Warnings for Adzenys XR-ODT
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
Precautions for Adzenys XR-ODT
Abuse, Misuse, And Addiction
ADZENYS XR-ODT has a high potential for abuse and misuse. The use of ADZENYS XRODT exposes individuals to the risks of abuse and misuse, which can lead to the development of a substance use disorder, including addiction. ADZENYS XR-ODT can be diverted for nonmedical use into illicit channels or distribution [see Drug Abuse And Dependence]. Misuse and abuse of CNS stimulants, including ADZENYS XR-ODT, can result in overdose and death [see OVERDOSAGE], and this risk is increased with higher doses or unapproved methods of administration, such as snorting or injection.
Before prescribing ADZENYS XR-ODT, assess each patient's risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction. Educate patients and their families about these risks and proper disposal of any unused drug. Advise patients to store ADZENYS XR-ODT in a safe place, preferably locked, and instruct patients to not give ADZENYS XR-ODT to anyone else. Throughout ADZENYS XR-ODT treatment, reassess each patient's risk of abuse, misuse, and addiction and frequently monitor for signs and symptoms of abuse, misuse, and addiction.
Risks To Patients With Serious Cardiac Disease
Sudden death has been reported in patients with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious cardiac disease who were treated with CNS stimulants at the recommended ADHD dosage.
Avoid ADZENYS XR-ODT use in patients with known structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious cardiac arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, or other serious cardiac disease.
Increased Blood Pressure And Heart Rate
CNS stimulants cause an increase in blood pressure (mean increase about 2 to 4 mm Hg) and heart rate (mean increase about 3 to 6 bpm). Some patients may have larger increases.
Monitor all ADZENYS XR-ODT-treated patients for potential tachycardia and hypertension.
Psychiatric Adverse Reactions
Exacerbation Of Pre-existing Psychosis
CNS stimulants may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with a pre-existing psychotic disorder.
Induction Of A Manic Episode In Patients With Bipolar Disorder
CNS stimulants may induce a manic or mixed episode in patients. Prior to initiating ADZENYS XR-ODT treatment, screen patients for risk factors for developing a manic episode (e.g., comorbid or has a history of depressive symptoms or a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression).
New Psychotic Or Manic Symptoms
CNS stimulants, at the recommended dosage, may cause psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in patients without prior history of psychotic illness or mania. In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo-controlled studies of CNS stimulants, psychotic or manic symptoms occurred in 0.1% of CNS stimulant-treated patients compared to 0% of placebo-treated patients. If such symptoms occur, consider discontinuing ADZENYS XR-ODT.
Long-Term Suppression Of Growth In Pediatric Patients
CNS stimulants have been associated with weight loss and slowing of growth rate in pediatric patients. Closely monitor growth (weight and height) in ADZENYS XR-ODT-treated pediatric patients treated with CNS stimulants.
Pediatric patients not growing or gaining height or weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted.
Peripheral Vasculopathy, Including Raynaud's Phenomenon
CNS stimulants, including ADZENYS XR-ODT, used to treat ADHD are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon. Signs and symptoms are usually intermittent and mild; however, sequelae have included digital ulceration and/or soft tissue breakdown. Effects of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon, were observed in post-marketing reports and at the therapeutic dosage of CNS stimulants in all age groups throughout the course of treatment. Signs and symptoms generally improved after dosage reduction or discontinuation of the CNS stimulant.
Careful observation for digital changes is necessary during ADZENYS XR-ODT-treatment. Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for ADZENYS XRODT- treated patients who develop signs or symptoms of peripheral vasculopathy.
