acquisition is supported by data from 2 adequate and well-controlled trials of APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP in adults with additional safety and pharmacokinetic data from studies in adults with HIV-1 who were administered CABENUVA, and in adolescent participants with HIV-1 who were administered separate components of CABENUVA in addition to their current antiretroviral therapy [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and Clinical Studies].
APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP was evaluated in 2 open-label multicenter clinical trials, HPTN 083-01 and HPTN 084-01, in adolescent individuals 12 to less than 18 years of age weighing at least 35 kg who are at risk for HIV-1 acquisition. Sixty-four adolescents were enrolled. Of these, 62 adolescent participants received one or more injections. In adolescents receiving APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP, the safety data were comparable to the safety data reported in adults receiving APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP.
While using APRETUDE, HIV-1 testing should be conducted prior to initiating APRETUDE (with or without an oral lead-in with oral cabotegravir) and prior to each injection of APRETUDE. Adolescents may benefit from more frequent visits and counseling to support adherence to the dosing and testing schedule [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of APRETUDE in pediatric participants younger than 12 years of age or weighing <35 kg have not been established.
No dose adjustment is required in elderly individuals. There are limited data available on the use of APRETUDE in individuals aged 65 years and older. In general, caution should be exercised in administration of APRETUDE in elderly individuals, reflecting greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Based on studies with oral cabotegravir, no dosage adjustment of APRETUDE is necessary for individuals with mild (creatinine clearance ≥60 to <90 mL/min), moderate (creatinine clearance ≥30 to <60 mL/min) or severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≥15 to <30 mL/min) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. In individuals with end-stage renal disease not on dialysis, effects on the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir are unknown. As cabotegravir is >99% protein bound, dialysis is not expected to alter exposures of cabotegravir.
Based on studies with oral cabotegravir, no dosage adjustment of APRETUDE is necessary for individuals with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A or B). The effect of severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) on the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir is unknown [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
There is no known specific treatment for overdose with APRETUDE. If overdose occurs, monitor the individual and apply standard supportive treatment as required as well as observation of the clinical status of the individual. As APRETUDE is highly bound to plasma proteins, it is unlikely that it will be significantly removed by dialysis. Consider the prolonged exposure to APRETUDE following an injection when assessing treatment needs and recovery [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
APRETUDE is contraindicated in individuals:
Cabotegravir is an HIV-1 antiretroviral drug [see Microbiology] in a long-acting formulation.
At a dose of cabotegravir 150 mg orally every 12 hours (10 times the recommended total daily oral lead-in dosage of APRETUDE), the QT interval is not prolonged to any clinically relevant extent. Administration of 3 doses of cabotegravir 150 mg orally every 12 hours resulted in a geometric mean Cmax approximately 2.8- and 5.6-fold above the geometric mean steady-state Cmax associated with the recommended 30-mg dose of oral cabotegravir and the recommended 600-mg dose given every 2 months of cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspension, respectively.
The pharmacokinetic properties of cabotegravir are provided in Table 9. The multiple-dose pharmacokinetic parameters are provided in Table 10. For the pharmacokinetic properties of oral cabotegravir, refer to the full prescribing information for VOCABRIA (cabotegravir).
