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WARNING
(A)PREMATURE DISCONTINUATION OF XARELTO INCREASES THE RISK OF THROMBOTIC EVENTS, (B) SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
Premature discontinuation of any oral anticoagulant, including XARELTO, increases the risk of thrombotic events. If anticoagulation with XARELTO is discontinued for a reason other than pathological bleeding or completion of a course of therapy, consider coverage with another anticoagulant [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, and Clinical Studies].
Epidural or spinal hematomas have occurred in patients treated with XARELTO who are receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture. These hematomas may result in long-term or permanent paralysis. Consider these risks when scheduling patients for spinal procedures. Factors that can increase the risk of developing epidural or spinal hematomas in these patients include:
Monitor patients frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment. If neurological compromise is noted, urgent treatment is necessary [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Consider the benefits and risks before neuraxial intervention in patients anticoagulated or to be anticoagulated for thromboprophylaxis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Rivaroxaban, a factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, is the active ingredient in XARELTO Tablets with the chemical name 5-Chloro-N-({(5S)-2-oxo-3-[4-(3-oxo-4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-5yl}methyl)-2-thiophenecarboxamide. The molecular formula of rivaroxaban is C19H18ClN3O5S and the molecular weight is 435.89. The structural formula is:
 |
Rivaroxaban is a pure (S)-enantiomer. It is an odorless, non-hygroscopic, white to yellowish powder. Rivaroxaban is only slightly soluble in organic solvents (e.g., acetone, polyethylene glycol 400) and is practically insoluble in water and aqueous media.
Each XARELTO tablet contains 2.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg of rivaroxaban. The inactive ingredients of XARELTO are: croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. Additionally, the proprietary film coating mixture used for XARELTO 2.5 mg is Opadry® Light Yellow, containing ferric oxide yellow, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 3350, and titanium dioxide, and for XARELTO 10 mg tablets is Opadry® Pink and for XARELTO 15 mg tablets is Opadry® Red, both containing ferric oxide red, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 3350, and titanium dioxide, and for XARELTO 20 mg tablets is Opadry® II Dark Red, containing ferric oxide red, polyethylene glycol 3350, polyvinyl alcohol (partially hydrolyzed), talc, and titanium dioxide.
XARELTO is indicated to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
There are limited data on the relative effectiveness of XARELTO and warfarin in reducing the risk of stroke and systemic embolism when warfarin therapy is well-controlled [see Clinical Studies].
XARELTO is indicated for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
XARELTO is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE).
XARELTO is indicated for the reduction in the risk of recurrence of DVT and/or PE in adult patients at continued risk for recurrent DVT and/or PE after completion of initial treatment lasting at least 6 months.
XARELTO is indicated for the prophylaxis of DVT, which may lead to PE in adult patients undergoing knee or hip replacement surgery.
XARELTO is indicated for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and VTE related death during hospitalization and post hospital discharge in adult patients admitted for an acute medical illness who are at risk for thromboembolic complications due to moderate or severe restricted mobility and other risk factors for VTE and not at high risk of bleeding [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Clinical Studies].
XARELTO, in combination with aspirin, is indicated to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) in adult patients with coronary artery disease.
XARELTO, in combination with aspirin, is indicated to reduce the risk of major thrombotic vascular events (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute limb ischemia, and major amputation of a vascular etiology) in adult patients with PAD, including patients who have recently undergone a lower extremity revascularization procedure due to symptomatic PAD.
XARELTO is indicated for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and the reduction in the risk of recurrent VTE in pediatric patients from birth to less than 18 years after at least 5 days of initial parenteral anticoagulant treatment.
XARELTO is indicated for thromboprophylaxis in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older with congenital heart disease who have undergone the Fontan procedure.
Table 1: Recommended Dosage in Adults
| Indication | Renal Considerations* | Dosage | Food/Timing† |
| Reduction in Risk of Stroke in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation | CrCl >50 mL/min | 20 mg once daily | Take with evening meal |
| CrCl ≤50 mL/min‡ | 15 mg once daily | Take with evening meal | |
| Treatment of DVT and/or PE | CrCl ≥15 mL/min‡ | 15 mg twice daily | Take with food, at the same time each day |
| ∇ after 21 days, transition to ∇ 20 mg once daily |
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| CrCl <15 mL/min | Avoid Use | ||
| Reduction in the Risk of Recurrence of DVT and/or PE in patients at continued risk for DVT and/or PE | CrCl ≥15 mL/min‡ | 10 mg once daily, after at least 6 months of standard anticoagulant treatment | Take with or without food |
| CrCl <15 mL/min | Avoid Use | ||
| Prophylaxis of DVT Following: | |||
|
CrCl ≥15 mL/min‡ | 10 mg once daily for 35 days, 6- 10 hours after surgery once hemostasis has been established | Take with or without food |
| CrCl <15 mL/min | Avoid Use | ||
|
CrCl ≥15 mL/min‡ | 10 mg once daily for 12 days, 6- 10 hours after surgery once hemostasis has been established | Take with or without food |
| CrCl <15 mL/min | Avoid Use | ||
| Prophylaxis of VTE in Acutely Ill Medical Patients at Risk for | CrCl ≥15 mL/min‡ | 10 mg once daily, in hospital and after hospital discharge, for a total recommended duration of 31 to 39 days | Take with or without food |
| Thromboembolic Complications Not at High Risk of Bleeding | CrCl <15 mL/min | Avoid Use | |
| Reduction of Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events (CV Death, MI, and Stroke) in CAD | No dose adjustment needed based on CrCl | 2.5 mg twice daily, plus aspirin (75-100 mg) once daily | Take with or without food |
| Reduction of Risk of Major Thrombotic Vascular Events in PAD, Including Patients after Lower Extremity Revascularization due to Symptomatic PAD | No dose adjustment needed based on CrCl | 2.5 mg twice daily, plus aspirin (75-100 mg) once daily. | Take with or without food |
| When starting therapy after a successful lower extremity revascularization procedure, initiate once hemostasis has been established. | |||
| * Calculate CrCl based on actual weight. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Use In Specific Populations] † see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ‡ Patients with CrCl <30 mL/min were not studied, but administration of XARELTO is expected to result in serum concentrations of rivaroxaban similar to those in patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to <50 mL/min) [see Use In Specific Populations] § see Discontinuation For Surgery And Other Interventions |
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Table 2: Recommended Dosage in Pediatric Patients Birth to Less than 18 Years for Treatment of and Reduction in Risk of Recurrent VTE*,†
| Dosage Form | Body Weight | 1 mg XARELTO = 1 mL Suspension | |||
| Dosage | Total Daily Dose‡ | ||||
| Once a Day§ | 2 Times a Day§ | 3 Times a Day§ | |||
| Oral Suspension Only | 2.6 kg to 2.9 kg | 0.8 mg | 2.4 mg | ||
| 3 kg to 3.9 kg | 0.9 mg | 2.7 mg | |||
| 4 kg to 4.9 kg | 1.4 mg | 4.2 mg | |||
| 5 kg to 6.9 kg | 1.6 mg | 4.8 mg | |||
| 7 kg to 7.9 kg | 1.8 mg | 5.4 mg | |||
| 8 kg to 8.9 kg | 2.4 mg | 7.2 mg | |||
| 9 kg to 9.9 kg | 2.8 mg | 8.4 mg | |||
| 10 kg to 11.9 kg | 3 mg | 9 mg | |||
| 12 kg to 29.9 kg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |||
| Oral Suspension or Tablets |
30 kg to 49.9 kg | 15 mg | 15 mg | ||
| ≥50 kg | 20 mg | 20 mg | |||
| * Initiate XARELTO treatment following at least 5 days of initial parenteral anticoagulation therapy. † Patients <6 months of age should meet the following criteria: at birth were at least 37 weeks of gestation, have had at least 10 days of oral feeding, and weigh ≥2.6 kg at the time of dosing. ‡ All doses should be taken with feeding or with food since exposures match that of 20 mg daily dose in adults. § Once a day: approximately 24 hours apart; 2 times a day: approximately 12 hours apart; 3 times a day: approximately 8 hours apart |
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Dosing of XARELTO was not studied and therefore dosing cannot be reliably determined in the following patient populations. Its use is therefore not recommended in children less than 6 months of age with any of the following:
To increase absorption, all doses should be taken with feeding or with food.
Monitor the child’s weight and review the dose regularly, especially for children below 12 kg. This is to ensure a therapeutic dose is maintained.
All Pediatric Patients (except <2 years old with catheter-related thrombosis)
Therapy with XARELTO should be continued for at least 3 months in children with thrombosis. Treatment can be extended up to 12 months when clinically necessary. The benefit of continued therapy beyond 3 months should be assessed on an individual basis taking into account the risk for recurrent thrombosis versus the potential risk of bleeding.
Pediatric Patients <2 years old with Catheter-related Thrombosis
Therapy with XARELTO should be continued for at least 1 month in children less than 2 years old with catheter-related thrombosis. Treatment can be extended up to 3 months when clinically necessary. The benefit of continued therapy beyond 1 month should be assessed on an individual basis taking into account the risk for recurrent thrombosis versus the potential risk of bleeding.
Table 3: Recommended Dosage for Thromboprophylaxis in Pediatric Patients with Congenital Heart Disease
| Dosage Form | Body Weight | 1 mg XARELTO = 1 mL Suspension | ||
| Dosage | Total Daily Dose* | |||
| Once a Day† | 2 Times a Day† | |||
| Oral Suspension Only | 7 kg to 7.9 kg | 1.1 mg | 2.2 mg | |
| 8 kg to 9.9 kg | 1.6 mg | 3.2 mg | ||
| 10 kg to 11.9 kg | 1.7 mg | 3.4 mg | ||
| 12 kg to 19.9 kg | 2 mg | 4 mg | ||
| 20 kg to 29.9 kg | 2.5 mg | 5 mg | ||
| 30 kg to 49.9 kg | 7.5 mg | 7.5 mg | ||
| Oral Suspension or Tablets |
≥50 kg | 10 mg | 10 mg | |
| * All doses can be taken with or without food since exposures match that of 10 mg daily dose in adults. † Once a day: approximately 24 hours apart; 2 times a day: approximately 12 hours apart. |
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For the treatment of VTE in children, the dose should be taken with food to increase absorption. For thromboprophylaxis after Fontan procedure, the dose can be taken with or without food.
Vomit or Spit up
If the patient vomits or spits up the dose within 30 minutes after receiving the dose, a new dose should be given. However, if the patient vomits more than 30 minutes after the dose is taken, the dose should not be re-administered and the next dose should be taken as scheduled. If the patient vomits or spits up the dose repeatedly, the caregiver should contact the child’s doctor right away.
Tablets
XARELTO tablet must not be split in an attempt to provide a fraction of a tablet dose. For children unable to swallow 10, 15, or 20 mg whole tablets, XARELTO oral suspension should be used. XARELTO 2.5 mg tablets are not recommended for use in pediatric patients [see Use In Specific Populations].
Patients 1 Year of Age or Older
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) can be done using the updated Schwartz formula, eGFR (Schwartz) = (0.413 x height in cm)/serum creatinine in mg/dL, if serum creatinine (SCr) is measured by an enzymatic creatinine method that has been calibrated to be traceable to isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS).
If SCr is measured with routine methods that have not been recalibrated to be traceable to IDMS (e.g., the traditional Jaffé reaction), the eGFR should be obtained from the original Schwartz formula: eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) = k * height (cm)/SCr (mg/dL), where k is proportionality constant:
Patients Less than 1 Year of Age
Determine renal function using serum creatinine. Avoid use of XARELTO in pediatric patients younger than 1 year with serum creatinine results above 97.5th percentile, as no clinical data are available.
Table 4: Reference Values of Serum Creatinine in Pediatric Patients <1 Year of Age
| Age | 97.5th Percentile of Creatinine (mg/dL) |
97.5th Percentile of Creatinine (μmol/L) |
| Week 2 | 0.52 | 46 |
| Week 3 | 0.46 | 41 |
| Week 4 | 0.42 | 37 |
| Month 2 | 0.37 | 33 |
| Month 3 | 0.34 | 30 |
| Month 4-6 | 0.34 | 30 |
| Month 7-9 | 0.34 | 30 |
| Month 10-12 | 0.36 | 32 |
When switching patients from warfarin to XARELTO, discontinue warfarin and start XARELTO as soon as the International Normalized Ratio (INR) is below 3.0 in adults and below 2.5 in pediatric patients to avoid periods of inadequate anticoagulation.
No clinical trial data are available to guide converting patients from XARELTO to warfarin. XARELTO affects INR, so INR measurements made during coadministration with warfarin may not be useful for determining the appropriate dose of warfarin. One approach is to discontinue XARELTO and begin both a parenteral anticoagulant and warfarin at the time the next dose of XARELTO would have been taken.
To ensure adequate anticoagulation during the transition from XARELTO to warfarin, continue XARELTO for at least 2 days after the first dose of warfarin. After 2 days of co-administration, an INR should be obtained prior to the next scheduled dose of XARELTO. Co-administration of XARELTO and warfarin is advised to continue until the INR is ≥ 2.0.
Once XARELTO is discontinued, INR testing may be done reliably 24 hours after the last dose.
For adult and pediatric patients currently taking XARELTO and transitioning to an anticoagulant with rapid onset, discontinue XARELTO and give the first dose of the other anticoagulant (oral or parenteral) at the time that the next XARELTO dose would have been taken [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
For adult and pediatric patients currently receiving an anticoagulant other than warfarin, start XARELTO 0 to 2 hours prior to the next scheduled administration of the drug (e.g., low molecular weight heparin or nonwarfarin oral anticoagulant) and omit administration of the other anticoagulant. For unfractionated heparin being administered by continuous infusion, stop the infusion and start XARELTO at the same time.
If anticoagulation must be discontinued to reduce the risk of bleeding with surgical or other procedures, XARELTO should be stopped at least 24 hours before the procedure to reduce the risk of bleeding [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. In deciding whether a procedure should be delayed until 24 hours after the last dose of XARELTO, the increased risk of bleeding should be weighed against the urgency of intervention. XARELTO should be restarted after the surgical or other procedures as soon as adequate hemostasis has been established, noting that the time to onset of therapeutic effect is short [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. If oral medication cannot be taken during or after surgical intervention, consider administering a parenteral anticoagulant.
On the following day, the patient should continue with their regular regimen.
For adult patients who are unable to swallow whole tablets, XARELTO tablets (all strengths) may be crushed and mixed with applesauce immediately prior to use and administered orally. After the administration of a crushed XARELTO 15 mg or 20 mg tablet, the dose should be immediately followed by food. Administration with food is not required for the 2.5 mg or 10 mg tablets [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
After confirming gastric placement of the tube, XARELTO tablets (all strengths) may be crushed and suspended in 50 mL of water and administered via an NG tube or gastric feeding tube. Since rivaroxaban absorption is dependent on the site of drug release, avoid administration of XARELTO distal to the stomach which can result in reduced absorption and thereby, reduced drug exposure. After the administration of a crushed XARELTO 15 mg or 20 mg tablet, the dose should then be immediately followed by enteral feeding. Enteral feeding is not required following administration of the 2.5 mg or 10 mg tablets [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Crushed XARELTO tablets (all strengths) are stable in water and in applesauce for up to 4 hours. An in vitro compatibility study indicated that there is no adsorption of rivaroxaban from a water suspension of a crushed XARELTO tablet to PVC or silicone nasogastric (NG) tubing.
