Warnings for ZTLido
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
Precautions for ZTLido
Accidental Exposure
A used ZTLIDO topical system contains residual lidocaine after use. The potential exists for a small child or a pet to suffer serious adverse effects from chewing or ingesting a new or used ZTLIDO. It is important for patients to store and dispose of ZTLIDO properly, and keep out of the reach of children, pets, and others [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Excessive Dosing/Overexposure To Lidocaine
Lidocaine toxicity can be expected at lidocaine blood concentrations above 5 mcg/mL. The blood concentration of lidocaine is determined by the rate and extent of lidocaine absorption and elimination. Longer duration of application, application of more than the recommended number of ZTLIDO, smaller patients, or impaired elimination may all contribute to increasing the blood concentration of lidocaine.
If lidocaine overdose is suspected, check drug blood concentration. Management of overdose includes close monitoring, supportive care, and symptomatic treatment [see OVERDOSAGE].
Improper Application And Duration Of Use
Application of more than the recommended number of ZTLIDO or applying ZTLIDO for longer than the recommended wearing time (12 hours of every 24 hours) could result in increased absorption and high blood concentrations of lidocaine, leading to adverse reactions. Advise patients on proper application and duration.
Hepatic Disease
Impaired elimination may contribute to increasing blood concentrations of lidocaine. Patients with severe hepatic disease are at greater risk of developing toxic blood concentrations of lidocaine because of their inability to metabolize lidocaine normally.
Use On Non-Intact Skin
Application to broken or inflamed skin, although not tested, may result in higher blood concentrations of lidocaine from increased absorption. ZTLIDO is only recommended for use on intact skin. Advise patients not to apply ZTLIDO to non-intact skin.
External Heat Sources
External heat sources may increase drug exposure, leading to overexposure to lidocaine. Advise patients not to apply external heat sources to ZTLIDO during administration [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Methemoglobinemia
Cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported in association with local anesthetic use. Although all patients are at risk for methemoglobinemia, patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, congenital or idiopathic methemoglobinemia, cardiac or pulmonary compromise, infants under 6 months of age, and concurrent exposure to oxidizing agents or their metabolites are more susceptible to developing clinical manifestations of the condition. If local anesthetics must be used in these patients, close monitoring for symptoms and signs of methemoglobinemia is recommended.
Signs of methemoglobinemia may occur immediately or may be delayed some hours after exposure, and are characterized by a cyanotic skin discoloration and/or abnormal coloration of the blood. Methemoglobin levels may continue to rise; therefore, immediate treatment is required to avert more serious central nervous system and cardiovascular adverse effects, including seizures, coma, arrhythmias, and death. Discontinue ZTLIDO and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of the signs and symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care, i.e., oxygen therapy, hydration. A more severe clinical presentation may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Application Site Reactions
During or immediately after treatment with ZTLIDO, the skin at the site of application may develop blisters, bruising, burning sensation, depigmentation, dermatitis, discoloration, edema, erythema, exfoliation, irritation, papules, petechia, pruritus, vesicles, or may be the locus of abnormal sensation. These reactions are generally mild and transient, resolving spontaneously within a few minutes to hours. If application site reactions occur while the topical system is being worn, advise the patient to remove ZTLIDO and not to reapply until skin reactions subside.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Patients allergic to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) derivatives (procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine, etc.) have not shown cross-sensitivity to lidocaine. However, be aware of the potential for cross-sensitivity in patients allergic to PABA derivatives, especially if the etiologic agent is uncertain. Manage hypersensitivity reactions by conventional means. The detection of sensitivity by skin testing is of doubtful value.
Eye Exposure
The contact of ZTLIDO with eyes, although not studied, should be avoided based on findings of severe eye irritation with the application of similar products in animals. If eye contact occurs, immediately wash out the eye with water or saline and protect the eye (such as, eye glasses/eye wear) until sensation returns.
Patient Counseling Information
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION and Instructions for Use).