Table 9. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Cabotegravir
| Absorptiona | |
| Tmax (days), median | 7 |
| Distribution | |
| % Bound to human plasma proteins | >99.8 |
| Blood-to-plasma ratio | 0.52 |
| CSF-to-plasma concentration ratio (median [range])b | 0.003 |
| (0.002 to 0.004) | |
| Elimination | |
| t1/2 (weeks), meanc | 5.6 to 11.5 |
| Metabolism | |
| Metabolic pathways | UGT1A1 |
| UGT1A9 (minor) | |
| Excretion | |
| Major route of elimination | Metabolism |
| % of dose excreted as total 14C (unchanged drug) in urined | 27 (0) |
| % of dose excreted as total 14C (unchanged drug) in fecesd | 59 (47) |
| CSF = Cerebrospinal fluid. a When taken orally with a high-fat meal versus fasted, the AUC(0-inf) (geometric mean ratio [90% CI] of cabotegravir are 1.14 [1.02, 1.28]). b The clinical relevance of CSF-to-plasma concentration ratios is unknown. Concentrations were measured at steady-state 1 week after intramuscular administration of cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspensions given monthly or every 2 months. c Elimination half-life driven by slow absorption rate from the intramuscular injection site. d Dosing in mass balance studies: single-dose oral administration of [14C] cabotegravir. |
|
Table 10. Pharmacokinetic Parameters following Once-Daily Oral Cabotegravir and following Initiation and Every-2-Month Continuation Intramuscular Injections of APRETUDE
| Dosing Phase | Dosage Regimen | Geometric Mean (5th, 95th Percentile)a | ||
| AUC(0-tau)b (mcg•h/mL) |
Cmax (mcg/mL) |
Ctaub (mcg/mL) |
||
| Oral lead-inc | 30 mg | 145 | 8.0 | 4.6 |
| once daily | (93.5, 224) | (5.3, 11.9) | (2.8, 7.5) | |
| Initial injectiond | 600 mg IM | 1,591 | 8.0 | 1.5 |
| initial dose | (714; 3,245) | (5.3, 11.9) | (0.65, 2.9) | |
| Every-2-month injectione | 600 mg IM | 3,764 | 4.0 | 1.6 |
| every 2 months | (2,431; 5,857) | (2.3, 6.8) | (0.8, 3.0) | |
| IM = Intramuscular. a Pharmacokinetic parameter values were based on individual post-hoc estimates from cabotegravir population pharmacokinetic models for patients in Phase 3 treatment studies of HIV treatment. b tau is dosing interval: 24 hours for oral administration, 1 month for the initial injection, and 2 months for every 2 months for intramuscular injections of extended-release injectable suspension. c Oral lead-in pharmacokinetic parameter values represent steady state. d Initial injection Cmax values primarily reflect oral dosing because the initial injection was administered on the same day as the last oral dose; however, AUC(0-tau) and the Ctau values reflect the initial injection. When administered without oral lead-in to recipients with HIV-1 (n = 110), the observed cabotegravir geometric mean (5th, 95th percentile) Cmax (1-week post-initial injection) was 1.89 mcg/mL (0.438, 5.69) and Ctau was 1.43 mcg/mL (0.403, 3.90). e Pharmacokinetic parameter values represent steady state. |
||||
No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir were observed based on age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, or UGT1A1 polymorphisms. There are no data available for the use of cabotegravir in participants with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infection in PrEP studies.
With oral cabotegravir, no clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir are expected in individuals with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment. Cabotegravir has not been studied in participants with end-stage renal disease not on dialysis. As cabotegravir is >99% protein bound, dialysis is not expected to alter exposures of cabotegravir [see Use In Specific Populations].
No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir are expected in mild to moderate (Child-Pugh A or B) hepatic impairment. The effect of severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) on the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir has not been studied [see Use In Specific Populations].
Population pharmacokinetic analyses revealed no clinically relevant effect of gender on the exposure of cabotegravir. In addition, no clinically relevant differences in plasma cabotegravir concentrations were observed in PrEP studies by gender, including in cisgender men and transgender women (+/- hormone use). Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary based on gender.
No dose adjustment is required in elderly individuals. There are limited data available on the use of cabotegravir in individuals aged 65 years and older. In general, caution should be exercised in administration of cabotegravir in elderly individuals, reflecting greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy [see Use In Specific Populations].
Population pharmacokinetic analyses revealed no clinically relevant differences in exposure between adolescent participants and adult participants with and without HIV-1 from the cabotegravir development program; therefore, no dosage adjustment is needed for adolescents weighing ≥35 kg (Table 11).