XARELTO oral suspension may be given through NG or gastric feeding tube. After the administration, flush the feeding tube with water.
For the treatment or reduction in risk of recurrent VTE in pediatric patients, the dose should then be immediately followed by enteral feeding to increase absorption. For the thromboprophylaxis in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease who have undergone the Fontan procedure, the dose does not require to be followed by enteral feeding.
An in vitro compatibility study indicated that XARELTO suspension can be used with PVC, polyurethane or silicone NG tubing.
Do not add flavor as product is already flavored (sweet and creamy).
Reconstitute before dispensing:
Dispensing Instructions:
Store reconstituted suspension at room temperature between 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Do not freeze.
It is recommended the pharmacist counsel the caregiver on proper use. Alert the patient or caregiver to read the Medication Guide and Instructions for Use.
XARELTO® (rivaroxaban) Tablets are available in the strengths and packages listed below:
NDC 50458-577-60 - Bottle containing 60 tablets
NDC 50458-577-18 - Bottle containing 180 tablets
NDC 50458-577-10 - Blister package containing 100 tablets (10 blister cards containing 10 tablets each)
NDC 50458-580-30 - Bottle containing 30 tablets
NDC 50458-580-90 - Bottle containing 90 tablets
NDC 50458-580-10 - Blister package containing 100 tablets (10 blister cards containing 10 tablets each)
NDC 50458-578-30 - Bottle containing 30 tablets
NDC 50458-578-90 - Bottle containing 90 tablets
NDC 50458-578-10 - Blister package containing 100 tablets (10 blister cards containing 10 tablets each)
NDC 50458-579-30 - Bottle containing 30 tablets
NDC 50458-579-90 - Bottle containing 90 tablets
NDC 50458-579-89 - Bulk bottle containing 1000 tablets
NDC 50458-579-10 - Blister package containing 100 tablets (10 blister cards containing 10 tablets each)
NDC 50458-584-51 - 30-day starter blister pack containing 51 tablets: 42 tablets of 15 mg and 9 tablets of 20 mg
XARELTO® (rivaroxaban) for oral suspension is available in the strength and package listed below:
NDC 50458-575-01 - Supplied as white to off-white granules in an amber glass bottle containing 155 mg rivaroxaban packaged with two oral dosing syringes. After reconstitution with 150 mL of purified water, 1 mL of the suspension contains 1 mg rivaroxaban.
Discard reconstituted suspension after “Discard after” date written on the bottle.
Storage of tablets, granules and reconstituted suspension:
Store at room temperature between 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Do not freeze the granules or reconstituted suspension.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Manufactured for: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Titusville, NJ 08560. Revised: Feb 2023
The following clinically significant adverse reactions are also discussed in other sections of the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
During clinical development for the approved indications, 34,947 adult patients were exposed to XARELTO.
The most common adverse reactions with XARELTO were bleeding complications [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
In the ROCKET AF trial, the most frequent adverse reactions associated with permanent drug discontinuation were bleeding events, with incidence rates of 4.3% for XARELTO vs. 3.1% for warfarin. The incidence of discontinuations for non-bleeding adverse events was similar in both treatment groups.
Table 5 shows the number of patients experiencing various types of bleeding events in the ROCKET AF trial.
Table 5: Bleeding Events in ROCKET AF*- On Treatment Plus 2 Days
| Parameter | XARELTO N=7111 n (%/year) |
Warfarin N=7125 n (%/year) |
XARELTO vs. Warfarin HR (95% CI) |
| Major Bleeding† | 395 (3.6) | 386 (3.5) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) |
| Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH) ‡ | 55 (0.5) | 84 (0.7) | 0.67 (0.47, 0.93) |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke§ | 36 (0.3) | 58 (0.5) | 0.63 (0.42, 0.96) |
| Other ICH | 19 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) | 0.74 (0.41, 1.34) |
| Gastrointestinal (GI)¶ | 221 (2.0) | 140 (1.2) | 1.61 (1.30, 1.99) |
| Fatal Bleeding# | 27 (0.2) | 55 (0.5) | 0.50 (0.31, 0.79) |
| ICH | 24 (0.2) | 42 (0.4) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.96) |
| Non-intracranial | 3 (0.0) | 13 (0.1) | 0.23 (0.07, 0.82) |
| Abbreviations: HR = Hazard Ratio, CI = Confidence interval, CRNM = Clinically Relevant Non-Major. * Major bleeding events within each subcategory were counted once per patient, but patients may have contributed events to multiple subcategories. These events occurred during treatment or within 2 days of stopping treatment. † Defined as clinically overt bleeding associated with a decrease in hemoglobin of ≥2 g/dL, a transfusion of ≥2 units of packed red blood cells or whole blood, bleeding at a critical site, or with a fatal outcome. ‡ Intracranial bleeding events included intraparenchymal, intraventricular, subdural, subarachnoid and/or epidural hematoma. § Hemorrhagic stroke in this table specifically refers to non-traumatic intraparenchymal and/or intraventricular hematoma in patients on treatment plus 2 days. ¶ Gastrointestinal bleeding events included upper GI, lower GI, and rectal bleeding. # Fatal bleeding is adjudicated death with the primary cause of death from bleeding. |
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Figure 1 shows the risk of major bleeding events across major subgroups.
Figure 1: Risk of Major Bleeding Events by Baseline Characteristics in ROCKET AF – On Treatment Plus 2 Days
 |
| Note: The figure above presents effects in various subgroups all of which are baseline characteristics and all of which were pre-specified (diabetic status was not pre-specified in the subgroup but was a criterion for the CHADS2 score). The 95% confidence limits that are shown do not take into account how many comparisons were made, nor do they reflect the effect of a particular factor after adjustment for all other factors. Apparent homogeneity or heterogeneity among groups should not be over-interpreted. |
In the pooled analysis of the EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE clinical studies, the most frequent adverse reactions leading to permanent drug discontinuation were bleeding events, with XARELTO vs. enoxaparin/Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) incidence rates of 1.7% vs. 1.5%, respectively. The mean duration of treatment was 208 days for XARELTO-treated patients and 204 days for enoxaparin/VKA-treated patients.
Table 6 shows the number of patients experiencing major bleeding events in the pooled analysis of the EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies.
Table 6: Bleeding Events* in the Pooled Analysis of EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE Studies
| Parameter | XARELTO† N=4130 n (%) |
Enoxaparin/ VKA† N=4116 n (%) |
| Major bleeding event | 40 (1.0) | 72 (1.7) |
| Fatal bleeding | 3 (<0.1) | 8 (0.2) |
| Intracranial | 2 (<0.1) | 4 (<0.1) |
| Non-fatal critical organ bleeding | 10 (0.2) | 29 (0.7) |
| Intracranial‡ | 3 (<0.1) | 10 (0.2) |
| Retroperitoneal‡ | 1 (<0.1) | 8 (0.2) |
| Intraocular‡ | 3 (<0.1) | 2 (<0.1) |
| Intra-articular‡ | 0 | 4 (<0.1) |
| Non-fatal non-critical organ bleeding§ | 27 (0.7) | 37 (0.9) |
| Decrease in Hb ≥ 2 g/dL | 28 (0.7) | 42 (1.0) |
| Transfusion of ≥2 units of whole blood or packed red blood cells |
18 (0.4) | 25 (0.6) |
| Clinically relevant non-major bleeding | 357 (8.6) | 357 (8.7) |
| Any bleeding | 1169 (28.3) | 1153 (28.0) |
| * Bleeding event occurred after randomization and up to 2 days after the last dose of study drug. Although a patient may have had 2 or more events, the patient is counted only once in a category. † Treatment schedule in EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies: XARELTO 15 mg twice daily for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg once daily; enoxaparin/VKA [enoxaparin: 1 mg/kg twice daily, VKA: individually titrated doses to achieve a target INR of 2.5 (range: 2.0-3.0)] ‡ Treatment-emergent major bleeding events with at least >2 subjects in any pooled treatment group § Major bleeding which is not fatal or in a critical organ, but resulting in a decrease in Hb ≥ 2 g/dL and/or transfusion of ≥2 units of whole blood or packed red blood cells |
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In the EINSTEIN CHOICE clinical study, the most frequent adverse reactions associated with permanent drug discontinuation were bleeding events, with incidence rates of 1% for XARELTO 10 mg, 2% for XARELTO 20 mg, and 1% for acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) 100 mg. The mean duration of treatment was 293 days for XARELTO 10 mg-treated patients and 286 days for aspirin 100 mg-treated patients.
Table 7 shows the number of patients experiencing bleeding events in the EINSTEIN CHOICE study.
Table 7: Bleeding Events* in EINSTEIN CHOICE
| Parameter | XARELTO† 10 mg N=1127 n (%) |
Acetylsalicylic Acid (aspirin)† 100 mg N=1131 n (%) |
| Major bleeding event | 5 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) |
| Fatal bleeding | 0 | 1 (<0.1) |
| Non-fatal critical organ bleeding | 2 (0.2) | 1 (<0.1) |
| Non-fatal non-critical organ bleeding‡ | 3 (0.3) | 1 (<0.1) |
| Clinically relevant non-major (CRNM) bleeding§ | 22 (2.0) | 20 (1.8) |
| Any bleeding | 151 (13.4) | 138 (12.2) |
| * Bleeding event occurred after the first dose and up to 2 days after the last dose of study drug. Although a patient may have had 2 or more events, the patient is counted only once in a category. † Treatment schedule: XARELTO 10 mg once daily or aspirin 100 mg once daily. ‡ Major bleeding which is not fatal or in a critical organ, but resulting in a decrease in Hb ≥ 2 g/dL and/or transfusion of ≥ 2 units of whole blood or packed red blood cells. § Bleeding which was clinically overt, did not meet the criteria for major bleeding, but was associated with medical intervention, unscheduled contact with a physician, temporary cessation of treatment, discomfort for the patient, or impairment of activities of daily life. |
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In the EINSTEIN CHOICE study, there was an increased incidence of bleeding, including major and CRNM bleeding in the XARELTO 20 mg group compared to the XARELTO 10 mg or aspirin 100 mg groups.
In the RECORD clinical trials, the overall incidence rate of adverse reactions leading to permanent treatment discontinuation was 3.7% with XARELTO.
The rates of major bleeding events and any bleeding events observed in patients in the RECORD clinical trials are shown in Table 8.
Table 8: Bleeding Events* in Patients Undergoing Hip or Knee Replacement Surgeries (RECORD 1-3)
| XARELTO 10 mg | Enoxaparin† | |
| Total treated patients | N=4487 n (%) |
N=4524 n (%) |
| Major bleeding event | 14 (0.3) | 9 (0.2) |
| Fatal bleeding | 1 (<0.1) | 0 |
| Bleeding into a critical organ | 2 (<0.1) | 3 (0.1) |
| Bleeding that required re-operation | 7 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) |
| Extra-surgical site bleeding requiring transfusion of >2 units of whole blood or packed cells | 4 (0.1) | 1 (<0.1) |
| Any bleeding event‡ | 261 (5.8) | 251 (5.6) |
| Hip Surgery Studies | N=3281 n (%) |
N=3298 n (%) |
| Major bleeding event | 7 (0.2) | 3 (0.1) |
| Fatal bleeding | 1 (<0.1) | 0 |
| Bleeding into a critical organ | 1 (<0.1) | 1 (<0.1) |
| Bleeding that required re-operation | 2 (0.1) | 1 (<0.1) |
| Extra-surgical site bleeding requiring transfusion of >2 units of whole blood or packed cells | 3 (0.1) | 1 (<0.1) |
| Any bleeding event‡ | 201 (6.1) | 191 (5.8) |
| Knee Surgery Study | N=1206 n (%) |
N=1226 n (%) |
| Major bleeding event | 7 (0.6) | 6 (0.5) |
| Fatal bleeding | 0 | 0 |
| Bleeding into a critical organ | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) |
| Bleeding that required re-operation | 5 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) |
| Extra-surgical site bleeding requiring transfusion of >2 units of whole blood or packed cells |
1 (0.1) | 0 |
| Any bleeding event‡ | 60 (5.0) | 60 (4.9) |
| * Bleeding events occurring any time following the first dose of double-blind study medication (which may have been prior to administration of active drug) until two days after the last dose of double-blind study medication. Patients may have more than one event. † Includes the placebo-controlled period for RECORD 2, enoxaparin dosing was 40 mg once daily (RECORD 1-3) ‡ Includes major bleeding events |
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Following XARELTO treatment, the majority of major bleeding complications (≥60%) occurred during the first week after surgery.
In the MAGELLAN study, the most frequent adverse reactions associated with permanent drug discontinuation were bleeding events. Cases of pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary hemorrhage with bronchiectasis were observed. Patients with bronchiectasis/pulmonary cavitation, active cancer (i.e., undergoing acute, in-hospital cancer treatment), dual antiplatelet therapy or active gastroduodenal ulcer or any bleeding in the previous three months all had an excess of bleeding with XARELTO compared with enoxaparin/placebo and are excluded from all MAGELLAN data presented in Table 9. The incidence of bleeding leading to drug discontinuation was 2.5% for XARELTO vs. 1.4% for enoxaparin/placebo.
Table 9 shows the number of patients experiencing various types of bleeding events in the MAGELLAN study.
Table 9: Bleeding Events in MAGELLAN* Study–Safety Analysis Set - On Treatment Plus 2 Days
| MAGELLAN Study¶ | XARELTO 10 mg N=3218 n (%) |
Enoxaparin 40 mg /placebo N=3229 n (%) |
| Major bleeding‡† | 22 (0.7) | 15 (0.5) |
| Critical site bleeding | 7 (0.2) | 4 (0.1) |
| Fatal bleeding§ | 3 (<0.1) | 1 (<0.1) |
| Clinically relevant non-major bleeding events (CRNM) | 93 (2.9) | 34 (1.1) |
| * Patients at high risk of bleeding (i.e. bronchiectasis/pulmonary cavitation, active cancer, dual antiplatelet therapy or active gastroduodenal ulcer or any bleeding in the previous three months) were excluded. † Major bleeding events within each subcategory were counted once per patient, but patients may have contributed events to multiple subcategories. These events occurred during treatment or within 2 days of stopping treatment. ‡ Defined as clinically overt bleeding associated with a drop in hemoglobin of ≥2 g/dL, a transfusion of ≥2 units of packed red blood cells or whole blood, bleeding at a critical site, or with a fatal outcome. § Fatal bleeding is adjudicated death with the primary cause of death from bleeding. ¶ Patients received either XARELTO or placebo once daily for 35 ±4 days starting in hospital and continuing post hospital discharge or received enoxaparin or placebo once daily for 10 ±4 days in the hospital. |
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In the COMPASS trial overall, the most frequent adverse reactions associated with permanent drug discontinuation were bleeding events, with incidence rates of 2.7% for XARELTO 2.5 mg twice daily vs. 1.2% for placebo on background therapy for all patients with aspirin 100 mg once daily. The incidences of important bleeding events in the CAD and PAD populations in COMPASS were similar.
Table 10 shows the number of patients experiencing various types of major bleeding events in the COMPASS trial.