Serotonin Syndrome
Serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening reaction, may occur when amphetamines are used in combination with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter systems such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, and St. John's Wort [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. The co-administration with cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitors may also increase the risk with increased exposure to ADZENYS XR-ODT. In these situations, consider an alternative non-serotonergic drug or an alternative drug that does not inhibit CYP2D6 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Serotonin syndrome symptoms may include mental status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, delirium, and coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, dizziness, diaphoresis, flushing, hyperthermia), neuromuscular symptoms (e.g., tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, incoordination), seizures, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
Concomitant use of ADZENYS XR-ODT with MAOI drugs is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Discontinue treatment with ADZENYS XR-ODT and any concomitant serotonergic agents immediately if the above symptoms occur, and initiate supportive symptomatic treatment. If concomitant use of ADZENYS XR-ODT with other serotonergic drugs or CYP2D6 inhibitors is clinically warranted, initiate ADZENYS XR-ODT with lower doses, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome during drug initiation or titration, and inform patients of the increased risk for serotonin syndrome.
Motor and Verbal Tics, And Worsening Of Tourette's Syndrome
CNS stimulants, including amphetamine, have been associated with the onset or exacerbation of motor and verbal tics. Worsening of Tourette's syndrome has also been reported [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Before initiating ADZENYS XR-ODT, assess the family history and clinically evaluate patients for tics or Tourette's syndrome. Regularly monitor ADZENYS XR-ODT-treated patients for the emergence or worsening of tics or Tourette's syndrome and discontinue treatment if clinically appropriate.
Potential For Overdose Due To Medication Errors
Medication errors, including substitution and dispensing errors, between ADZENYS XR-ODT and other amphetamine products could occur, leading to possible overdosage. To avoid substitution errors and overdosage, do not substitute for other amphetamine products on a milligram-per-milligram basis because of different amphetamine base compositions and differing pharmacokinetic profiles [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Patient Counseling Information
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Abuse, Misuse, And Addiction
Educate patients and their families about the risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction of ADZENYS XR-ODT, which can lead to overdose and death, and proper disposal of any unused drug [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Drug Abuse And Dependence, OVERDOSAGE]. Advise patients to store ADZENYS XR-ODT in a safe place, preferably locked, and instruct patients to not give ADZENYS XR-ODT to anyone else.
Dosage And Administration Instructions
Provide the following instructions on administration to the patient:
- The tablet should remain in the blister pack until the patient is ready to take it.
- The patient or caregiver should use dry hands to open the blister.
- Tear along the perforation, bend the blister where indicated and peel back the blister's labeled backing to take out the tablet. The tablet should not be pushed through the foil.
- As soon as the blister is opened, the tablet should be removed and placed on the patient's tongue.
- The whole tablet should be placed on the tongue and allowed to disintegrate without chewing or crushing.
- The tablet will disintegrate in saliva so that it can be swallowed.
Risks To Patients With Serious Cardiac Disease
Advise patients that there are potential risks to patients with serious cardiac disease, including sudden death, with ADZENYS XR-ODT use. Instruct patients to contact a healthcare provider immediately if they develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Increased Blood Pressure And Heart Rate
Instruct patients that ADZENYS XR-ODT can cause elevations of their blood pressure and pulse rate [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Psychiatric Adverse Reactions
Advise patients that ADZENYS XR-ODT, at recommended doses, may cause psychotic symptoms or mania [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Long-Term Suppression of Growth
Advise patients that ADZENYS XR-ODT may cause slowing of growth and weight loss [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Circulation Problems In Fingers and Toes [Peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon]
Instruct patients beginning treatment with ADZENYS XR-ODT about the risk of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon, and associated signs and symptoms: fingers or toes may feel numb, cool, painful, and/or may change color from pale, to blue, to red.
Instruct patients to report to their physician any new numbness, pain, skin color change, or sensitivity to temperature in fingers or toes.
Instruct patients to call their physician immediately with any signs of unexplained wounds appearing on fingers or toes while taking ADZENYS XR-ODT.
Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Serotonin Syndrome
Caution patients about the risk of serotonin syndrome with concomitant use of ADZENYS XRODT and other serotonergic drugs including SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, St. John's Wort, and with drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin (in particular MAOIs, both those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others such as linezolid [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider or report to the emergency room if they experience signs or symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Motor And Verbal Tics, And Worsening Of Tourette's Syndrome
Advise patients that motor and verbal tics and worsening of Tourette's syndrome may occur during treatment with ADZENYS XR-ODT. Instruct patients to notify their healthcare provider if emergence of new tics or worsening of tics or Tourette's syndrome occurs [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Concomitant Medications
Advise patients to notify their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take, any prescription or over-the-counter drugs because there is a potential for interactions [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Pregnancy
Advise patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to ADZENYS XR-ODT during pregnancy. Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during treatment with ADZENYS XR-ODT. Advise patients of the potential fetal effects from the use of ADZENYS XR-ODT during pregnancy [see Use In Specific Populations].
Lactation
Advise patients not to breastfeed if they are taking ADZENYS XR-ODT [see Use In Specific Populations].
Alcohol
Advise patients to avoid alcohol while taking ADZENYS XR-ODT. Consumption of alcohol while taking ADZENYS XR-ODT may result in a more rapid release of the dose of amphetamine [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in studies in which d,l-amphetamine (enantiomer ratio of 1:1) was administered to mice and rats in the diet for 2 years at doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day in male mice, 19 mg/kg/day in female mice, and 5 mg/kg/day in male and female rats. These doses are approximately 2.4, 1.5, and 0.8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose for children of 18.8 mg/day (as base), on a mg/m² body surface area basis.
Mutagenesis
Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in ADZENYS XR-ODT (d- to l- ratio of 3:1), was not clastogenic in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test in vivo and was negative when tested in the E. coli component of the Ames test in vitro. d,l-Amphetamine (1:1 enantiomer ratio) has been reported to produce a positive response in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, an equivocal response in the Ames test, and negative responses in the in vitro sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration assays.
Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in ADZENYS XR-ODT (d- to l- ratio of 3:1), did not adversely affect fertility or early embryonic development in the rat at doses of up to 20 mg/kg/day [approximately 8 times the maximum recommended human dose for adolescents of 12.5 mg/day (as base), on a mg/m² body surface area basis].
Use In Specific populations
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Exposure Registry
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors outcomes in women exposed to ADHD medications, including ADZENYS XR-ODT, during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to advise patients to register by contacting the National Pregnancy Registry for ADHD Medication at 1-866-961-2388 or online at www.womensmentalhealth.org/pregnancyregistry.
Risk Summary
Available data from epidemiologic studies and postmarketing reports on the use of amphetamine in pregnant women over decades of use have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects or miscarriage. Neonates exposed to amphetamine in utero are at risk for withdrawal symptoms following delivery. Adverse pregnancy outcomes including premature delivery and low birth weight have been seen in infants born to mothers taking amphetamines during pregnancy (see Clinical Considerations).
No apparent effects on morphological development were observed in embryo-fetal development studies, with oral administration of amphetamine to rats and rabbits during organogenesis. However, in a pre- and post-natal development study, amphetamine (d- to l- ratio of 3:1) administered orally to pregnant rats during gestation and lactation caused a decrease in pup survival and a decrease in pup body weight that correlated with a delay in developmental landmarks at clinically relevant doses of amphetamine. In addition, adverse effects on reproductive performance were observed in pups whose mothers were treated with amphetamine. Long-term neurochemical and behavioral effects have also been reported in animal developmental studies using clinically relevant doses of amphetamine (see Data).
The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Amphetamines, such as ADZENYS XR-ODT, cause vasoconstriction and thereby may decrease placental perfusion. In addition, amphetamines can stimulate uterine contractions, increasing the risk of premature delivery. Infants born to mothers taking amphetamines during pregnancy have an increased risk of premature delivery and low birth weight.
Monitor infants born to mothers taking amphetamines for symptoms of withdrawal such as feeding difficulties, irritability, agitation, and excessive drowsiness.