Table 11. Pharmacokinetic Parameters following Once-Daily Oral Cabotegravir and following Initiation and Every-2-Month Continuation Intramuscular Injections of APRETUDE in Adolescent Participants Aged 12 to Younger than 18 Years (≥35 kg)
| Dosing Phase | Dosage Regimen | Geometric Mean (5th, 95th Percentile)a | ||
| AUC (0-tau)b (mcg•h/mL) |
Cmax (mcg/mL) |
Ctaub (mcg/mL) |
||
| Oral lead-inc | 30 mg | 203 | 10.7 | 6.43 |
| once daily | (136, 320) | (7.36, 16.6) | (4.15, 10.5) | |
| Initial injectiond | 600 mg IM | 2,085 | 10.8 | 1.88 |
| initial dose | (1,056; 4,259) | (7.42, 16.6) | (0.801, 3.71) | |
| Every-2-month injectione | 600 mg IM | 5,184 | 5.10 | 2.54 |
| every 2 months | (3,511; 7,677) | (3.06, 8.24) | (1.25, 4.19) | |
| IM = intramuscular. a Pharmacokinetic parameter values were based on individual post-hoc estimates from population pharmacokinetic models in both adolescents with HIV-1 (n = 147) weighing 35.2 to 98.5 kg and adolescents without HIV-1 (n = 62) weighing 39.9 to 167 kg. b tau is dosing interval: 24 hours for oral administration, 1 month for the initial injection, and 2 months for every 2 months for intramuscular injections of extended-release injectable suspension. c Oral lead-in pharmacokinetic parameter values represent steady state. d Initial injection Cmax values primarily reflect oral dosing because the initial injection was administered on the same day as the last oral dose; however, the AUC(0-tau) and Ctau values reflect the initial injection. e Pharmacokinetic parameter values represent steady state. |
||||
Cabotegravir is not a clinically relevant inhibitor of the following enzymes and transporters: cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4; UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, 2B4, 2B7, 2B15, and 2B17; P-glycoprotein (P-gp); breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); bile salt export pump (BSEP); organic cation transporter (OCT)1, OCT2; organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3; multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter (MATE) 1, MATE 2-K; and multidrug resistance protein (MRP)2 or MRP4.
In vitro, cabotegravir inhibited renal OAT1 (IC50 = 0.81 microM) and OAT3 (IC50 = 0.41 microM). Based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, cabotegravir may increase the AUC of OAT1/3 substrates up to approximately 80%.
In vitro, cabotegravir did not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4.
Simulations using PBPK modeling show that no clinically significant interaction is expected during coadministration of cabotegravir with drugs that inhibit UGT1A1.
In vitro, cabotegravir was not a substrate of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, or OCT1.
Cabotegravir is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP in vitro; however, because of its high permeability, no alteration in cabotegravir absorption is expected with coadministration of P-gp or BCRP inhibitors.
Drug interaction studies were not conducted with injectable cabotegravir. Drug interaction studies with oral cabotegravir are summarized in Tables 12 and 13.
Table 12. Effect of Coadministered Drugs on the Pharmacokinetics of Cabotegravir
| Coadministered Drug(s) and Dose(s) | Dose of Cabotegravir | n | Geometric Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Cabotegravir Pharmacokinetic Parameters with/without Coadministered Drugs No Effect = 1.00 |
||
| Cmax | AUC | Ctau or C24 | |||
| Etravirine | 30 mg | 12 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
| 200 mg twice daily | once daily | (0.99, 1.09) | (0.96, 1.06) | (0.94, 1.06) | |
| Rifabutin | 30 mg | 12 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.74 |
| 300 mg once daily | once daily | (0.76, 0.90) | (0.74, 0.83) | (0.70, 0.78) | |
| Rifampin | 30-mg | 15 | 0.94 | 0.41 | 0.50 |
| 600 mg once daily | single dose | (0.87, 1.02) | (0.36, 0.46) | (0.44, 0.57) | |
| Rilpivirine | 30 mg | 11 | 1.05 | 1.12 | 1.14 |
| 25 mg once daily | once daily | (0.96, 1.15) | (1.05, 1.19) | (1.04, 1.24) | |
| n = Maximum number of participants with data, CI = Confidence Interval. | |||||
Table 13. Effect of Cabotegravir on the Pharmacokinetics of Coadministered Drugs
| Coadministered Drug(s) and Dose(s) | Dose of Cabotegravir | n | Geometric Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Coadministered Drug with/without Cabotegravir No Effect = 1.00 |
||
| Cmax | AUC | Ctau or C24 | |||
| Ethinyl estradiol | 30 mg | 19 | 0.92 | 1.02 | 1.00 |
| 0.03 mg once daily | once daily | (0.83, 1.03) | (0.97, 1.08) | (0.92, 1.10) | |
| Levonorgestrel | 30 mg | 19 | 1.05 | 1.12 | 1.07 |
| 0.15 mg once daily | once daily | (0.96, 1.15) | (1.07, 1.18) | (1.01, 1.15) | |
| Midazolam | 30 mg | 12 | 1.09 | 1.10 | NA |
| 3 mg | once daily | (0.94, 1.26) | (0.95, 1.26) | ||
| Rilpivirine | 30 mg | 11 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.92 |
| 25 mg once daily | once daily | (0.85, 1.09) | (0.89, 1.09) | (0.79, 1.07) | |
| n = Maximum number of participants with data, CI = Confidence Interval; NA = Not available. | |||||
Cabotegravir inhibits HIV integrase by binding to the integrase active site and blocking the strand transfer step of retroviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integration that is essential for the HIV replication cycle. The mean 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of cabotegravir in a strand transfer assay using purified recombinant HIV-1 integrase was 3.0 nM.