Table 10: Major Bleeding Events in COMPASS - On Treatment Plus 2 Days*
| Parameter | XARELTO† N=9134 n (%/year) |
Placebo† N=9107 n (%/year) |
XARELTO vs. Placebo HR (95 % CI) |
| Modified ISTH Major Bleeding‡ | 263 (1.6) | 144 (0.9) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.3) |
|
12 (<0.1) | 8 (<0.1) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.7) |
| Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) | 6 (<0.1) | 3 (<0.1) | 2.0 (0.5, 8.0) |
| Non-intracranial | 6 (<0.1) | 5 (<0.1) | 1.2 (0.4, 4.0) |
|
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| organ (non-fatal) | 58 (0.3) | 43 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.0) |
|
23 (0.1) | 21 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | 18 (0.1) | 13 (<0.1) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.8) |
| Other ICH | 6 (<0.1) | 9 (<0.1) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.9) |
|
7 (<0.1) | 6 (<0.1) | 1.2 (0.4, 3.5) |
|
188 (1.1) | 91 (0.5) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) |
| Major GI bleeding | 117 (0.7) | 49 (0.3) | 2.4 (1.7, 3.4) |
| * Major bleeding events within each subcategory were counted once per patient, but patients may have contributed events to multiple subcategories. These events occurred during treatment or within 2 days of stopping treatment in the safety analysis set in COMPASS patients. † Treatment schedule: XARELTO 2.5 mg twice daily or placebo. All patients received background therapy with aspirin 100 mg once daily. ‡ Defined as i) fatal bleeding, or ii) symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ, such as intraarticular, intramuscular with compartment syndrome, intraspinal, intracranial, intraocular, respiratory, pericardial, liver, pancreas, retroperitoneal, adrenal gland or kidney; or iii) bleeding into the surgical site requiring reoperation, or iv) bleeding leading to hospitalization. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; ISTH: International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis |
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The incidence of premature permanent discontinuation due to bleeding events for XARELTO 2.5 mg twice daily vs. placebo on background therapy with aspirin 100 mg once daily in VOYAGER was 4.1% vs. 1.6% and in COMPASS PAD was 2.7% vs. 1.3%, respectively.
Table 11 shows the number of patients experiencing various types of TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) major bleeding events in the VOYAGER trial. The most common site of bleeding was gastrointestinal.
Table 11: Major Bleeding Events* in VOYAGER- On Treatment Plus 2 Days
| Parameter | XARELTO† N=3256 |
Placebo† N=3248 |
XARELTO vs. Placebo HR (95 % CI) | ||
| n (%) | Event rate %/year | n (%) | Event rate %/year | ||
| TIMI Major Bleeding (CABG/non-CABG) |
62 (1.9) | 0.96 | 44 (1.4) | 0.67 | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) |
| Fatal bleeding | 6 (0.2) | 0.09 | 6 (0.2) | 0.09 | 1.0 (0.3, 3.2) |
| Intracranial bleeding | 13 (0.4) | 0.20 | 17 (0.5) | 0.26 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) |
| Clinically overt signs of hemorrhage associated with a drop in hemoglobin of ≥5 g/dL or drop in hematocrit of ≥15% | 46 (1.4) | 0.71 | 24 (0.7) | 0.36 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.2) |
| * Major bleeding events within each subcategory were counted once per patient, but patients may have contributed events to multiple subcategories. † Treatment schedule: XARELTO 2.5 mg twice daily or placebo. All patients received background therapy with aspirin 100 mg once daily. CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Bleeding Criteria |
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Non-hemorrhagic adverse reactions reported in ≥1% of XARELTO-treated patients in the EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies are shown in Table 12.
Table 12: Other Adverse Reactions* Reported by ≥1% of XARELTO-Treated Patients in EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE Studies
| Body System Adverse Reaction | ||
| EINSTEIN DVT Study | XARELTO 20 mg N=1718 n (%) |
Enoxaparin/ VKA N=1711 n (%) |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | ||
| Abdominal pain | 46 (2.7) | 25 (1.5) |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | ||
| Fatigue | 24 (1.4) | 15 (0.9) |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | ||
| Back pain | 50 (2.9) | 31 (1.8) |
| Muscle spasm | 23 (1.3) | 13 (0.8) |
| Nervous system disorders | ||
| Dizziness | 38 (2.2) | 22 (1.3) |
| Psychiatric disorders | ||
| Anxiety | 24 (1.4) | 11 (0.6) |
| Depression | 20 (1.2) | 10 (0.6) |
| Insomnia | 28 (1.6) | 18 (1.1) |
| EINSTEIN PE Study | XARELTO 20 mg N=2412 n (%) |
Enoxaparin/ VKA N=2405 n (%) |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | ||
| Pruritus | 53 (2.2) | 27 (1.1) |
| * Adverse reaction with Relative Risk >1.5 for XARELTO versus comparator | ||
Non-hemorrhagic adverse reactions reported in ≥1% of XARELTO-treated patients in RECORD 1-3 studies are shown in Table 13.
Table 13: Other Adverse Drug Reactions* Reported by ≥1% of XARELTO-Treated Patients in RECORD 1-3 Studies
| Body System Adverse Reaction |
XARELTO 10 mg N=4487 n (%) |
Enoxaparin† N=4524 n (%) |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | ||
| Wound secretion | 125 (2.8) | 89 (2.0) |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | ||
| Pain in extremity | 74 (1.7) | 55 (1.2) |
| Muscle spasm | 52 (1.2) | 32 (0.7) |
| Nervous system disorders | ||
| Syncope | 55 (1.2) | 32 (0.7) |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | ||
| Pruritus | 96 (2.1) | 79 (1.8) |
| Blister | 63 (1.4) | 40 (0.9) |
| * Adverse reaction occurring any time following the first dose of double-blind medication, which may have been prior to administration of active drug, until two days after the last dose of double-blind study medication † Includes the placebo-controlled period of RECORD 2, enoxaparin dosing was 40 mg once daily (RECORD 1-3) |
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The safety assessment is based on data from the EINSTEIN Junior Phase 3 study in 491 patients from birth to less than 18 years of age. Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive body weightadjusted doses of XARELTO or comparator (unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, fondaparinux or VKA).
Discontinuation due to bleeding events occurred in 6 (1.8%) patients in the XARELTO group and 3 (1.9%) patients in the comparator group.
Table 14 shows the number of patients experiencing bleeding events in the EINSTEIN Junior study. In female patients who had experienced menarche, ages 12 to <18 years of age, menorrhagia occurred in 23 (27%) female patients in the XARELTO group and 5 (10%) female patients in the comparator group.
Table 14: Bleeding Events in EINSTEIN Junior Study – Safety Analysis Set - Main Treatment Period*
| Parameter | XARELTO† N=329 n (%) |
Comparator Group‡ N=162 n (%) |
| Major bleeding§ | 0 | 2 (1.2) |
| Clinically relevant non-major bleeding¶ | 10 (3.0) | 1 (0.6) |
| Trivial bleeding | 113 (34.3) | 44 (27.2) |
| Any bleeding | 119 (36.2) | 45 (27.8) |
| * These events occurred after randomization until 3 months of treatment (1 month for patients <2 years with central venous catheter-related VTE (CVC-VTE). Patients may have more than one event. † Treatment schedule: body weight-adjusted doses of XARELTO; randomized 2:1 (XARELTO: Comparator). ‡ Unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), fondaparinux or VKA. § Defined as clinically overt bleeding associated with a decrease in hemoglobin of ≥2 g/dL, a transfusion of ≥2 units of packed red blood cells or whole blood, bleeding at a critical site, or with a fatal outcome. ¶ Defined as clinically overt bleeding, which did not meet the criteria for major bleeding, but was associated with medical intervention, unscheduled contact with a physician, temporary cessation of treatment, discomfort for the patient, or impairment of activities of daily life. |
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Non-bleeding adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of XARELTO-treated patients are shown in Table 15.
Table 15: Other Adverse Reactions* Reported in XARELTO-Treated Patients by ≥5% in EINSTEIN Junior Study
| Adverse Reaction | XARELTO N=329 n (%) |
Comparator Group N=162 n (%) |
| Pain in extremity | 23 (7) | 7 (4.3) |
| Fatigue† | 23 (7) | 7 (4.3) |
| * Adverse reaction with Relative Risk >1.5 for XARELTO versus comparator. † The following terms were combined: fatigue, asthenia. |
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A clinically relevant adverse reaction in XARELTO-treated patients was vomiting (10.6% in the XARELTO group vs 8% in the comparator group).
The data below are based on Part B of the UNIVERSE study which was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of XARELTO for thromboprophylaxis in 98 children with CHD after the Fontan procedure who took at least one dose of study drug. Patients in Part B were randomized 2:1 to receive either body weight-adjusted doses of XARELTO or aspirin (approximately 5 mg/kg).
Discontinuation due to bleeding events occurred in 1 (1.6%) patient in the XARELTO group and no patients in the aspirin group.
Table 16 shows the number of patients experiencing bleeding events in the UNIVERSE study.
Table 16: Bleeding Events in UNIVERSE Study - Safety Analysis Set - On Treatment Plus 2 Days
| Parameter | XARELTO* N=64 n (%) |
Aspirin* N=34 n (%) |
| Major Bleeding† | 1 (1.6) | 0 |
| Epistaxis leading to transfusion | 1 (1.6) | 0 |
| Clinically relevant non-major (CRNM) bleeding§ | 4 (6.3) | 3 (8.8) |
| Trivial bleeding | 21 (32.8) | 12 (35.3) |
| Any bleeding | 23 (35.9) | 14 (41.2) |
| * Treatment schedule: body weight-adjusted doses of XARELTO or aspirin (approximately 5 mg/kg); randomized 2:1 (XARELTO: Aspirin). † Defined as clinically overt bleeding associated with a decrease in hemoglobin of ≥2 g/dL, a transfusion of the equivalent of ≥2 units of packed red blood cells or whole blood, bleeding at a critical site, or with a fatal outcome. § Defined as clinically overt bleeding, which did not meet the criteria for major bleeding, but was associated with medical intervention, unscheduled contact with a physician, temporary cessation of treatment, discomfort for the patient, or impairment of activities of daily life. |
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Non-bleeding adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of XARELTO-treated patients are shown in Table 17.
Table 17: Other Adverse Reactions* Reported by ≥5% of XARELTO-Treated Patients in UNIVERSE Study (Part B)
| Adverse Reaction | XARELTO N=64 n (%) |
Aspirin N=34 n (%) |
| Cough | 10 (15.6) | 3 (8.8) |
| Vomiting | 9 (14.1) | 3 (8.8) |
| Gastroenteritis† | 8 (12.5) | 1 (2.9) |
| Rash† | 6 (9.4) | 2 (5.9) |
| * Adverse reaction with Relative Risk >1.5 for XARELTO versus aspirin. † The following terms were combined: Gastroenteritis: gastroenteritis, gastroenteritis viral Rash: rash, rash maculo-papular, viral rash |
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The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of XARELTO. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Blood and lymphatic system disorders: agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia
Hepatobiliary disorders: jaundice, cholestasis, hepatitis (including hepatocellular injury)
Immune system disorders: hypersensitivity, anaphylactic reaction, anaphylactic shock, angioedema
Nervous system disorders: hemiparesis
Renal disorders: Anticoagulant-related nephropathy
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Eosinophilic pneumonia
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)
Rivaroxaban is a substrate of CYP3A4/5, CYP2J2, and the P-gp and ATP-binding cassette G2 (ABCG2) transporters. Combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitors increase exposure to rivaroxaban and may increase the risk of bleeding. Combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inducers decrease exposure to rivaroxaban and may increase the risk of thromboembolic events.
Avoid concomitant administration of XARELTO with known combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole and ritonavir) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Although clarithromycin is a combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitor, pharmacokinetic data suggests that no precautions are necessary with concomitant administration with XARELTO as the change in exposure is unlikely to affect the bleeding risk [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
XARELTO should not be used in patients with CrCl 15 to <80 mL/min who are receiving concomitant combined P-gp and moderate CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., erythromycin) unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Avoid concomitant use of XARELTO with drugs that are combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inducers (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin, St. John’s wort) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Coadministration of enoxaparin, warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel and chronic NSAID use may increase the risk of bleeding [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Avoid concurrent use of XARELTO with other anticoagulants due to increased bleeding risk unless benefit outweighs risk. Promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss if patients are treated concomitantly with aspirin, other platelet aggregation inhibitors, or NSAIDs [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
Premature discontinuation of any oral anticoagulant, including XARELTO, in the absence of adequate alternative anticoagulation increases the risk of thrombotic events. An increased rate of stroke was observed during the transition from XARELTO to warfarin in clinical trials in atrial fibrillation patients. If XARELTO is discontinued for a reason other than pathological bleeding or completion of a course of therapy, consider coverage with another anticoagulant [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and Clinical Studies].
XARELTO increases the risk of bleeding and can cause serious or fatal bleeding. In deciding whether to prescribe XARELTO to patients at increased risk of bleeding, the risk of thrombotic events should be weighed against the risk of bleeding.
Promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss and consider the need for blood replacement. Discontinue XARELTO in patients with active pathological hemorrhage. The terminal elimination half-life of rivaroxaban is 5 to 9 hours in healthy subjects aged 20 to 45 years.
Concomitant use of other drugs that impair hemostasis increases the risk of bleeding. These include aspirin, P2Y12 platelet inhibitors, dual antiplatelet therapy, other antithrombotic agents, fibrinolytic therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [see DRUG INTERACTIONS], selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Concomitant use of drugs that are known combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitors increases rivaroxaban exposure and may increase bleeding risk [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Acutely ill medical patients with the following conditions are at increased risk of bleeding with the use of XARELTO for primary VTE prophylaxis: history of bronchiectasis, pulmonary cavitation, or pulmonary hemorrhage, active cancer (i.e., undergoing acute, in-hospital cancer treatment), active gastroduodenal ulcer in the three months prior to treatment, history of bleeding in the three months prior to treatment, or dual antiplatelet therapy. XARELTO is not for use for primary VTE prophylaxis in these hospitalized, acutely ill medical patients at high risk of bleeding.
An agent to reverse the anti-factor Xa activity of rivaroxaban is available. Because of high plasma protein binding, rivaroxaban is not dialyzable [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Protamine sulfate and vitamin K are not expected to affect the anticoagulant activity of rivaroxaban. Use of procoagulant reversal agents, such as prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa, may be considered but has not been evaluated in clinical efficacy and safety studies. Monitoring for the anticoagulation effect of rivaroxaban using a clotting test (PT, INR or aPTT) or anti-factor Xa (FXa) activity is not recommended.
When neuraxial anesthesia (spinal/epidural anesthesia) or spinal puncture is employed, patients treated with anticoagulant agents for prevention of thromboembolic complications are at risk of developing an epidural or spinal hematoma which can result in long-term or permanent paralysis [see BOXED WARNING].
To reduce the potential risk of bleeding associated with the concurrent use of XARELTO and epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or spinal puncture, consider the pharmacokinetic profile of XARELTO [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Placement or removal of an epidural catheter or lumbar puncture is best performed when the anticoagulant effect of XARELTO is low; however, the exact timing to reach a sufficiently low anticoagulant effect in each patient is not known.
An indwelling epidural or intrathecal catheter should not be removed before at least 2 half-lives have elapsed (i.e., 18 hours in young patients aged 20 to 45 years and 26 hours in elderly patients aged 60 to 76 years), after the last administration of XARELTO [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The next XARELTO dose should not be administered earlier than 6 hours after the removal of the catheter. If traumatic puncture occurs, delay the administration of XARELTO for 24 hours.