Accidental Exposure And Disposal
Advise patients to store ZTLIDO out of the reach of children, pets, and others. Advise patients to dispose of used ZTLIDO by folding used ZTLIDO so that the adhesive side sticks to itself and safely discarding used ZTLIDO or pieces of cut ZTLIDO where children, pets, and others cannot come in contact with them [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Proper Application
Advise patients:
- not to apply more than the prescribed number (up to 3 ZTLIDO) [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
- not to wear ZTLIDO longer than the recommended wearing time (12 hours of every 24 hours) [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
- to apply ZTLIDO to intact skin [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
- to reattach by pressing firmly on the edges of ZTLIDO that are lifting. If a ZTLIDO topical system comes off completely and will not stick to patient's skin, it should be removed and properly disposed of and a new ZTLIDO topical system should be applied for a total duration of 12 hours of used and new topical system together [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Methemoglobinemia
Inform patients that use of local anesthetics may cause methemoglobinemia, a serious condition that must be treated promptly. Advise patients or caregivers to stop use and seek immediate medical attention if they or someone in their care experience the following signs or symptoms: pale, gray, or blue colored skin (cyanosis); headache; rapid heart rate; shortness of breath; lightheadedness; or fatigue [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Application Site Reactions
Inform patients that skin irritation and other skin reactions may occur at the site of ZTLido application. If skin reactions occur during wear, instruct patients to remove ZTLido and not to reapply until the skin reaction subsides [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Eye Exposure
Advise patients to wash hands immediately after handling ZTLIDO and to avoid contact with eyes. Instruct patients to, if eye contact should occur, immediately wash out the eye with water or saline and protect the eye until sensation returns [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
Long-term studies in animals specifically designed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of lidocaine or ZTLIDO have not been conducted.
A metabolite, 2,6-xylidine, has been found to be carcinogenic in rats. The clinical significance is not known.
Mutagenesis
Lidocaine HCl was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutagenicity assay (Ames test). Lidocaine HCl was not clastogenic in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay with human lymphocytes or in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test.
Impairment Of Fertility
In a published study, female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated subcutaneously with lidocaine via osmotic pumps starting two weeks prior to mating, and reproductive effects were assessed. Rats dosed up to the high dose of 500 mg/kg/day (approximately 45 times the MRDD on a mg/m basis) showed no effects on copulatory rate, pregnancy rate, or the numbers of corpora lutea or implantations.
Use In Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Risk Summary
The limited human data with lidocaine in pregnant woman are not sufficient to inform drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage.
The use of lidocaine for labor neuraxial analgesia has not been associated with an increased incidence of adverse fetal effects either during delivery or during the neonatal period (see Data). Should ZTLIDO be used concomitantly with other products containing lidocaine, consider total drug doses contributed by all formulations.
In a published animal reproduction study, pregnant rats administered lidocaine by continuous subcutaneous infusion at a dose approximately 45 times the maximum recommended daily dose (MRDD) of 108 mg in ZTLIDO during the period of organogenesis resulted in lower fetal body weights. In a published animal reproduction study, pregnant rats administered lidocaine, containing 1:100,000 epinephrine, injected into the masseter muscle of the jaw or into the gum of the lower jaw at 0.5 times the MRDD on Gestation Day 11 resulted in developmental delays in neonates (see Data).
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies carry some risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
Data
Human Data
In 22 parturient women given 1.5% lidocaine epidural anesthesia, there were no effects on neonatal behavior, using the early neonatal neurobehavioral scale (ENNS). Neuraxial analgesia also did not affect fetal heart rate, beat-to-beat variability, or uterine activity.
Animal Data
Reproductive studies with lidocaine have been performed in rats at doses up to 30 mg/kg (2.7 times the maximum recommended daily dose [MRDD] of 108 mg from ZTLIDO on a mg/m basis) subcutaneously and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to lidocaine.
In a published study, lidocaine administered to pregnant rats by continuous subcutaneous infusion during the period of organogenesis at 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day, did not produce any structural abnormalities, but did result in lower fetal weights at 500 mg/kg/day dose (approximately 45 times the MRDD on a mg/m basis) in the absence of maternal toxicity.
In a published study, lidocaine containing 1:100,000 epinephrine at a dose of 6 mg/kg (approximately 0.5 times the MRDD on a mg/m basis) injected into the masseter muscle of the jaw or into the gum of the lower jaw of pregnant Long-Evans hooded rats on Gestation Day 11 resulted in developmental delays in the neonates. Developmental delays were observed for negative geotaxis, static righting reflex, visual discrimination response, sensitivity and response to thermal and electrical shock stimuli, and water maze acquisition. The developmental delays of the neonatal animals were transient, with responses becoming comparable to untreated animals later in life. The clinical relevance of these animal data is uncertain.
Lactation
Risk Summary
Lidocaine is excreted into human milk. When lidocaine was used as an epidural anesthetic for cesarean section in 27 women, a milk:plasma ratio of 1.07 was observed using AUC values. Lactating women undergoing a dental procedure had a 0.4 milk:plasma ratio. In another dental procedure study, a single patient was administered 20 mg of lidocaine and the milk:plasma ratio was reported as 1.1 at five to six hours after injection. These data, and the low concentrations of lidocaine in the plasma after topical administration of ZTLIDO in recommended doses, suggest that a small amount of lidocaine would be ingested orally by a suckling infant. However, caution should be exercised when ZTLIDO is administered to a nursing mother, especially when administered with other local anesthetics.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of ZTLIDO did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be done with caution, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range (e.g., a single topical system), reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.