Cabotegravir exhibited antiviral activity against laboratory strains of HIV-1 (subtype B, n = 4) with mean 50 percent effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.22 to 1.7 nM in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and 293 cells. Cabotegravir demonstrated antiviral activity in PBMCs against a panel of 24 HIV-1 clinical
isolates (3 in each of group M subtypes A, B, C, D, E, F, and G and 3 in group O) with a median EC50 value of 0.19 nM (range: 0.02 to 1.06 nM, n = 24). The median EC50 value against subtype B clinical isolates was 0.05 nM (range: 0.02 to 0.50 nM, n = 3). Against clinical HIV-2 isolates, the median EC50 value was 0.12 nM (range: 0.10 to 0.14 nM, n = 3).
In cell culture, cabotegravir was not antagonistic in combination with the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) rilpivirine, or the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) FTC, lamivudine (3TC), or TDF.
Cell Culture
Cabotegravir-resistant viruses were selected during passage of HIV-1 strain IIIB in MT-2 cells in the presence of cabotegravir. Amino acid substitutions in integrase that emerged and conferred decreased susceptibility to cabotegravir included Q146L (fold change: 1.3 to 4.6), S153Y (fold change: 2.8 to 8.4), and I162M (fold change: 2.8). The integrase substitution T124A also emerged alone (fold change: 1.1 to 7.4 in cabotegravir susceptibility), in combination with S153Y (fold change: 3.6 to 6.6 in cabotegravir susceptibility) or I162M (2.8-fold change in cabotegravir susceptibility). Cell culture passage of virus harboring integrase substitutions Q148H, Q148K, or Q148R selected for additional substitutions (C56S, V72I, L74M, V75A, T122N, E138K, G140S, G149A, and M154I), with substituted viruses having reduced susceptibility to cabotegravir of 2.0- to 410-fold change. The combinations of E138K+Q148K and V72I+E138K+Q148K conferred the greatest reductions of 53- to 260-fold change and 410-fold change, respectively.
Clinical Trials
There were 12 incident infections and 4 prevalent infections among participants in the APRETUDE arm of HPTN 083. Genotypic data were generated for viruses from 13 of these 16 participants (4 participants with prevalent infections and 9 participants with incident infections) and phenotypic data were generated for 3 of these viruses. INSTI resistance-associated substitutions were detected in 5 viruses from participants who achieved target plasma concentrations of cabotegravir (≥0.65 mcg/mL [1.6 μM]) and included R263K (2-fold less susceptible to cabotegravir), E138A+Q148R (6-fold less susceptible to cabotegravir), E138K+Q148K, G140A+Q148R (13-fold less susceptible to cabotegravir), and L74I+E138E/K+G140G/S+Q148R+E157Q.
There were 3 incident infections and 1 prevalent infection among participants in the APRETUDE arm of HPTN 084. All 3 incident infections occurred during periods with cabotegravir exposures below the target concentration. No variants expressing INSTI resistance-associated substitutions were detected.
Cross-resistance has been observed among INSTIs. Cabotegravir had reduced susceptibility (>5-fold change) to recombinant HIV-1 strain NL432 viruses harboring the following integrase amino acid substitutions: G118R, Q148K, Q148R, T66K+L74M, E92Q+N155H, E138A+Q148R, E138K+Q148K/R, G140C+Q148R, G140S+Q148H/K/R, Y143H+N155H, and Q148R+N155H (range: 5.1- to 81-fold). The substitutions E138K+Q148K and Q148R+N155H conferred the greatest reductions in susceptibility of 81- and 61-fold, respectively.
Virologic failure isolates from cabotegravir plus rilpivirine treatment in FLAIR, ATLAS, and ATLAS-2M exhibited cross-resistance to INSTIs and NNRTIs. All confirmed virologic isolates with genotypic evidence of cabotegravir resistance had cross-resistance to elvitegravir and raltegravir but retained phenotypic susceptibility to dolutegravir and when tested bictegravir.