Should the physician decide to administer anticoagulation in the context of epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or lumbar puncture, monitor frequently to detect any signs or symptoms of neurological impairment, such as midline back pain, sensory and motor deficits (numbness, tingling, or weakness in lower limbs), bowel and/or bladder dysfunction. Instruct patients to immediately report if they experience any of the above signs or symptoms. If signs or symptoms of spinal hematoma are suspected, initiate urgent diagnosis and treatment including consideration for spinal cord decompression even though such treatment may not prevent or reverse neurological sequelae.
Periodically assess renal function as clinically indicated (i.e., more frequently in situations in which renal function may decline) and adjust therapy accordingly [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Consider dose adjustment or discontinuation of XARELTO in patients who develop acute renal failure while on XARELTO [see Use In Specific Populations].
In patients with CrCl <30 mL/min, rivaroxaban exposure and pharmacodynamic effects are increased compared to patients with normal renal function. There are limited clinical data in patients with CrCl 15 to <30 mL/min; therefore, observe closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss in these patients. There are no clinical data in patients with CrCl <15 mL/min (including patients on dialysis); therefore, avoid the use of XARELTO in these patients.
Discontinue XARELTO in patients who develop acute renal failure while on treatment [see Use In Specific Populations].
In patients with CrCl <30 mL/min, rivaroxaban exposure and pharmacodynamic effects are increased compared to patients with normal renal function. There are limited clinical data in patients with CrCl 15 to <30 mL/min; therefore, observe closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss in these patients. There are no clinical data in patients with CrCl <15 mL/min (including patients on dialysis); therefore, avoid the use of XARELTO in these patients.
Discontinue XARELTO in patients who develop acute renal failure while on treatment [see Use In Specific Populations].
In patients with CrCl <30 mL/min, rivaroxaban exposure and pharmacodynamic effects are increased compared to patients with normal renal function. There are limited clinical data in patients with CrCl 15 to <30 mL/min; therefore, observe closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss in these patients. There are no clinical data in patients with CrCl <15 mL/min (including patients on dialysis); therefore, avoid the use of XARELTO in these patients.
Discontinue XARELTO in patients who develop acute renal failure while on treatment [see Use In Specific Populations].
There are limited clinical data in pediatric patients 1 year or older with moderate or severe renal impairment (eGFR <50 mL/min/1.73 m2); therefore, avoid the use of XARELTO in these patients.
There are no clinical data in pediatric patients younger than 1 year with serum creatinine results above 97.5th percentile; therefore, avoid the use of XARELTO in these patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and Use In Specific Populations].
No clinical data are available for adult patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Avoid use of XARELTO in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh B) and severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment or with any hepatic disease associated with coagulopathy since drug exposure and bleeding risk may be increased [see Use In Specific Populations].
No clinical data are available in pediatric patients with hepatic impairment.
Avoid concomitant use of XARELTO with known combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitors [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Avoid concomitant use of XARELTO with drugs that are known combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inducers [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
In pregnant women, XARELTO should be used only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the mother and fetus. XARELTO dosing in pregnancy has not been studied. The anticoagulant effect of XARELTO cannot be monitored with standard laboratory testing. Promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms suggesting blood loss (e.g., a drop in hemoglobin and/or hematocrit, hypotension, or fetal distress) [see Risk Of Bleeding and Use In Specific Populations].
On the basis of the GALILEO study, use of XARELTO is not recommended in patients who have had transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) because patients randomized to XARELTO experienced higher rates of death and bleeding compared to those randomized to an anti-platelet regimen. The safety and efficacy of XARELTO have not been studied in patients with other prosthetic heart valves or other valve procedures. Use of XARELTO is not recommended in patients with prosthetic heart valves.
Initiation of XARELTO is not recommended acutely as an alternative to unfractionated heparin in patients with pulmonary embolism who present with hemodynamic instability or who may receive thrombolysis or pulmonary embolectomy.
Direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), including XARELTO, are not recommended for use in patients with triple-positive antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). For patients with APS (especially those who are triple positive [positive for lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I antibodies]), treatment with DOACs has been associated with increased rates of recurrent thrombotic events compared with vitamin K antagonist therapy.
For the tablets, advise the patient and/or caregiver to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
For the suspension, advise the patient and/or caregiver to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).
Adults
Pediatric Patients
Instruct patients to inform their healthcare professional that they are taking XARELTO before any invasive procedure (including dental procedures) is scheduled.
Advise patients to inform their physicians and dentists if they are taking, or plan to take, any prescription or over-the-counter drugs or herbals, so their healthcare professionals can evaluate potential interactions [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Advise patients to discuss with their physician the benefits and risks of XARELTO for the mother and for the child if they are nursing or intend to nurse during anticoagulant treatment [see Use In Specific Populations].
Advise patients who can become pregnant to discuss pregnancy planning with their physician [see Use In Specific Populations].
Rivaroxaban was not carcinogenic when administered by oral gavage to mice or rats for up to 2 years. The systemic exposures (AUCs) of unbound rivaroxaban in male and female mice at the highest dose tested (60 mg/kg/day) were 1- and 2-times, respectively, the human exposure of unbound drug at the human dose of 20 mg/day. Systemic exposures of unbound drug in male and female rats at the highest dose tested (60 mg/kg/day) were 2- and 4-times, respectively, the human exposure.
Rivaroxaban was not mutagenic in bacteria (Ames-Test) or clastogenic in V79 Chinese hamster lung cells in vitro or in the mouse micronucleus test in vivo.
No impairment of fertility was observed in male or female rats when given up to 200 mg/kg/day of rivaroxaban orally. This dose resulted in exposure levels, based on the unbound AUC, at least 13 times the exposure in humans given 20 mg rivaroxaban daily.
The limited available data on XARELTO in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drugassociated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. Use XARELTO with caution in pregnant patients because of the potential for pregnancy related hemorrhage and/or emergent delivery. The anticoagulant effect of XARELTO cannot be reliably monitored with standard laboratory testing. Consider the benefits and risks of XARELTO for the mother and possible risks to the fetus when prescribing XARELTO to a pregnant woman [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Adverse outcomes in pregnancy occur regardless of the health of the mother or the use of medications. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2–4% and 15–20%, respectively.
Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk
Pregnancy is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism and that risk is increased in women with inherited or acquired thrombophilias. Pregnant women with thromboembolic disease have an increased risk of maternal complications including pre-eclampsia. Maternal thromboembolic disease increases the risk for intrauterine growth restriction, placental abruption and early and late pregnancy loss.
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Based on the pharmacologic activity of Factor Xa inhibitors and the potential to cross the placenta, bleeding may occur at any site in the fetus and/or neonate.
Labor or Delivery
All patients receiving anticoagulants, including pregnant women, are at risk for bleeding and this risk may be increased during labor or delivery [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. The risk of bleeding should be balanced with the risk of thrombotic events when considering the use of XARELTO in this setting.
Human Data
There are no adequate or well-controlled studies of XARELTO in pregnant women, and dosing for pregnant women has not been established. Post-marketing experience is currently insufficient to determine a rivaroxaban-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. In an in vitro placenta perfusion model, unbound rivaroxaban was rapidly transferred across the human placenta.
Animal Data
Rivaroxaban crosses the placenta in animals. Rivaroxaban increased fetal toxicity (increased resorptions, decreased number of live fetuses, and decreased fetal body weight) when pregnant rabbits were given oral doses of ≥10 mg/kg rivaroxaban during the period of organogenesis. This dose corresponds to about 4 times the human exposure of unbound drug, based on AUC comparisons at the highest recommended human dose of 20 mg/day. Fetal body weights decreased when pregnant rats were given oral doses of 120 mg/kg during the period of organogenesis. This dose corresponds to about 14 times the human exposure of unbound drug. In rats, peripartal maternal bleeding and maternal and fetal death occurred at the rivaroxaban dose of 40 mg/kg (about 6 times maximum human exposure of the unbound drug at the human dose of 20 mg/day).
Rivaroxaban has been detected in human milk. There are insufficient data to determine the effects of rivaroxaban on the breastfed child or on milk production. Rivaroxaban and/or its metabolites were present in the milk of rats. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for XARELTO and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from XARELTO or from the underlying maternal condition (see Data).
Animal Data
Following a single oral administration of 3 mg/kg of radioactive [14C]-rivaroxaban to lactating rats between Day 8 to 10 postpartum, the concentration of total radioactivity was determined in milk samples collected up to 32 hours post-dose. The estimated amount of radioactivity excreted with milk within 32 hours after administration was 2.1% of the maternal dose.
Females of reproductive potential requiring anticoagulation should discuss pregnancy planning with their physician.
The risk of clinically significant uterine bleeding, potentially requiring gynecological surgical interventions, identified with oral anticoagulants including XARELTO should be assessed in females of reproductive potential and those with abnormal uterine bleeding.
The safety and effectiveness of XARELTO have been established in pediatric patients from birth to less than 18 years for the treatment of VTE and the reduction in risk of recurrent VTE. Use of XARELTO is supported in these age groups by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of XARELTO in adults with additional pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy data from a multicenter, prospective, open-label, active-controlled randomized study in 500 pediatric patients from birth to less than 18 years of age. XARELTO was not studied and therefore dosing cannot be reliably determined or recommended in children less than 6 months who were less than 37 weeks of gestation at birth; had less than 10 days of oral feeding, or had a body weight of less than 2.6 kg [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and Clinical Studies].
The safety and effectiveness of XARELTO have been established for use in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older with congenital heart disease who have undergone the Fontan procedure. Use of XARELTO is supported in these age groups by evidence from adequate and wellcontrolled studies of XARELTO in adults with additional data from a multicenter, prospective, open-label, active controlled study in 112 pediatric patients to evaluate the single- and multipledose pharmacokinetic properties of XARELTO and the safety and efficacy of XARELTO when used for thromboprophylaxis for 12 months in children with single ventricle physiology who had the Fontan procedure [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and Clinical Studies].
Clinical studies that evaluated safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data support the use of XARELTO 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg tablets in pediatric patients. For the XARELTO 2.5 mg tablets, there are no safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data to support the use in pediatric patients. Therefore, XARELTO 2.5 mg tablets are not recommended for use in pediatric patients.
Although not all adverse reactions identified in the adult population have been observed in clinical trials of children and adolescent patients, the same warnings and precautions for adults should be considered for children and adolescents.
Of the total number of adult patients in clinical trials for the approved indications of XARELTO (N=64,943 patients), 64 percent were 65 years and over, with 27 percent 75 years and over. In clinical trials the efficacy of XARELTO in the elderly (65 years or older) was similar to that seen in patients younger than 65 years. Both thrombotic and bleeding event rates were higher in these older patients [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and Clinical Studies].
In pharmacokinetic studies, compared to healthy adult subjects with normal creatinine clearance, rivaroxaban exposure increased by approximately 44 to 64% in adult subjects with renal impairment. Increases in pharmacodynamic effects were also observed [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease not on Dialysis
In the ROCKET AF trial, patients with CrCl 30 to 50 mL/min were administered XARELTO 15 mg once daily resulting in serum concentrations of rivaroxaban and clinical outcomes similar to those in patients with better renal function administered XARELTO 20 mg once daily. Patients with CrCl <30 mL/min were not studied, but administration of XARELTO 15 mg once daily is expected to result in serum concentrations of rivaroxaban similar to those in patients with moderate renal impairment [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis
Clinical efficacy and safety studies with XARELTO did not enroll patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis. In patients with ESRD maintained on intermittent hemodialysis, administration of XARELTO 15 mg once daily will result in concentrations of rivaroxaban and pharmacodynamic activity similar to those observed in the ROCKET AF study [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. It is not known whether these concentrations will lead to similar stroke reduction and bleeding risk in patients with ESRD on dialysis as was seen in ROCKET AF.
In the EINSTEIN trials, patients with CrCl values <30 mL/min at screening were excluded from the studies, but administration of XARELTO is expected to result in serum concentrations of rivaroxaban similar to those in patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to <50 mL/min) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Observe closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss in patients with CrCl 15 to <30 mL/min. Avoid the use of XARELTO in patients with CrCl <15 mL/min.
The combined analysis of the RECORD 1-3 clinical efficacy studies did not show an increase in bleeding risk for patients with CrCl 30 to 50 mL/min and reported a possible increase in total venous thromboemboli in this population. In the RECORD 1-3 trials, patients with CrCl values <30 mL/min at screening were excluded from the studies, but administration of XARELTO 10 mg once daily is expected to result in serum concentrations of rivaroxaban similar to those in patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to <50 mL/min) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Observe closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss in patients with CrCl 15 to <30 mL/min. Avoid the use of XARELTO in patients with CrCl <15 mL/min.
Patients with CrCl values <30 mL/min at screening were excluded from the MAGELLAN study. In patients with CrCl <30 mL/min a dose of XARELTO 10 mg once daily is expected to result in serum concentrations of rivaroxaban similar to those in patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to <50 mL/min) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Observe closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss in patients with CrCl 15 to <30 mL/min. Avoid use of XARELTO in patients with CrCl <15 mL/min.
Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease not on Dialysis
Patients with a CrCl <15 mL/min at screening were excluded from COMPASS and VOYAGER, and limited data are available for patients with a CrCl of 15 to 30 mL/min. In patients with CrCl <30 mL/min, a dose of 2.5 mg XARELTO twice daily is expected to give an exposure similar to that in patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to <50 mL/min) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], whose efficacy and safety outcomes were similar to those with preserved renal function.
Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis
No clinical outcome data is available for the use of XARELTO with aspirin in patients with ESRD on dialysis since these patients were not enrolled in COMPASS or VOYAGER. In patients with ESRD maintained on intermittent hemodialysis, administration of XARELTO 2.5 mg twice daily will result in concentrations of rivaroxaban and pharmacodynamic activity similar to those observed in moderate renal impaired patients in the COMPASS study [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. It is not known whether these concentrations will lead to similar CV risk reduction and bleeding risk in patients with ESRD on dialysis as was seen in COMPASS.
No dosage adjustment is required in patients 1 year of age or older with mild renal impairment (eGFR 50 to ≤ 80 mL/min/1.73 m2). There are limited clinical data in pediatric patients 1 year or older with moderate or severe renal impairment (eGFR <50 mL/min/1.73 m2); therefore, avoid the use of XARELTO in these patients.
There are no clinical data in pediatric patients younger than 1 year with serum creatinine results above 97.5th percentile; therefore, avoid the use of XARELTO in these patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
In a pharmacokinetic study, compared to healthy adult subjects with normal liver function, AUC increases of 127% were observed in adult subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child- Pugh B).
The safety or PK of XARELTO in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) has not been evaluated [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Avoid the use of XARELTO in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh B) and severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment or with any hepatic disease associated with coagulopathy.
No clinical data are available in pediatric patients with hepatic impairment.
Overdose of XARELTO may lead to hemorrhage. Discontinue XARELTO and initiate appropriate therapy if bleeding complications associated with overdosage occur. Rivaroxaban systemic exposure is not further increased at single doses >50 mg due to limited absorption. The use of activated charcoal to reduce absorption in case of XARELTO overdose may be considered. Due to the high plasma protein binding, rivaroxaban is not dialyzable [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Partial reversal of laboratory anticoagulation parameters may be achieved with use of plasma products. An agent to reverse the anti-factor Xa activity of rivaroxaban is available.