Data
Animal Data
Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in ADZENYS XR-ODT, (d- to l- ratio of 3:1), had no apparent effects on embryofetal morphological development or survival when orally administered to pregnant rats and rabbits throughout the period of organogenesis at doses of up to 6 and 16 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are approximately 2 and 12 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for adolescents of 12.5 mg/day (as base), on a mg/m² body surface area basis. Fetal malformations and death have been reported in mice following parenteral administration of d-amphetamine doses of 50 mg/kg/day (approximately 10 times the MRHD for adolescents on a mg/m² basis) or greater to pregnant animals. Administration of these doses was also associated with severe maternal toxicity.
A study was conducted in which pregnant rats received daily oral doses of amphetamine (d- to lenantiomer ratio of 3:1, the same as in ADZENYS XR-ODT) of 2, 6, and 10 mg/kg from gestation day 6 to lactation day 20. These doses are approximately 0.8, 2, and 4 times the MRHD for adolescents of 12.5 mg/day (as base), on a mg/m² basis. All doses caused hyperactivity and decreased weight gain in the dams. A decrease in pup survival was seen at all doses. A decrease in pup bodyweight was seen at 6 and 10 mg/kg which correlated with delays in developmental landmarks. Increased pup locomotor activity was seen at 10 mg/kg on day 22 postpartum but not at 5 weeks post-weaning. When pups were tested for reproductive performance at maturation, gestational weight gain, number of implantations, and number of delivered pups were decreased in the group whose mothers had been given 10 mg/kg.
A number of studies in rodents indicate that prenatal or early postnatal exposure to amphetamine (d- or d, l-), at doses similar to those used clinically, can result in long-term neurochemical and behavioral alterations. Reported behavioral effects include learning and memory deficits, altered locomotor activity, and changes in sexual function.
Lactation
Risk Summary
Based on limited case reports in published literature, amphetamine (d- or d, l-) is present in human milk at relative infant doses of 2% to 13.8% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk/plasma ratio ranging between 1.9 and 7.5. There are no reports of adverse effects on the breastfed infant. Long-term neurodevelopmental effects on infants from amphetamine exposure are unknown. It is possible that large dosages of amphetamine might interfere with milk production, especially in women whose lactation is not well established. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with ADZENYS XR-ODT.
Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness have been established in pediatric patients with ADHD ages 6 to 17 years of age in three adequate and well-controlled clinical trials of up to 4 weeks in duration [see ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Clinical Studies]. The safety and efficacy of ADZENYS XR-ODT in pediatric patients less than 6 years have not been established.
Long-Term Growth Suppression
Growth should be monitored during treatment with stimulants, including ADZENYS XR-ODT, in pediatric patients aged 6 to 17 years who are not growing or gaining weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Juvenile Animal Data
In a juvenile developmental study, rats received daily oral doses of amphetamine (d to l enantiomer ratio of 3:1, the same as in ADZENYS XR-ODT) of 2, 6, or 20 mg/kg on days 7 to 13 of age; from day 14 to approximately day 60 of age these doses were given twice daily for total daily doses of 4, 12, or 40 mg/kg. The latter doses are approximately 0.6, 2, and 6 times the maximum recommended human dose for children of 18.8 mg/day (as base), on a mg/m² basis. Post dosing hyperactivity was seen at all doses; motor activity measured prior to the daily dose was decreased during the dosing period but the decreased motor activity was largely absent after an 18 day drug-free recovery period. Performance in the Morris water maze test for learning and memory was impaired at the 40 mg/kg dose, and sporadically at the lower doses, when measured prior to the daily dose during the treatment period; no recovery was seen after a 19 day drug-free period. A delay in the developmental milestones of vaginal opening and preputial separation was seen at 40 mg/kg but there was no effect on fertility.
Geriatric Use
ADZENYS XR-ODT has not been studied in the geriatric population.