Viruses harboring E138A+Q148R or G140A+Q148R with reduced susceptibility to cabotegravir were isolated from participants using APRETUDE in HPTN 083. These viruses remained susceptible to bictegravir and dolutegravir but had cross-resistance to elvitegravir and raltegravir.
Two-year carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were conducted with cabotegravir. In mice, no drug-related increases in tumor incidence were observed at cabotegravir exposures (AUC) up to approximately 8 times (males) and 7 times (females) higher than those in humans at the RHD. In rats, no drug-related increases in tumor incidence were observed at cabotegravir exposures up to approximately 26 times higher than those in humans at the RHD.
Cabotegravir was not genotoxic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay, mouse lymphoma assay, or in the in vivo rodent micronucleus assay.
In rats, no effects on fertility were observed at cabotegravir exposures (AUC) >20 times (male) and 28 times (female) the exposure in humans at the RHD.
The safety and efficacy of APRETUDE to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection were evaluated in 2 randomized, double-blind, controlled, multinational trials, HPTN 083 in men and transgender women without HIV-1 who have sex with men and have evidence of high-risk behavior for HIV-1 infection and HPTN 084 in cisgender women without HIV-1 at risk of acquiring HIV-1.
Participants randomized to receive APRETUDE initiated oral lead-in dosing with 1 oral cabotegravir 30-mg tablet and a placebo daily for up to 5 weeks, followed by APRETUDE 600-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection at months 1 and 2 and every 2 months thereafter and a daily placebo tablet. Participants randomized to receive TRUVADA initiated oral TRUVADA (TDF 300 mg/FTC 200 mg) and placebo daily for up to 5 weeks, followed by oral TRUVADA daily and placebo intramuscular injection at months 1 and 2 and every 2 months thereafter.
In HPTN 083, a non-inferiority study, 4,566 cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men were randomized 1:1 and received either APRETUDE (n = 2,281) or TRUVADA (n = 2,285) as blinded study medication up to Week 153.
At baseline, the median age of participants was 26 years, 12% were transgender women, 72% were non-White, and 67% were younger than 30 years.
The primary endpoint was the rate of incident HIV-1 infections among participants randomized to daily oral cabotegravir and intramuscular injections of APRETUDE every 2 months compared with daily oral TRUVADA (corrected for early stopping). The primary analysis demonstrated the superiority of APRETUDE compared with TRUVADA with a 66% reduction in the risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection, hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.34 (0.18, 0.62); further testing revealed 1 of the infections on APRETUDE to be prevalent then yielding a 69% reduction in the risk of HIV-1 incident infection relative to TRUVADA (Table 14).
Table 14. HIV-1 Infection Results During Randomized Phase in HPTN 083: Extended Retrospective Virologic Testing with Readjudicated Endpointsa
| APRETUDE (N = 2,278) |
TRUVADA (N = 2,281) |
Superiority P Value | |
| Person-years | 3,211 | 3,193 | |
| HIV-1 infections (incidence rate per 100 person-years) | 12b (0.37) | 39 (1.22) | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 0.31 (0.16, 0.58) | 0.0003 | |
| a mITT from Supplemental Virology Report. b Following the primary analysis, extended retrospective virologic testing was performed to better characterize the timing of HIV-1 infections. As a result, 1 of the 13 HIV-1 incident infections in participants receiving APRETUDE was determined to be a prevalent infection. The original hazard ratio (95% CI) from the primary analysis is 0.34 (0.18, 0.62). |
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Figure 1. Cumulative Incidence of HIV-1 Infections in HPTN 083
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Results from all subgroup analyses were consistent with the overall protective effect. A lower rate of incident HIV-1 infections was observed for participants randomized to APRETUDE compared with participants randomized to TRUVADA (Table 15).