XARELTO is contraindicated in patients with:
XARELTO is a selective inhibitor of FXa. It does not require a cofactor (such as Anti-thrombin III) for activity. Rivaroxaban inhibits free FXa and prothrombinase activity. Rivaroxaban has no direct effect on platelet aggregation, but indirectly inhibits platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. By inhibiting FXa, rivaroxaban decreases thrombin generation.
Rivaroxaban produces dose-dependent inhibition of FXa activity. Clotting tests, such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and HepTest®, are also prolonged dose-dependently. In children treated with rivaroxaban, the correlation between anti-factor Xa to plasma concentrations is linear with a slope close to 1.
Monitoring for anticoagulation effect of rivaroxaban using anti-FXa activity or a clotting test is not recommended.
Renal Impairment
The relationship between systemic exposure and pharmacodynamic activity of rivaroxaban was altered in adult subjects with renal impairment relative to healthy control subjects [see Use In Specific Populations].
Table 18: Percentage Increase in Rivaroxaban PK and PD Measures in Adult Subjects with Renal Impairment Relative to Healthy Subjects from Clinical Pharmacology Studies
| Measure | Parameter | Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) | ||||
| 50-79 | 30-49 | 15-29 | ESRD (on dialysis)* | ESRD (post-dialysis)* | ||
| Exposure | AUC | 44 | 52 | 64 | 47 | 56 |
| FXa Inhibition | AUEC | 50 | 86 | 100 | 49 | 33 |
| PT Prolongation | AUEC | 33 | 116 | 144 | 112 | 158 |
| *Separate stand-alone study. PT = Prothrombin time; FXa = Coagulation factor Xa; AUC = Area under the plasma concentration-time curve; AUEC = Area under the effect-time curve |
||||||
Hepatic Impairment
Anti-Factor Xa activity was similar in adult subjects with normal hepatic function and in mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A class). There is no clear understanding of the impact of hepatic impairment beyond this degree on the coagulation cascade and its relationship to efficacy and safety.
The absolute bioavailability of rivaroxaban is dose-dependent. For the 2.5 mg and 10 mg dose, it is estimated to be 80% to 100% and is not affected by food. XARELTO 2.5 mg and 10 mg tablets can be taken with or without food. XARELTO 20 mg administered in the fasted state has an absolute bioavailability of approximately 66%. Coadministration of XARELTO with food increases the bioavailability of the 20 mg dose (mean AUC and Cmax increasing by 39% and 76% respectively with food). XARELTO 15 mg and 20 mg tablets should be taken with food [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
The maximum concentrations (Cmax) of rivaroxaban appear 2 to 4 hours after tablet intake. The pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban were not affected by drugs altering gastric pH. Coadministration of XARELTO (30 mg single dose) with the H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine (150 mg twice daily), the antacid aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide (10 mL) or XARELTO (20 mg single dose) with the PPI omeprazole (40 mg once daily) did not show an effect on the bioavailability and exposure of rivaroxaban (see Figure 3).
Absorption of rivaroxaban is dependent on the site of drug release in the GI tract. A 29% and 56% decrease in AUC and Cmax compared to tablet was reported when rivaroxaban granulate is released in the proximal small intestine. Exposure is further reduced when drug is released in the distal small intestine, or ascending colon. Avoid administration of rivaroxaban distal to the stomach which can result in reduced absorption and related drug exposure.
In a study with 44 healthy subjects, both mean AUC and Cmax values for 20 mg rivaroxaban administered orally as a crushed tablet mixed in applesauce were comparable to that after the whole tablet. However, for the crushed tablet suspended in water and administered via an NG tube followed by a liquid meal, only mean AUC was comparable to that after the whole tablet, and Cmax was 18% lower.
Protein binding of rivaroxaban in human plasma is approximately 92% to 95%, with albumin being the main binding component. The steady-state volume of distribution in healthy subjects is approximately 50 L.
Approximately 51% of an orally administered [14C]-rivaroxaban dose was recovered as inactive metabolites in urine (30%) and feces (21%). Oxidative degradation catalyzed by CYP3A4/5 and CYP2J2 and hydrolysis are the major sites of biotransformation. Unchanged rivaroxaban was the predominant moiety in plasma with no major or active circulating metabolites.
In a Phase 1 study, following the administration of [14C]-rivaroxaban, approximately one-third (36%) was recovered as unchanged drug in the urine and 7% was recovered as unchanged drug in feces. Unchanged drug is excreted into urine, mainly via active tubular secretion and to a lesser extent via glomerular filtration (approximate 5:1 ratio). Rivaroxaban is a substrate of the efflux transporter proteins P-gp and ABCG2 (also abbreviated BCRP). Rivaroxaban’s affinity for influx transporter proteins is unknown.
Rivaroxaban is a low-clearance drug, with a systemic clearance of approximately 10 L/hr in healthy volunteers following intravenous administration. The terminal elimination half-life of rivaroxaban is 5 to 9 hours in healthy subjects aged 20 to 45 years.
The effects of level of renal impairment, age, body weight, and level of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban are summarized in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Effect of Specific Adult Populations on the Pharmacokinetics of Rivaroxaban
 |
| [See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION] |
Gender did not influence the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of XARELTO.
Healthy Japanese subjects were found to have 20 to 40% on average higher exposures compared to other ethnicities including Chinese. However, these differences in exposure are reduced when values are corrected for body weight.
The terminal elimination half-life is 11 to 13 hours in the elderly subjects aged 60 to 76 years [see Use In Specific Populations].
The rate and extent of absorption were similar between the tablet and suspension. After repeated administration of rivaroxaban for the treatment of VTE, the Cmax of rivaroxaban in plasma was observed at median times of 1.5 to 2.2 hours in subjects who ranged from birth to less than 18 years of age.
In children who were 6 months to 9 years of age, in vitro plasma protein binding of rivaroxaban is approximately 90%.
The half-life of rivaroxaban in plasma of pediatric patients treated for VTE decreased with decreasing age. Mean half-life values were 4.2 hours in adolescents, 3 hours in children 2 to 12 years of age, 1.9 hours in children 0.5 to <2 years of age, and 1.6 hours in children <0.5 years of age.
An exploratory analysis in pediatric patients treated for VTE did not reveal relevant differences in rivaroxaban exposure based on gender or race.
The safety and pharmacokinetics of single-dose XARELTO (10 mg) were evaluated in a study in healthy subjects [CrCl ≥80 mL/min (n=8)] and in subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment (see Figure 2). Compared to healthy subjects with normal creatinine clearance, rivaroxaban exposure increased in subjects with renal impairment. Increases in pharmacodynamic effects were also observed [see Use In Specific Populations].
Hemodialysis in ESRD subjects
Systemic exposure to rivaroxaban administered as a single 15 mg dose in ESRD subjects dosed 3 hours after the completion of a 4-hour hemodialysis session (post-dialysis) is 56% higher when compared to subjects with normal renal function (see Table 18). The systemic exposure to rivaroxaban administered 2 hours prior to a 4-hour hemodialysis session with a dialysate flow rate of 600 mL/min and a blood flow rate in the range of 320 to 400 mL/min is 47% higher compared to those with normal renal function. The extent of the increase is similar to the increase in patients with CrCl 15 to 50 mL/min taking XARELTO 15 mg. Hemodialysis had no significant impact on rivaroxaban exposure. Protein binding was similar (86% to 89%) in healthy controls and ESRD subjects in this study.
Pediatric Patients
Limited clinical data are available in children 1 year or older with moderate or severe renal impairment (eGFR <50 mL/min/1.73 m2) or in children younger than 1 year with serum creatinine results above 97.5th percentile [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and Use In Specific Populations].
The safety and pharmacokinetics of single-dose XARELTO (10 mg) were evaluated in a study in healthy adult subjects (n=16) and adult subjects with varying degrees of hepatic impairment (see Figure 2). No patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) were studied. Compared to healthy subjects with normal liver function, significant increases in rivaroxaban exposure were observed in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) (see Figure 2). Increases in pharmacodynamic effects were also observed [see Use In Specific Populations].
No clinical data are available in pediatric patients with hepatic impairment.
In vitro studies indicate that rivaroxaban neither inhibits the major cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2J2, and 3A nor induces CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C19, or 3A. In vitro data also indicates a low rivaroxaban inhibitory potential for P-gp and ABCG2 transporters.
The effects of coadministered drugs on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban exposure are summarized in Figure 3 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Figure 3: Effect of Coadministered Drugs on the Pharmacokinetics of Rivaroxaban in Adults
 |
In a drug interaction study, single doses of enoxaparin (40 mg subcutaneous) and XARELTO (10 mg) given concomitantly resulted in an additive effect on anti-factor Xa activity. In another study, single doses of warfarin (15 mg) and XARELTO (5 mg) resulted in an additive effect on factor Xa inhibition and PT. Neither enoxaparin nor warfarin affected the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban (see Figure 3).
In ROCKET AF, concomitant aspirin use (almost exclusively at a dose of 100 mg or less) during the double-blind phase was identified as an independent risk factor for major bleeding. NSAIDs are known to increase bleeding, and bleeding risk may be increased when NSAIDs are used concomitantly with XARELTO. Neither naproxen nor aspirin affected the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban (see Figure 3).
In two drug interaction studies where clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg daily maintenance dose) and XARELTO (15 mg single dose) were coadministered in healthy subjects, an increase in bleeding time to 45 minutes was observed in approximately 45% and 30% of subjects in these studies, respectively. The change in bleeding time was approximately twice the maximum increase seen with either drug alone. There was no change in the pharmacokinetics of either drug.
In a pharmacokinetic trial, XARELTO was administered as a single dose in subjects with mild (CrCl = 50 to 79 mL/min) or moderate renal impairment (CrCl = 30 to 49 mL/min) receiving multiple doses of erythromycin (a combined P-gp and moderate CYP3A inhibitor). Compared to XARELTO administered alone in subjects with normal renal function (CrCl >80 mL/min), subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment concomitantly receiving erythromycin reported a 76% and 99% increase in AUCinf and a 56% and 64% increase in Cmax, respectively. Similar trends in pharmacodynamic effects were also observed.
In a thorough QT study in healthy men and women aged 50 years and older, no QTc prolonging effects were observed for XARELTO (15 mg and 45 mg, single-dose).
The evidence for the efficacy and safety of XARELTO was derived from Rivaroxaban Oncedaily oral direct factor Xa inhibition Compared with vitamin K antagonist for the prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF) [NCT00403767], a multi-national, double-blind study comparing XARELTO (at a dose of 20 mg once daily with the evening meal in patients with CrCl >50 mL/min and 15 mg once daily with the evening meal in patients with CrCl 30 to 50 mL/min) to warfarin (titrated to INR 2.0 to 3.0) to reduce the risk of stroke and non-central nervous system (CNS) systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients had to have one or more of the following additional risk factors for stroke:
ROCKET AF was a non-inferiority study designed to demonstrate that XARELTO preserved more than 50% of warfarin’s effect on stroke and non-CNS systemic embolism as established by previous placebo-controlled studies of warfarin in atrial fibrillation.
A total of 14264 patients were randomized and followed on study treatment for a median of 590 days. The mean age was 71 years and the mean CHADS2 score was 3.5. The population was 60% male, 83% Caucasian, 13% Asian and 1.3% Black. There was a history of stroke, TIA, or non-CNS systemic embolism in 55% of patients, and 38% of patients had not taken a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) within 6 weeks at time of screening. Concomitant diseases of patients in this study included hypertension 91%, diabetes 40%, congestive heart failure 63%, and prior myocardial infarction 17%. At baseline, 37% of patients were on aspirin (almost exclusively at a dose of 100 mg or less) and few patients were on clopidogrel. Patients were enrolled in Eastern Europe (39%); North America (19%); Asia, Australia, and New Zealand (15%); Western Europe (15%); and Latin America (13%). Patients randomized to warfarin had a mean percentage of time in the INR target range of 2.0 to 3.0 of 55%, lower during the first few months of the study.
In ROCKET AF, XARELTO was demonstrated non-inferior to warfarin for the primary composite endpoint of time to first occurrence of stroke (any type) or non-CNS systemic embolism [HR (95% CI): 0.88 (0.74, 1.03)], but superiority to warfarin was not demonstrated. There is insufficient experience to determine how XARELTO and warfarin compare when warfarin therapy is well-controlled.
Table 19 displays the overall results for the primary composite endpoint and its components.
Table 19: Primary Composite Endpoint Results in ROCKET AF Study (Intent-to-Treat Population)
| Event | XARELTO | Warfarin | XARELTO vs. Warfarin | ||
| N=7081 n (%) |
Event Rate (per 100 Ptyrs) |
N=7090 n (%) |
Event Rate (per 100 Ptyrs) |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
|
| Primary Composite Endpoint* |
269 (3.8) | 2.1 | 306 (4.3) | 2.4 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.03) |
| Stroke | 253 (3.6) | 2.0 | 281 (4.0) | 2.2 | |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke† | 33 (0.5) | 0.3 | 57 (0.8) | 0.4 | |
| Ischemic Stroke | 206 (2.9) | 1.6 | 208 (2.9) | 1.6 | |
| Unknown Stroke Type | 19 (0.3) | 0.2 | 18 (0.3) | 0.1 | |
| Non-CNS Systemic Embolism |
20 (0.3) | 0.2 | 27 (0.4) | 0.2 | |
| * The primary endpoint was the time to first occurrence of stroke (any type) or non-CNS systemic embolism. Data are shown for all randomized patients followed to site notification that the study would end. † Defined as primary hemorrhagic strokes confirmed by adjudication in all randomized patients followed up to site notification |
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Figure 4 is a plot of the time from randomization to the occurrence of the first primary endpoint event in the two treatment arms.
Figure 4: Time to First Occurrence of Stroke (any type) or Non-CNS Systemic Embolism by Treatment Group (Intent-to-Treat Population)
 |
Figure 5 shows the risk of stroke or non-CNS systemic embolism across major subgroups.
Figure 5: Risk of Stroke or Non-CNS Systemic Embolism by Baseline Characteristics in ROCKET AF* (Intent-to-Treat Population)
 |
| * Data are shown for all randomized patients followed to site notification that the study would end. Note: The figure above presents effects in various subgroups all of which are baseline characteristics and all of which were pre-specified (diabetic status was not pre-specified in the subgroup, but was a criterion for the CHADS2 score). The 95% confidence limits that are shown do not take into account how many comparisons were made, nor do they reflect the effect of a particular factor after adjustment for all other factors. Apparent homogeneity or heterogeneity among groups should not be over-interpreted. |
The efficacy of XARELTO was generally consistent across major subgroups.
The protocol for ROCKET AF did not stipulate anticoagulation after study drug discontinuation, but warfarin patients who completed the study were generally maintained on warfarin. XARELTO patients were generally switched to warfarin without a period of coadministration of warfarin and XARELTO, so that they were not adequately anticoagulated after stopping XARELTO until attaining a therapeutic INR. During the 28 days following the end of the study, there were 22 strokes in the 4637 patients taking XARELTO vs. 6 in the 4691 patients taking warfarin.
Few patients in ROCKET AF underwent electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation. The utility of XARELTO for preventing post-cardioversion stroke and systemic embolism is unknown.