Table 15. Incident of HIV -1 Infections by Subgroup in HPTN 083: Extended Retrospective Virologic Testing with Readjudicated Endpointsa
| Subgroup | APRETUDE Incidence per 100 Person-Years |
APRETUDE Person-Years |
TRUVADA Incidence per 100 PersonYears |
TRUVADA Person-Years |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
| Age | |||||
| <30 years | 0.47 | 2,110 | 1.66 | 1,987 | 0.29 (0.15, 0.59) |
| ≥30 years | 0.18 | 1,101 | 0.50 | 1,206 | 0.39(0.08, 1.84) |
| Gender | |||||
| MSMb | 0.35 | 2,836 | 1.14 | 2,803 | 0.32 (0.16, 0.64) |
| TGWc | 0.54 | 371 | 1.80 | 389 | 0.34 (0.08, 1.56) |
| Race (US) | |||||
| Black | 0.58 | 691 | 2.28 | 703 | 0.26 (0.09, 0.76) |
| Non-Black | 0.00 | 836 | 0.50 | 801 | 0.11 (0.00, 2.80) |
| Region | |||||
| US | 0.26 | 1,528 | 1.33 | 1,504 | 0.21 (0.07, 0.60) |
| Latin America | 0.49 | 1,020 | 1.09 | 1,011 | 0.47 (0.17, 1.35) |
| Asia | 0.35 | 570 | 1.03 | 581 | 0.39 (0.08, 1.82) |
| Africa | 1.08 | 93 | 2.07 | 97 | 0.63 (0.06, 6.50) |
| a mITT from Supplemental Virology Report. b Cisgender men who have sex with men. c Transgender women who have sex with men. |
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In HPTN 084, a superiority study, 3,224 cisgender women were randomized 1:1 and received either APRETUDE (n = 1,614) or TRUVADA (n = 1,610) as blinded study medication up to Week 153.
At baseline, the median age of participants was 25 years, >99% were non-White, >99% were cisgender women, and 49% were <25 years of age.
The primary endpoint was the rate of incident HIV-1 infections among participants randomized to oral cabotegravir and injections of APRETUDE compared with oral TRUVADA (corrected for early stopping). The primary analysis demonstrated the superiority of APRETUDE compared with TRUVADA with an 88% reduction in the risk of acquiring incident HIV-1 infection, hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.12 (0.05, 0.31); further testing revealed 1 of the infections on APRETUDE to be prevalent then yielding a 90% reduction in the risk of HIV-1 incident infection relative to TRUVADA (Table 16).
Table 16. HIV-1 Infection Results during Randomized Phase in HPTN 084: Extended Retrospective Virologic Testing with Readjudicated Endpointsa
| APRETUDE (N = 1,613) |
TRUVADA (N = 1,610) |
Superiority P Value | |
| Person-years | 1,960 | 1,946 | |
| HIV-1 incident infections (incidence rate per 100 personyears) | 3b (0.15) | 36 (1.85) | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.27) | <0.0001 | |
| a mITT from Supplemental Virology Report. b Following the primary analysis, extended retrospective virologic testing was performed to better characterize the timing of HIV-1 infections. As a result, 1 of the 4 HIV-1 incident infections in participants receiving APRETUDE was determined to be a prevalent infection. The original hazard ratio (95% CI) from the primary analysis is 0.12 (0.05, 0.31). |
|||
Figure 2. Cumulative Incidence of HIV-1 Infections in HPTN 084
 |
Results from pre-planned subgroup analyses were consistent with the overall protective effect. A lower rate of incident HIV-1 infections was observed for participants randomized to APRETUDE compared with participants randomized to TRUVADA (Table 17).
Table 17. Incident of HIV-1 Infections by Subgroup in HPTN 084: Extended Retrospective Virologic Testing with Readjudicated Endpointsa
| Subgroup | APRETUDE Incidence per 100 Person-Years |
APRETUDE Person-Years |
TRUVADA Incidence per 100 Person-Years |
TRUVADA Person-Years |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
| Age | |||||
| <25 years | 0.23 | 868 | 2.34 | 853 | 0.12 (0.03, 0.46) |
| ≥25 years | 0.09 | 1,093 | 1.46 | 1,093 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.49) |
| Body Mass Index | |||||
| <30 | 0.22 | 1,385 | 1.88 | 1,435 | 0.12 (0.04, 0.38) |
| ≥30 | 0.00 | 575 | 1.76 | 511 | 0.04 (0.00, 0.93) |
| a mITT from Supplemental Virology Report. | |||||
APRETUDE
[AP-reh-tood]
(cabotegravir extended-release) injectable suspension for intramuscular use
What is the most important information I should know about APRETUDE?
Important information for people who receive APRETUDE to help reduce their risk of getting human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, also called pre-exposure prophylaxis or “PrEP”:
Before receiving APRETUDE to reduce your risk of getting HIV-1:
While you are receiving APRETUDE for HIV-1 PrEP:
If you have HIV-1 and receive only APRETUDE, over time your HIV-1 may become harder to treat.
What is APRETUDE?