XARELTO for the treatment of DVT and/or PE was studied in EINSTEIN DVT [NCT00440193] and EINSTEIN PE [NCT00439777], multi-national, open-label, non-inferiority studies comparing XARELTO (at an initial dose of 15 mg twice daily with food for the first three weeks, followed by XARELTO 20 mg once daily with food) to enoxaparin 1 mg/kg twice daily for at least five days with VKA and then continued with VKA only after the target INR (2.0-3.0) was reached. Patients who required thrombectomy, insertion of a caval filter, or use of a fibrinolytic agent and patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, significant liver disease, or active bleeding were excluded from the studies. The intended treatment duration was 3, 6, or 12 months based on investigator's assessment prior to randomization.
A total of 8281 (3449 in EINSTEIN DVT and 4832 in EINSTEIN PE) patients were randomized and followed on study treatment for a mean of 208 days in the XARELTO group and 204 days in the enoxaparin/VKA group. The mean age was approximately 57 years. The population was 55% male, 70% Caucasian, 9% Asian and about 3% Black. About 73% and 92% of XARELTOtreated patients in the EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies, respectively, received initial parenteral anticoagulant treatment for a median duration of 2 days. Enoxaparin/VKA-treated patients in the EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies received initial parenteral anticoagulant treatment for a median duration of 8 days. Aspirin was taken as on treatment concomitant antithrombotic medication by approximately 12% of patients in both treatment groups. Patients randomized to VKA had an unadjusted mean percentage of time in the INR target range of 2.0 to 3.0 of 58% in EINSTEIN DVT study and 60% in EINSTEIN PE study, with the lower values occurring during the first month of the study.
In the EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies, 49% of patients had an idiopathic DVT/PE at baseline. Other risk factors included previous episode of DVT/PE (19%), recent surgery or trauma (18%), immobilization (16%), use of estrogen-containing drug (8%), known thrombophilic conditions (6%), or active cancer (5%).
In the EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies, XARELTO was demonstrated to be noninferior to enoxaparin/VKA for the primary composite endpoint of time to first occurrence of recurrent DVT or non-fatal or fatal PE [EINSTEIN DVT HR (95% CI): 0.68 (0.44, 1.04); EINSTEIN PE HR (95% CI): 1.12 (0.75, 1.68)]. In each study the conclusion of non-inferiority was based on the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio being less than 2.0.
Table 20 displays the overall results for the primary composite endpoint and its components for EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies.
Table 20: Primary Composite Endpoint Results* in EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE Studies – Intent-to-Treat Population
| Event | XARELTO 20 mg† | Enoxaparin/ VKA† | XARELTO vs. Enoxaparin/ VKA Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
| EINSTEIN DVT Study | N=1731 n (%) |
N=1718 n (%) |
|
| Primary Composite Endpoint | 36 (2.1) | 51 (3.0) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.04) |
| Death (PE) | 1 (<0.1) | 0 | |
| Death (PE cannot be excluded) | 3 (0.2) | 6 (0.3) | |
| Symptomatic PE and DVT | 1 (<0.1) | 0 | |
| Symptomatic recurrent PE only | 20 (1.2) | 18 (1.0) | |
| Symptomatic recurrent DVT only |
14 (0.8) | 28 (1.6) | |
| EINSTEIN PE Study | N=2419 n (%) |
N=2413 n (%) |
|
| Primary Composite Endpoint | 50 (2.1) | 44 (1.8) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.68) |
| Death (PE) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (<0.1) | |
| Death (PE cannot be excluded) | 8 (0.3) | 6 (0.2) | |
| Symptomatic PE and DVT | 0 | 2 (<0.1) | |
| Symptomatic recurrent PE only | 23 (1.0) | 20 (0.8) | |
| Symptomatic recurrent DVT only |
18 (0.7) | 17 (0.7) | |
| * For the primary efficacy analysis, all confirmed events were considered from randomization up to the end of intended treatment duration (3, 6 or 12 months) irrespective of the actual treatment duration. If the same patient had several events, the patient may have been counted for several components. † Treatment schedule in EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies: XARELTO 15 mg twice daily for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg once daily; enoxaparin/VKA [enoxaparin: 1 mg/kg twice daily, VKA: individually titrated doses to achieve a target INR of 2.5 (range: 2.0-3.0)] |
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Figures 6 and 7 are plots of the time from randomization to the occurrence of the first primary efficacy endpoint event in the two treatment groups in EINSTEIN DVT and EINSTEIN PE studies, respectively.
Figure 6: Time to First Occurrence of the Composite of Recurrent DVT or Non-fatal or Fatal PE by Treatment Group (Intent-to-Treat Population) – EINSTEIN DVT Study
 |
Figure 7: Time to First Occurrence of the Composite of Recurrent DVT or Non-fatal or Fatal PE by Treatment Group (Intent-to-Treat Population) – EINSTEIN PE Study
 |
XARELTO for reduction in the risk of recurrence of DVT and of PE was evaluated in the EINSTEIN CHOICE study [NCT02064439], a multi-national, double-blind, superiority study comparing XARELTO (10 or 20 mg once daily with food) to 100 mg acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) once daily in patients who had completed 6 to 12 months of anticoagulant treatment for DVT and/or PE following the acute event. The intended treatment duration in the study was up to 12 months. Patients with an indication for continued therapeutic-dose anticoagulation were excluded.
Because the benefit-risk assessment favored the 10 mg dose versus aspirin compared to the 20 mg dose versus aspirin, only the data concerning the 10 mg dose is discussed below. A total of 2275 patients were randomized and followed on study treatment for a mean of 290 days for the XARELTO and aspirin treatment groups. The mean age was approximately 59 years. The population was 56% male, 70% Caucasian, 14% Asian and 3% Black. In the EINSTEIN CHOICE study, 51% of patients had DVT only, 33% had PE only, and 16% had PE and DVT combined. Other risk factors included idiopathic VTE (43%), previous episode of DVT/PE (17%), recent surgery or trauma (12%), prolonged immobilization (10%), use of estrogen containing drugs (5%), known thrombophilic conditions (6%), Factor V Leiden gene mutation (4%), or active cancer (3%).
In the EINSTEIN CHOICE study, XARELTO 10 mg was demonstrated to be superior to aspirin 100 mg for the primary composite endpoint of time to first occurrence of recurrent DVT or nonfatal or fatal PE.
Table 21 displays the overall results for the primary composite endpoint and its components.
Table 21: Primary Composite Endpoint and its Components Results* in EINSTEIN CHOICE Study – Full Analysis Set
| Event | XARELTO 10 mg N=1,127 n (%) |
Acetyl-salicylic Acid (Aspirin) 100 mg N=1,131 n (%) |
XARELTO 10 mg vs. Aspirin 100 mg Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
| Primary Composite Endpoint | 13 (1.2) | 50 (4.4) | 0.26 (0.14, 0.47) p<0.0001 |
| Symptomatic recurrent DVT | 8 (0.7) | 29 (2.6) | |
| Symptomatic recurrent PE | 5 (0.4) | 19 (1.7) | |
| Death (PE) | 0 | 1 (<0.1) | |
| Death (PE cannot be excluded) | 0 | 1 (<0.1) | |
| * For the primary efficacy analysis, all confirmed events were considered from randomization up to the end of intended treatment duration (12 months) irrespective of the actual treatment duration. The individual component of the primary endpoint represents the first occurrence of the event. | |||
Figure 8 is a plot of the time from randomization to the occurrence of the first primary efficacy endpoint event in the two treatment groups.
Figure 8: Time to First Occurrence of the Composite of Recurrent DVT or Non-fatal or Fatal PE by Treatment Group (Full Analysis Set) – EINSTEIN CHOICE Study
 |
XARELTO was studied in 9011 patients (4487 XARELTO-treated, 4524 enoxaparin-treated patients) in the REgulation of Coagulation in ORthopedic Surgery to Prevent DVT and PE, Controlled, Double-blind, Randomized Study of BAY 59-7939 in the Extended Prevention of VTE in Patients Undergoing Elective Total Hip or Knee Replacement (RECORD 1, 2, and 3) [NCT00329628, NCT00332020, NCT00361894] studies.
The two randomized, double-blind, clinical studies (RECORD 1 and 2) in patients undergoing elective total hip replacement surgery compared XARELTO 10 mg once daily starting at least 6 to 8 hours (about 90% of patients dosed 6 to 10 hours) after wound closure versus enoxaparin 40 mg once daily started 12 hours preoperatively. In RECORD 1 and 2, a total of 6727 patients were randomized and 6579 received study drug. The mean age [± standard deviation (SD)] was 63 ± 12.2 (range 18 to 93) years with 49% of patients ≥65 years and 55% of patients were female. More than 82% of patients were White, 7% were Asian, and less than 2% were Black. The studies excluded patients undergoing staged bilateral total hip replacement, patients with severe renal impairment defined as an estimated creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, or patients with significant liver disease (hepatitis or cirrhosis). In RECORD 1, the mean exposure duration (± SD) to active XARELTO and enoxaparin was 33.3 ± 7.0 and 33.6 ± 8.3 days, respectively. In RECORD 2, the mean exposure duration to active XARELTO and enoxaparin was 33.5 ± 6.9 and 12.4 ± 2.9 days, respectively. After Day 13, oral placebo was continued in the enoxaparin group for the remainder of the double-blind study duration. The efficacy data for RECORD 1 and 2 are provided in Table 22.
Table 22: Summary of Key Efficacy Analysis Results for Patients Undergoing Total Hip Replacement Surgery - Modified Intent-to-Treat Population
| RECORD 1 | RECORD 2 | |||||
| Treatment Dosage and Duration | XARELTO 10 mg once daily |
Enoxaparin 40 mg once daily |
RRR*, p-value |
XARELTO 10 mg once daily |
Enoxaparin† 40 mg once daily |
RRR*, p-value |
| Number of Patients | N=1513 | N=1473 | N=834 | N=835 | ||
| Total VTE | 17 (1.1%) | 57 (3.9%) | 71% (95% CI: 50, 83), p<0.001 |
17 (2.0%) | 70 (8.4%) | 76% (95% CI: 59, 86), p<0.001 |
| Components of Total VTE | ||||||
| Proximal DVT | 1 (0.1%) | 31 (2.1%) | 5 (0.6%) | 40 (4.8%) | ||
| Distal DVT | 12 (0.8%) | 26 (1.8%) | 11 (1.3%) | 43 (5.2%) | ||
| Non-fatal PE | 3 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 4 (0.5%) | ||
| Death (any cause) |
4 (0.3%) | 4 (0.3%) | 2 (0.2%) | 4 (0.5%) | ||
| Number of Patients | N=1600 | N=1587 | N=928 | N=929 | ||
| Major VTE‡ | 3 (0.2%) | 33 (2.1%) | 91% (95% CI: 71, 97), p<0.001 |
6 (0.7%) | 45 (4.8%) | 87% (95% CI: 69, 94), p<0.001 |
| Number of Patients | N=2103 | N=2119 | N=1178 | N=1179 | ||
| Symptomatic VTE | 5 (0.2%) | 11 (0.5%) | 3 (0.3%) | 15 (1.3%) | ||
| * Relative Risk Reduction; CI = confidence interval † Includes the placebo-controlled period of RECORD 2 ‡ Proximal DVT, nonfatal PE or VTE-related death |
||||||
One randomized, double-blind, clinical study (RECORD 3) in patients undergoing elective total knee replacement surgery compared XARELTO 10 mg once daily started at least 6 to 8 hours (about 90% of patients dosed 6 to 10 hours) after wound closure versus enoxaparin. In RECORD 3, the enoxaparin regimen was 40 mg once daily started 12 hours preoperatively. The mean age (± SD) of patients in the study was 68 ± 9.0 (range 28 to 91) years with 66% of patients ≥65 years. Sixty-eight percent (68%) of patients were female. Eighty-one percent (81%) of patients were White, less than 7% were Asian, and less than 2% were Black. The study excluded patients with severe renal impairment defined as an estimated creatinine clearance <30 mL/min or patients with significant liver disease (hepatitis or cirrhosis). The mean exposure duration (± SD) to active XARELTO and enoxaparin was 11.9 ± 2.3 and 12.5 ± 3.0 days, respectively. The efficacy data are provided in Table 23.
Table 23: Summary of Key Efficacy Analysis Results for Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement Surgery - Modified Intent-to-Treat Population
| RECORD 3 | |||
| Treatment Dosage and Duration |
XARELTO 10 mg once daily |
Enoxaparin 40 mg once daily |
RRR*, p-value |
| Number of Patients | N=813 | N=871 | |
| Total VTE | 79 (9.7%) | 164 (18.8%) | 48% (95% CI: 34, 60), p<0.001 |
| Components of events contributing to Total VTE | |||
| Proximal DVT | 9 (1.1%) | 19 (2.2%) | |
| Distal DVT | 74 (9.1%) | 154 (17.7%) | |
| Non-fatal PE | 0 | 4 (0.5%) | |
| Death (any cause) | 0 | 2 (0.2%) | |
| Number of Patients | N=895 | N=917 | |
| Major VTE† | 9 (1.0%) | 23 (2.5%) | 60% (95% CI: 14, 81), p = 0.024 |
| Number of Patients | N=1206 | N=1226 | |
| Symptomatic VTE | 8 (0.7%) | 24 (2.0%) | |
| * Relative Risk Reduction; CI = confidence interval † Proximal DVT, nonfatal PE or VTE-related death |
|||
The efficacy and safety of XARELTO for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients at risk for thromboembolic complications not at high risk of bleeding was evaluated in the MAGELLAN study (Multicenter, rAndomized, parallel Group Efficacy and safety study for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medically iLL patients comparing rivaroxabaN with enoxaparin [NCT00571649]). MAGELLAN was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group efficacy and safety study comparing XARELTO to enoxaparin, in the prevention of VTE in hospitalized acutely ill medical patients during the in-hospital and post-hospital discharge period. Eligible patients included adults who were at least 40 years of age, hospitalized for an acute medical illness, at risk of VTE due to moderate or severe immobility, and had additional risk factors for VTE. The population at risk of VTE was required to have one or more of the following VTE risk factors, i.e. prolonged immobilization, age ≥75 years, history of cancer, history of VTE, history of heart failure, thrombophilia, acute infectious disease contributing to the hospitalization and BMI ≥35 kg/m2). The causes for hospitalization included heart failure, active cancer, acute ischemic stroke, acute infectious and inflammatory disease and acute respiratory insufficiency. Patients were randomized to receive either XARELTO 10 mg once daily for 35 ±4 days starting in hospital and continuing post hospital discharge (n=4050) or enoxaparin 40 mg once daily for 10 ±4 days starting in hospital followed by placebo post-discharge (n=4051).
The major efficacy outcome in the MAGELLAN trial was a composite endpoint that included asymptomatic proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in lower extremity, symptomatic proximal or distal DVT in the lower extremity, symptomatic non-fatal pulmonary embolism (PE), and death related to venous thromboembolism (VTE).
A total of 6024 patients were evaluable for the major efficacy outcome analysis (2967 on XARELTO 10 mg once daily and 3057 on enoxaparin/placebo). The mean age was 68.9 years, with 37.1% of the subject population ≥ 75 years. VTE risk factors included severe immobilization at study entry (99.9%), D-dimer > 2X ULN (43.7%), history of heart failure (35.6%), BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 (15.2%), chronic venous insufficiency (14.9%), acute infectious disease (13.9%), severe varicosis (12.5%), history of cancer (16.2%), history of VTE (4.5%), hormone replacement therapy (1.1%), and thrombophilia (0.3%), recent major surgery (0.8%) and recent serious trauma (0.2%). The population was 54.7% male, 68.2% White, 20.4% Asian, 1.9% Black and 5.3% Other. Admitting diagnoses for hospitalization were acute infectious diseases (43.8%) followed by congestive heart failure NYHA class III or IV (33.2%), acute respiratory insufficiency (26.4%), acute ischemic stroke (18.5%) and acute inflammatory diseases (3.4%).