APRETUDE is a prescription medicine used for HIV-1 PrEP to reduce the risk of getting HIV-1 infection in adults and adolescents who weigh at least 77 pounds (at least 35 kg).
HIV-1 is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
It is not known if APRETUDE is safe and effective in children younger than 12 years of age or weighing less than 77 pounds (less than 35 kg).
Do not receive APRETUDE if you:
Before receiving APRETUDE, tell your healthcare provider about all your medical conditions, including if you:
Pregnancy Registry. There is a pregnancy registry for those who receive APRETUDE during pregnancy. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about how you can take part in this registry.
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Some medicines may interact with APRETUDE. Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.
You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for a list of medicines that interact with APRETUDE.
Do not start a new medicine without telling your healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider can tell you if it is safe to receive APRETUDE with other medicines.
How will I receive APRETUDE?
What are the possible side effects of APRETUDE?
APRETUDE may cause serious side effects including:
Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop any of the following signs or symptoms of liver problems:
The most common side effects of APRETUDE include:
These are not all the possible side effects of APRETUDE.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
General information about the safe and effective use of APRETUDE.
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about APRETUDE that is written for health professionals.
What are the ingredients in APRETUDE?
Active ingredient: cabotegravir
Inactive ingredients: mannitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350, polysorbate 20, and Water for Injection.
This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
INSTRUCTION FOR USE
Overview:
A complete dose of APRETUDE requires 1 injection: 600-mg (3 mL) of cabotegravir.
APRETUDE is a suspension that does not need further dilution or reconstitution. Carefully follow these instructions when preparing the suspension for injection to avoid leakage.
APRETUDE is for gluteal intramuscular use only.
Note: The ventrogluteal site is recommended.
Storage information
Store at 2°C to 25°C (36°F to 77°F). Exposure up to 30°C (86°F) permitted.
Do not freeze.
Prior to administration:
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Your pack contains:
Consider the individual’s build and use medical judgment to select an appropriate injection needle length.
You will also need:
Preparation:
1. Inspect the vial.
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Note: The vial has a brown tint to the glass.
Do not use if the expiration date has passed.
2. Shake the vial vigorously.
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3. Inspect suspension.
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4. Remove the vial cap.
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Do not allow anything to touch the rubber stopper after wiping it.
5. Peel open the vial adapter.
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Note: Do not remove the adapter from its packaging for the next step. The adapter will not fall out when its packaging is turned upside down.
6. Place vial on flat surface and attach the vial adapter.
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7. Lift off the packaging.
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8. Prepare the syringe.
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9. Attach the syringe.
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10. Press the plunger.
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11. Slowly draw up the dose.
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12. Unscrew the syringe.
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13. Attach the needle.
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Injection:
14. Prepare the injection site.
APRETUDE must be administered to a gluteal site. See Figure N.
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Select from the following areas for the injection:
Note: For gluteal intramuscular use only.
Do not inject intravenously.
15. Remove the cap.
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16. Remove extra liquid from the syringe.
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Note: Clean the injection site with an alcohol wipe. Allow the skin to air dry before continuing.
17. Stretch the skin.
Use the z-track injection technique to minimize medicine leakage from the injection site.
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18. Insert the needle.
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19. Inject the dose of medicine.
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20. Assess the injection site.
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Do not massage the area.
21. Make the needle safe.
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After injection:
22. Dispose safely.
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Questions and Answers
1. If the pack has been stored in the refrigerator, is it safe to warm the vial up to room temperature more quickly?
The vial should be brought to room temperature before you are ready to give the injection, but make sure the vial does not get above 30°C (86°F).
Do not use any heating methods, other than using the warmth of your hands.
2. How long can APRETUDE be left in the syringe?
It is best to inject (room temperature) APRETUDE as soon as possible after drawing it up. However, APRETUDE can remain in the syringe for up to 2 hours before injection.
If the medicine remains in the syringe for more than 2 hours, the filled syringe and needle must be discarded.
3. Why do I need to inject air into the vial?
Injecting 1 mL of air into the vial makes it easier to draw up the medicine into the syringe. Without the air, some liquid may flow back into the vial unintentionally, leaving less medicine than intended in the syringe.
4. Why is the ventrogluteal administration approach recommended?
The ventrogluteal approach into the gluteus medius muscle is recommended because it is located away from major nerves and blood vessels. A dorsogluteal approach into the gluteus maximus muscle is acceptable, if preferred by the healthcare professional. The injection should not be administered in any other site.
This Instructions for Use has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