Table 24 shows the overall results from the prespecified, modified intent-to-treat (mITT) analysis for the efficacy outcomes and their components. This analysis excludes approximately 25% of the patients mainly due to no ultrasonographic assessment (13.5%), inadequate assessment at day 35 (8.1%), or lack of intake of study medication (1.3%).
Table 24: Efficacy Results at Day 35 (modified Intent-to-Treat) and at Day 10 (per protocol) in the MAGELLAN Study
| Events from Day 1 to Day 35, mITT analysis set | XARELTO 10 mg N=2967 n (%) |
Enoxaparin 40 mg/ placebo N=3057 n (%) |
RR (95% CI) |
| Primary Composite Endpoint at Day 35 | 131 (4.4%) | 175 (5.7%) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) |
| Symptomatic non-fatal PE | 10 (0.3) | 14 (0.5) | |
| Symptomatic DVT in lower extremity | 13 (0.4) | 15 (0.5) | |
| Asymptomatic proximal DVT in lower extremity | 103 (3.5) | 133 (4.4) | |
| VTE related death | 19 (0.6) | 30 (1.0) | |
| Events from Day 1 to Day 10, PP analysis set | XARELTO 10 mg N=2938 n (%) |
Enoxaparin 40 mg N=2993 n (%) |
RR (95% CI) |
| Primary Composite Endpoint at Day 10 | 78 (2.7) | 82 (2.7) | 0.97 (0.71, 1.31) |
| Symptomatic non-fatal PE | 6 (0.2) | 2 (<0.1) | |
| Symptomatic DVT in lower extremity | 7 (0.2) | 6 (0.2) | |
| Asymptomatic proximal DVT in lower extremity | 71 (2.4) | 71 (2.4) | |
| VTE related death | 3 (0.1) | 6 (0.2) | |
| mITT analysis set plus all-cause mortality | N=3096 n (%) |
N=3169 n (%) |
RR (95% CI) |
| Other Composite Endpoint at Day 35 | 266 (8.6) | 293 (9.2) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.09) |
| Symptomatic non-fatal PE | 10 (0.3) | 14 (0.4) | |
| Symptomatic DVT in lower extremity | 13 (0.4) | 15 (0.5) | |
| Asymptomatic proximal DVT in lower extremity | 103 (3.3) | 133 (4.2) | |
| All-cause mortality | 159 (5.1) | 153 (4.8) | |
| mITT: modified intent-to-treat; PP: per protocol; DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; PE: pulmonary embolism; VTE: venous thromboembolism; CI: Confidence Interval; RR: Relative Risk |
|||
Patients with bronchiectasis/pulmonary cavitation, active cancer, dual antiplatelet therapy or active gastroduodenal ulcer or any bleeding in the previous three months (19.4%) all had an excess of bleeding with XARELTO compared with enoxaparin/placebo. Therefore, patients meeting these criteria were excluded from the following analyses presented below.
Table 25 provides the efficacy results for the subgroup of patients not at a high risk of bleeding.
Table 25: Efficacy Results at Day 35 (modified Intent-to-Treat) and at Day 10 (per protocol) in patients not at a high risk of bleeding in the MAGELLAN Study*
| Events from Day 1 to Day 35, mITT analysis set | XARELTO 10 mg N=2419 n (%) |
Enoxaparin 40 mg/ placebo N=2506 n (%) |
RR (95% CI) |
| Primary Composite Endpoint at Day 35 | 94 (3.9) | 143 (5.7) | 0.68 (0.53, 0.88) |
| Symptomatic non-fatal PE | 7 (0.3) | 10 (0.4) | |
| Symptomatic DVT in lower extremity | 9 (0.4) | 10 (0.4) | |
| Asymptomatic proximal DVT in lower extremity | 73 (3.0) | 110 (4.4) | |
| VTE related death | 15 (0.6) | 26 (1.0) | |
| Events from Day 1 to Day 10, PP analysis set | XARELTO 10 mg N=2385 n (%) |
Enoxaparin 40 mg N=2433 n (%) |
RR (95% CI) |
| Primary Composite Endpoint at Day 10 | 58 (2.4) | 72 (3.0) | 0.82 (0.58, 1.15) |
| Symptomatic non-fatal PE | 5 (0.2) | 2 (<0.1) | |
| Symptomatic DVT in lower extremity | 6 (0.3) | 4 (0.2) | |
| Asymptomatic proximal DVT in lower extremity | 52 (2.2) | 62 (2.5) | |
| VTE related death | 2 (<0.1) | 6 (0.2) | |
| mITT analysis set plus all-cause mortality | N=2504 n (%) |
N=2583 n (%) |
RR (95% CI) |
| Other Composite Endpoint at Day 35 | 184 (7.3) | 225 (8.7) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.02) |
| Symptomatic non-fatal PE | 7 (0.3) | 10 (0.4) | |
| Symptomatic DVT in lower extremity | 9 (0.4) | 10 (0.4) | |
| Asymptomatic proximal DVT in lower extremity |
73 (2.9) | 110 (4.3) | |
| All-cause mortality | 107 (4.3) | 112 (4.3) | |
| * Patients at high risk of bleeding (i.e. bronchiectasis/pulmonary cavitation, active cancer, dual antiplatelet therapy or active gastroduodenal ulcer or any bleeding in the previous three months) were excluded. mITT: modified intent-to-treat; PP: per protocol; DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; PE: pulmonary embolism; VTE: venous thromboembolism; CI: Confidence Interval; RR: Relative Risk |
|||
The evidence for the efficacy and safety of XARELTO for the reduction in the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or peripheral artery disease (PAD) was derived from the double-blind, placebo-controlled Cardiovascular OutcoMes for People using Anticoagulation StrategieS trial (COMPASS) [NCT10776424]. A total of 27,395 patients were evenly randomized to rivaroxaban 2.5 mg orally twice daily plus aspirin 100 mg once daily, rivaroxaban 5 mg orally twice daily alone, or aspirin 100 mg once daily alone. Because the 5 mg dose alone was not superior to aspirin alone, only the data concerning the 2.5 mg dose plus aspirin are discussed below.
Patients with established CAD or PAD were eligible. Patients with CAD who were younger than 65 years of age were also required to have documentation of atherosclerosis involving at least two vascular beds or to have at least two additional cardiovascular risk factors (current smoking, diabetes mellitus, an estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <60 mL per minute, heart failure, or non-lacunar ischemic stroke ≥1 month earlier). Patients with PAD were either symptomatic with ankle brachial index <0.90 or had asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis ≥50%, a previous carotid revascularization procedure, or established ischemic disease of one or both lower extremities. Patients were excluded for use of dual antiplatelet, other non-aspirin antiplatelet, or oral anticoagulant therapies, ischemic, non-lacunar stroke within 1 month, hemorrhagic or lacunar stroke at any time, or eGFR <15 mL/min.
The mean age was 68 years and 21% of the subject population were ≥75 years. Of the included patients, 91% had CAD (and will be referred to as the COMPASS CAD population), 27% had PAD (and will be referred to as the COMPASS PAD population), and 18% had both CAD and PAD. Of the patients with CAD, 69% had prior MI, 60% had prior percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)/atherectomy/ percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and 26% had history of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) prior to study. Of the patients with PAD, 49% had intermittent claudication, 27% had peripheral artery bypass surgery or peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, 26% had asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis > 50%, and 4% had limb or foot amputation for arterial vascular disease.
The mean duration of follow-up was 23 months. Relative to placebo, XARELTO reduced the rate of the primary composite outcome of stroke, myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death: HR 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.86; p=0.00004). In the COMPASS CAD population, the benefit was observed early with a constant treatment effect over the entire treatment period (see Table 26 and Figure 10).
A benefit-risk analysis of the data from COMPASS was performed by comparing the number of CV events (CV deaths, myocardial infarctions and non-hemorrhagic strokes) prevented to the number of fatal or life-threatening bleeding events (fatal bleeds + symptomatic non-fatal bleeds into a critical organ) in the XARELTO group versus the placebo group. Compared to placebo, during 10,000 patient-years of treatment, XARELTO would be expected to result in 70 fewer CV events and 12 additional life-threatening bleeds, indicating a favorable balance of benefits and risks.
The results in the COMPASS CAD population were consistent across major subgroups (see Figure 9).
Figure 9: Risk of Primary Efficacy Outcome by Baseline Characteristics in the COMPASS CAD Population (Intent-to-Treat Population)*
 |
| *All patients received aspirin 100 mg once daily as background therapy. |
Table 26: Efficacy results from COMPASS CAD Population*
| Event | XARELTO† N=8313 |
Placebo† N=8261 |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) ‡ |
||
| n (%) | Event Rate (%/year) |
n (%) | Event Rate (%/year) |
||
| Stroke, MI or CV death | 347 (4.2) | 2.2 | 460 (5.6) | 2.9 | 0.74 (0.65, 0.86) |
|
74 (0.9) | 0.5 | 130 (1.6) | 0.8 | 0.56 (0.42, 0.75) |
|
169 (2.0) | 1.1 | 195 (2.4) | 1.2 | 0.86 (0.70, 1.05) |
|
139 (1.7) | 0.9 | 184 (2.2) | 1.1 | 0.75 (0.60, 0.93) |
| Coronary heart disease death, MI, ischemic stroke, acute limb ischemia | 299 (3.6) | 1.9 | 411 (5.0) | 2.6 | 0.72 (0.62, 0.83) |
|
80 (1.0) | 0.5 | 107 (1.3) | 0.7 | 0.74 (0.55, 0.99) |
|
56 (0.7) | 0.3 | 114 (1.4) | 0.7 | 0.49 (0.35, 0.67) |
|
13 (0.2) | 0.1 | 27 (0.3) | 0.2 | 0.48 (0.25, 0.93) |
| CV death,¶ MI, ischemic stroke, acute limb ischemia | 349 (4.2) | 2.2 | 470 (5.7) | 3.0 | 0.73 (0.64, 0.84) |
| All-cause mortality | 262 (3.2) | 1.6 | 339 (4.1) | 2.1 | 0.77 (0.65, 0.90) |
| * intention to treat analysis set, primary analyses. † Treatment schedule: XARELTO 2.5 mg twice daily vs placebo. All patients received aspirin 100 mg once daily as background therapy. ‡ XARELTO vs. placebo. § Coronary heart disease death: death due to acute MI, sudden cardiac death, or CV procedure. ¶ CV death includes CHD death, or death due to other CV causes or unknown death. # Acute limb ischemia is defined as limb-threatening ischemia leading to an acute vascular intervention (i.e., pharmacologic, peripheral arterial surgery/reconstruction, peripheral angioplasty/stent, or amputation). CHD: coronary heart disease, CI: confidence interval; CV: cardiovascular; MI: myocardial infarction |
|||||
Figure 10: Time to First Occurrence of Primary Efficacy Outcome (Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, Cardiovascular Death) in the COMPASS CAD Population*
 |
| *All patients received aspirin 100 mg once daily as background therapy. CI: confidence interval |
The efficacy and safety of XARELTO 2.5 mg orally twice daily versus placebo on a background of aspirin 100 mg once daily in patients with PAD were evaluated in the COMPASS study (n=4996) and will be referred to as the COMPASS PAD population [see Reduction Of Risk Of Major Cardiovascular Events In Patients With CAD].
The efficacy and safety of XARELTO were also evaluated for the reduction in the risk of the composite endpoint of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular death, acute limb ischemia (ALI), and major amputation of a vascular etiology in patients undergoing a lower extremity infrainguinal revascularization procedure due to symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the double-blinded, placebo-controlled Vascular Outcomes studY of ASA alonG with rivaroxaban in Endovascular or surgical limb Revascularization for peripheral artery disease (PAD) trial (VOYAGER) [NCT02504216]. A total of 6,564 patients were equally randomized to XARELTO 2.5 mg orally twice daily vs placebo on a background therapy of aspirin 100 mg once daily.
Eligible patients included adults who were at least 50 years of age with documented moderate to severe symptomatic lower extremity atherosclerotic PAD who had a successful peripheral surgical procedure and/or endovascular procedure with or without clopidogrel (up to a maximum of 6 months was allowed; median duration of therapy was 31 days). Patients had either a prior history of limb revascularization with ankle brachial index ≤0.85 or no prior history of limb revascularization with ankle brachial index ≤0.80. Patients in need of dual antiplatelet for >6 months, or any additional antiplatelet other than aspirin and clopidogrel, or oral anticoagulant, as well as patients with a history of intracranial hemorrhage, stroke, or transient ischemic attack (TIA), or patients with eGFR <15 mL/min were excluded.
The mean age was 67 years and 20% of the subject population was ≥75 years. Of the included patients, 35% had surgical revascularization, 47% had endovascular revascularization with clopidogrel, and 18% endovascular revascularization without clopidogrel. The median duration of follow-up was 30.8 months.
XARELTO 2.5 mg twice daily was superior to placebo in reducing the rate of the primary composite outcome of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular death, acute limb ischemia (ALI), and major amputation of a vascular etiology. The primary efficacy outcome and its components are provided in Table 27. The Kaplan-Meier plot for the primary efficacy outcome can be seen in Figure 11. The secondary efficacy outcomes were tested for superiority in a prespecified, hierarchical order and the first five of seven endpoints were significantly reduced in the rivaroxaban treatment arm (see Table 27). Compared to placebo during 10,000 patient-years of treatment, XARELTO would be expected to result in 181 fewer primary outcome events and 29 more TIMI major bleeding events, indicating a favorable balance of benefits and risks.
Figure 11: Time to First Occurrence of Primary Efficacy Outcome (Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Stroke, Cardiovascular Death, Acute Limb Ischemia, Major Amputation due to Vascular Origins) in VOYAGER*
 |
| *All patients received aspirin 100 mg once daily as background therapy. |
Figure 12 shows the risk of primary efficacy outcome across major subgroups. Subgroup analyses must be interpreted cautiously, as differences can reflect the play of chance among a large number of analyses. The primary efficacy endpoint generally shows homogeneous results across subgroups.
Figure 12: Risk of Primary Efficacy Outcome by Baseline Characteristics in VOYAGER (Intent-to-Treat Population)*
 |
| *All patients received aspirin 100 mg once daily as background therapy. |
Table 27 provides the efficacy event rates for the prespecified endpoints in VOYAGER and similar endpoints in the COMPASS PAD population.
Table 27: Efficacy Results in VOYAGER (Intent-to-Treat Population) and COMPASS PAD
| Outcome Components |
VOYAGER | COMPASS PAD | ||||
| XARELTO N=3286 |
Placebo N=3278 |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)* p-value† |
XARELTO N=2492 |
Placebo N=2504 |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)* |
|
| Event Rate (%/year) |
Event Rate (%/year) |
|||||
| 5-Component Outcome (Major thrombotic vascular events)‡ | 6.8 | 8.0 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) p=0.0085 |
3.4 | 4.8 | 0.71 (0.57, 0.87) |
| MI | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.88 (0.70, 1.12) |
1.1 | 1.5 | 0.76 (0.53, 1.09) |
| Ischemic Stroke§ | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.87 (0.63, 1.19) |
0.5 | 0.9 | 0.55 (0.33, 0.93) |
| CV death¶ | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.14 (0.93, 1.40) |
1.4 | 1.7 | 0.82 (0.59, 1.14) |
| ALI | 2.0 | 3.0 | 0.67 (0.55, 0.82) |
0.4 | 0.8 | 0.56 (0.32, 0.99) |
| Major amputation of a vascular etiology# | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) |
0.2 | 0.6 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.79) |
| VOYAGER Secondary Efficacy OutcomesÞ | ||||||
| MI, ischemic stroke, CHD death,ß ALI, and major amputation due to vascular etiology | 5.8 | 7.3 | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) p=0.0008 |
2.8 | 4.2 | 0.66 (0.53, 0.83) |
| Unplanned index limb revascularization for recurrent limb ischemiaà | 8.4 | 9.5 | 0.88 (0.79, 0.99) p=0.028 |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Hospitalization for a coronary or peripheral cause of a thrombotic nature# | 3.5 | 4.8 | 0.72 (0.62, 0.85) p<0.0001 |
1.7 | 2.9 | 0.58 (0.44, 0.77) |
| MI, ischemic stroke, all-cause mortality, ALI, and major amputation due to vascular etiology | 8.2 | 9.3 | 0.89 (0.79, 0.99) p=0.029 |
4.8 | 6.0 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) |
| MI, all-cause stroke, CV death, ALI, and major amputation due to vascular etiology | 6.9 | 8.1 | 0.86 (0.76, 0.96) p=0.010 |
3.4 | 4.9 | 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) |
| All-cause mortality | 4.0 | 3.7 | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) |
2.8 | 3.1 | 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) |
| VTE eventsè | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.61 (0.37, 1.00) |
0.2 | 0.3 | 0.67 (0.30, 1.49) |
| Efficacy endpoints in COMPASS PAD were analysed according to the pre-specified endpoints in VOYAGER when applicable. * XARELTO vs. placebo. † Two-sided p-values ‡ Major thrombotic vascular event is the composite of MI, ischemic stroke, CV death, ALI, and major amputation of a vascular etiology. § Ischemic stroke for VOYAGER included stroke of uncertain/unknown etiology whereas COMPASS only included ischemic stroke. ¶ CV death includes Coronary Heart Disease death, or death due to other CV causes or sudden cardiac arrest and unknown death. # Adjudicated events in VOYAGER and investigator reported events in COMPASS Þ Secondary outcomes for VOYAGER were tested sequentially. ß CHD death includes death due to sudden cardiac death, MI, or coronary revascularization procedure à Unplanned index limb revascularization for recurrent limb ischemia was not captured in COMPASS study. è Investigator reported in VOYAGER and adjudicated events in COMPASS ALI=acute limb ischemia, CHD=coronary heart disease; CI=confidence interval, CV=cardiovascular; MI=myocardial infarction, VTE=venous thromboembolism. |
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XARELTO for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and reduction in the risk of recurrent VTE was evaluated in the EINSTEIN Junior Phase 3 study [NCT02234843], a multicenter, open-label, active-controlled, randomized study in 500 pediatric patients from birth to less than 18 years with confirmed VTE. There were 276 children aged 12 to <18 years, 101 children aged 6 to <12 years, 69 children aged 2 to <6 years, and 54 children aged <2 years. Patients <6 months of age were excluded from enrollment if they were <37 weeks of gestation at birth, or had <10 days of oral feeding, or had a body weight of <2.6 kg.
Index VTE was classified as either central venous catheter-related VTE (CVC-VTE), cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis (CVST), and all other VTE including DVT and PE (non-CVC-VTE).
Patients received initial treatment with therapeutic dosages of unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), or fondaparinux for at least 5 days, and were randomized 2:1 to receive either body weight-adjusted doses of XARELTO (exposures to match that of 20 mg daily dose in adults) or comparator group (UFH, LMWH, fondaparinux or VKA) for a main study treatment period of 3 months (or 1 month for children <2 years with CVC-VTE). A diagnostic imaging test was obtained at baseline and at the end of the main study treatment. When clinically necessary, treatment was extended up to 12 months in total (or up to 3 months in total for children <2 years with CVC-VTE).
Table 28 displays the primary and secondary efficacy results.
Table 28: Efficacy Results in EINSTEIN Junior Study – Full Analysis Set
| Event | XARELTO* N=335 n (%) (95% CI)† |
Comparator Group‡ N=165 n (%) (95% CI)† |
XARELTO vs. Comparator Group Risk Difference (95% CI)§ |
XARELTO vs. Comparator Group Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
| Primary efficacy outcome: Symptomatic recurrent VTE | 4 (1.2) (0.4%, 3.0%) |
5 (3.0) (1.2%, 6.6%) |
-1.8% (-6.0%, 0.6%) |
0.40 (0.11, 1.41) |
| Secondary efficacy outcome: Symptomatic recurrent VTE or asymptomatic deterioration on repeat imaging | 5 (1.5) (0.6%, 3.4%) |
6 (3.6) (1.6%, 7.6%) |
-2.1% (-6.5%, 0.6%) |
|
| * Treatment schedule: body weight-adjusted doses of XARELTO (exposures to match that of 20 mg daily dose in adults); randomized 2:1 (XARELTO: Comparator). † Confidence intervals for incidence proportion were calculated by applying the method of Blyth-Still-Casella. ‡ Unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), fondaparinux or VKA. § Confidence intervals for difference in incidence proportions were calculated by unstratified exact method according to Agresti-Min using the standardized test statistic and inverting a two-sided test. |
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Complete resolution of thrombus on repeat imaging without recurrent VTE occurred in 128 of 335 children (38.2%, 95% CI 33.0%, 43.5%) in the XARELTO group and 43 of 165 children (26.1%, 95% CI 19.8%, 33.0%) in the comparator group. Symptomatic recurrent VTE or major bleeding events occurred in 4 of 335 children (1.2%, 95% CI 0.4%, 3.0%) in the XARELTO group and 7 of 165 children (4.2%, 95% CI 2.0%, 8.4%) in the comparator group.
The efficacy and safety of XARELTO for thromboprophylaxis in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease who have undergone the Fontan procedure was evaluated in the UNIVERSE Phase 3 study [NCT02846532]. UNIVERSE was a prospective, open-label, active controlled, multicenter, 2-part study, designed to evaluate the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic properties of XARELTO (Part A), and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of XARELTO when used for thromboprophylaxis for 12 months compared with aspirin (Part B) in children 2 to 8 years of age with single ventricle physiology who had the Fontan procedure. Patients in Part B were randomized 2:1 to receive either body weight-adjusted doses of XARELTO (exposures to match that of 10 mg daily dose in adults) or aspirin (approximately 5 mg/kg). Patients with eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 were excluded.
The median time between Fontan procedure and the first dose of XARELTO was 4 (range: 2-61) days in Part A and 34 (range: 2-124) days in part B. In comparison, the median time to initiating aspirin was 24 (range 2-117) days.
Table 29 displays the primary efficacy results.
Table 29: Efficacy Results in UNIVERSE Study – Full Analysis Set
| Event | Part A* | Part B† | ||
| XARELTO N=12 n (%) (95% CI)‡ |
XARELTO§ N=64 n (%) (95% CI)‡ |
Aspirin§ N=34 n (%) (95% CI) ‡ |
XARELTO vs. Aspirin Risk Difference (95% CI)¶ |
|
| Primary efficacy outcome: any thrombotic event |
1 (8.3) (0.4%, 34.9%) |
1 (1.6) (0.1%, 7.8%) |
3 (8.8) (2.4%, 22.2%) |
-7.3% (-21.7%, 1.1%) |
| Ischemic stroke | 0 (0.0%, 23.6%) |
0 (0.0%, 5.6%) |
1 (2.9) 0.2%, 15.1%) |
-2.9% (-16.2%, 2.9%) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 0 (0.0%, 23.6%) |
1 (1.6) (0.1%, 7.8%) |
0 (0.0%, 9.0%) |
1.6% (-9.9%, 8.4%) |
| Venous thrombosis | 1 (8.3) (0.4%, 34.9%) |
0 (0.0%, 5.6%) |
2 (5.9) (1.1%, 18.8%) |
-5.9% (-20.6%, -0.1%) |
| * Part A: single arm; not randomized † Part B: randomized 2:1 (XARELTO: Aspirin) ‡ Confidence intervals for incidence proportion were calculated by applying the method of Blyth-Still-Casella. § Treatment schedule: body weight-adjusted doses of XARELTO (exposures to match that of 10 mg daily dose in adults) or aspirin (approximately 5 mg/kg) ¶ Confidence intervals for difference in incidence proportions were calculated by unstratified exact method according to Agresti-Min using the standardized test statistic and inverting a two-sided test. |
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XARELTO®
(zah-REL-toe)
(rivaroxaban) tablets
XARELTO®
(zah-REL-toe)
(rivaroxaban) oral suspension
What is the most important information I should know about XARELTO?
XARELTO may cause serious side effects, including:
Do not stop taking XARELTO without talking to the doctor who prescribes it for you. Stopping XARELTO increases your risk of having a stroke. If you have to stop taking XARELTO, your doctor may prescribe another blood thinner medicine to prevent a blood clot from forming.
You may have a higher risk of bleeding if you take XARELTO and take other medicines that increase your risk of bleeding, including:
Tell your doctor if you take any of these medicines. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure if your medicine is one listed above.
Call your doctor or get medical help right away if you or your child develop any of these signs or symptoms of bleeding:
If you take XARELTO and receive spinal anesthesia or have a spinal puncture, your doctor should watch you closely for symptoms of spinal or epidural blood clots.
Tell your doctor right away if you have:
XARELTO is not for use in people with artificial heart valves.
XARELTO is not for use in people with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), especially with positive triple antibody testing.
What is XARELTO?
XARELTO is a prescription medicine used to:
XARELTO is used with low dose aspirin to:
XARELTO is used in children to:
XARELTO was not studied and is not recommended in children less than 6 months of age who:
Do not take XARELTO if you or your child:
Before taking XARELTO, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you or your child:
Tell all of your doctors and dentists that you or your child are taking XARELTO. They should talk to the doctor who prescribed XARELTO for you before you have any surgery, medical or dental procedure.
Tell your doctor about all the medicines you or your child take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Some of your other medicines may affect the way XARELTO works, causing side effects. Certain medicines may increase your risk of bleeding. See “What is the most important information I should know about XARELTO?”
Especially tell your doctor if you or your child take:
How should I take XARELTO?
If you take XARELTO for:
For children who take XARELTO:
What are the possible side effects of XARELTO?
XARELTO may cause serious side effects:
The most common side effect of XARELTO in adults was bleeding.
The most common side effects of XARELTO in children include:
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1 800-FDA-1088.
How should I store XARELTO?
Keep XARELTO and all medicines out of the reach of children.
Discard XARELTO suspension after “Discard after” date written on the bottle.
General information about the safe and effective use of XARELTO.
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use XARELTO for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give XARELTO to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about XARELTO that is written for health professionals.
What are the ingredients in XARELTO?
Active ingredient: rivaroxaban
Inactive ingredients tablets: croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate.
The proprietary film coating mixture for XARELTO 2.5 mg tablets is Opadry® Light Yellow and contains: ferric oxide yellow, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 3350, and titanium dioxide.
The proprietary film coating mixture for XARELTO 10 mg tablets is Opadry® Pink and contains: ferric oxide red, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 3350, and titanium dioxide.
The proprietary film coating mixture for XARELTO 15 mg tablets is Opadry® Red and contains: ferric oxide red, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 3350, and titanium dioxide.
The proprietary film coating mixture for XARELTO 20 mg tablets is Opadry® II Dark Red and contains: ferric oxide red, polyethylene glycol 3350, polyvinyl alcohol (partially hydrolyzed), talc, and titanium dioxide.
Inactive ingredients for oral suspension: anhydrous citric acid, hypromellose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium benzoate, sucralose, sweet and creamy flavor, and xanthan gum.
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Revised: Feb 2023
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
XARELTO®
(zah-REL-toe)
(rivaroxaban) for oral suspension
 |
This Instructions for Use contains information on how to give a dose of XARELTO oral suspension.
Read this Instructions for Use before giving XARELTO and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This leaflet does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your child’s medical condition or treatment.
Important information:
Contact your doctor or pharmacist if the oral dosing syringe is missing, lost or damaged.
Storage information
Store XARELTO oral suspension at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). Do not freeze.
Store the bottle upright with the oral dosing syringes in the original carton.
Keep XARELTO and all medicines out of reach of children.
XARELTO Oral Dosing Syringe:
Side 1: Dosing in milliliters (mL)
 |
Side 2: Dosing with color band* (mL)
 |
XARELTO Bottle
 |
Step 1 Get ready
 |
Check “Discard after” date on the XARELTO bottle.
If “Discard after” date has passed, do not use and call your doctor or pharmacist.
 |
Wash hands.
Wash your hands well with soap and warm water.
Step 2 Prepare XARELTO
 |
Shake bottle slowly for 10 seconds before each use.
Do not shake the bottle too fast to avoid foaming.
Foaming may lead to giving the wrong dose.
 |
Check XARELTO oral suspension.
If there are lumps or granules at the bottom of the bottle, shake the bottle slowly again for 10 seconds.
Step 3 Check the prescribed dose
Find your dose line.
You can use either side of the syringe to set your dose.
If using mL side of syringe:
Top of the plunger should line up with the prescribed mL.
If using color side of syringe:
Top of the plunger should line up with the prescribed mL dose line at the bottom of the color band.
Only use the oral dosing syringe provided with XARELTO oral suspension.
 |
If your dose is more than 5 mL.
You will need to use the same syringe more than one time. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 to complete your dose. Ask your pharmacist if you are not sure.
 |
Step 4 Set prescribed dose
 |
Push plunger all the way in to remove air.
 |
Insert oral dosing syringe into bottle adaptor.
Twist off the cap from the bottle.
Do not remove the bottle adaptor from the bottle.
Insert the syringe tip into the bottle adaptor.
 |
Fill oral dosing syringe.
Turn the bottle upside down, as shown.
Pull the plunger to fill the oral dosing syringe slightly past your prescribed dose line to help remove any air bubbles.
CAUTION:
Make sure you have enough medicine for a full dose. Do not take a partial dose.
 |
Tap syringe to move air bubbles to the top.
Doing this helps set the correct dose.
 |
Adjust to your prescribed dose.
If using mL side of syringe: Push plunger to align with the prescribed dose line.
If using color side of syringe: Push plunger to align with the prescribed mL dose line at the bottom of the color band.
 |
Remove oral dosing syringe.
Place the bottle on a flat surface.
Remove the oral dosing syringe from the bottle.
Step 5 Give the dose
 |
Give the dose.
Place the oral dosing syringe gently into the child’s mouth with the tip of the syringe pointing toward the cheek and slowly press the plunger.
This allows the child to swallow naturally.
Make sure the child swallows the full dose.
If your child vomits or spits out the medicine repeatedly, contact your child’s doctor right away.
If your dose is more than 5 mL, you will need to use the same syringe more than one time. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 to complete your dose.
Step 6 Rinse and store
 |
Close XARELTO bottle and rinse oral dosing syringe.
Rinse the oral dosing syringe with tap water and let it air dry.
Do not place the oral dosing syringe in the dishwasher.
Disposing XARELTO bottle and syringe
This Instructions for Use has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
