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VEMLIDY®
(tenofovir alafenamide) Tablets
WARNING
POST TREATMENT SEVERE ACUTE EXACERBATION OF HEPATITIS B
Discontinuation of anti-hepatitis B therapy, including VEMLIDY, may result in severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who discontinue anti-hepatitis B therapy, including VEMLIDY. If appropriate, resumption of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
VEMLIDY is a tablet containing tenofovir alafenamide for oral administration. Tenofovir alafenamide, a hepatitis B virus (HBV) nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, is converted in vivo to tenofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (nucleotide) analog of adenosine 5′-monophosphate.
Each tablet contains 25 mg of tenofovir alafenamide (equivalent to 28 mg of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate). The tablets include the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, and microcrystalline cellulose. The tablets are film coated with a coating material containing: iron oxide yellow, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide.
The chemical name of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate drug substance is L-alanine, N- [(S)-[[(1R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-methylethoxy]methyl]phenoxyphosphinyl]-, 1- methylethyl ester, (2E)-2-butenedioate (2:1).
It has an empirical formula of C21H29O5N6P•½(C4H4O4) and a formula weight of 534.50.
It has the following structural formula:
 |
Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate is a white to off-white or tan powder with a solubility of 4.7 mg per mL in water at 20 °C.
VEMLIDY is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in adults with compensated liver disease [see Clinical Studies].
Prior to initiation of VEMLIDY, patients should be tested for HIV-1 infection. VEMLIDY alone should not be used in patients with HIV-1 infection [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Prior to or when initiating VEMLIDY, and during treatment with VEMLIDY on a clinically appropriate schedule, assess serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance, urine glucose, and urine protein in all patients. In patients with chronic kidney disease, also assess serum phosphorus [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
The recommended dosage of VEMLIDY is 25 mg (one tablet) taken orally once daily with food [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
No dosage adjustment of VEMLIDY is required in patients with estimated creatinine clearance greater than or equal to 15 mL per minute, or in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD; estimated creatinine clearance below 15 mL per minute) who are receiving chronic hemodialysis. On days of hemodialysis, administer VEMLIDY after completion of hemodialysis treatment.
VEMLIDY is not recommended in patients with ESRD who are not receiving chronic hemodialysis [see Use In Specific Populations and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
No dosage adjustment of VEMLIDY is required in patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A). VEMLIDY is not recommended in patients with decompensated (Child-Pugh B or C) hepatic impairment [see Use In Specific Populations and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
25 mg of tenofovir alafenamide (equivalent to 28 mg of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate) — yellow, round, film-coated tablets, debossed with “GSI” on one side of the tablet and “25” on the other side.
VEMLIDY tablets containing 25 mg of tenofovir alafenamide are yellow, round, film-coated, debossed with “GSI” on one side and “25” on the other side. Each bottle contains 30 tablets (NDC 61958-2301-1), a silica gel desiccant, polyester coil, and is closed with a child-resistant closure.
Store below 30 °C (86 °F).
Manufactured by: Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, CA 94404. Revised: Feb 2019
The following adverse reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The safety assessment of VEMLIDY was based on pooled data through the Week 96 data analysis from 1298 subjects in two randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trials, Study 108 and Study 110, in adult subjects with chronic hepatitis B and compensated liver disease. A total of 866 subjects received VEMLIDY 25 mg once daily [see Clinical Studies]. Further safety assessment was based on pooled data from Studies 108 and 110 from subjects who continued to receive their original blinded treatment through Week 120 and additionally from subjects who received open-label VEMLIDY from Week 96 through Week 120 (n = 361 remained on VEMLIDY; n = 180 switched from TDF to VEMLIDY at Week 96).
Based on the Week 96 analysis, the most common adverse reaction (all Grades) reported in at least 10% of subjects in the VEMLIDY group was headache. The proportion of subjects who discontinued treatment with VEMLIDY or TDF due to adverse reactions of any severity was 1.5% and 0.9%, respectively. Table 1 displays the frequency of the adverse reactions (all Grades) greater than or equal to 5% in the VEMLIDY group.
Table 1 Adverse Reactionsa (All Grades) Reported in ≥5% of Subjects with
Chronic HBV Infection and Compensated Liver Disease in Studies
108 and 110 (Week 96 analysisb)
| VEMLIDY (N=866) |
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) (N=432) |
|
| Headache | 12% | 10% |
| Abdominal painc | 9% | 6% |
| Cough | 8% | 8% |
| Back pain | 6% | 6% |
| Fatigue | 6% | 5% |
| Nausea | 6% | 6% |
| Arthralgia | 5% | 6% |
| Diarrhea | 5% | 5% |
| Dyspepsia | 5% | 5% |
|
a. Frequencies of adverse reactions are based on all treatment-emergent adverse events, regardless of relationship to study drug. b. Double-blind phase c. Grouped term including abdominal pain upper, abdominal pain, abdominal pain lower, and abdominal tenderness. |
||
Additional adverse reactions occurring in less than 5% of subjects in Studies 108 and 110 included vomiting, rash, and flatulence.
The safety profile of VEMLIDY in subjects who continued to receive blinded treatment through Week 120 was similar to that at Week 96. The safety profile of VEMLIDY in subjects who remained on VEMLIDY in the open-label phase through Week 120 was similar to that in subjects who switched from TDF to VEMLIDY at Week 96.
In a pooled analysis of Studies 108 and 110 in adult subjects with chronic hepatitis B and a median baseline estimated creatinine clearance between 106 and 105 mL per minute (for the VEMLIDY and TDF groups, respectively), mean serum creatinine increased by less than 0.1 mg/dL and median serum phosphorus decreased by 0.1 mg/dL in both treatment groups at Week 96. Median change from baseline to Week 96 in estimated creatinine clearance was -1.2 mL per minute in the VEMLIDY group and 4.8 mL per minute in those receiving TDF.
In subjects who remained on blinded treatment beyond Week 96 in Studies 108 and 110, change from baseline in renal laboratory parameter values in each group at Week 120 were similar to those at Week 96. In the open-label phase, median change in eGFR from Week 96 to Week 120 was -0.6 mL per minute in subjects who remained on VEMLIDY and 1.8 mL per minute in those who switched from TDF to VEMLIDY at Week 96. Mean serum creatinine and median serum phosphorus values at Week 120 were similar to those at Week 96 in subjects who remained on VEMLIDY and in subjects who switched from TDF to VEMLIDY.
The long-term clinical significance of these renal laboratory changes on adverse reaction frequencies between VEMLIDY and TDF is not known.
In a pooled analysis of Studies 108 and 110, the mean percentage change in bone mineral density (BMD) from baseline to Week 96 as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was -0.7% with VEMLIDY compared to -2.6% with TDF at the lumbar spine and -0.3% compared to -2.5% at the total hip. BMD declines of 5% or greater at the lumbar spine were experienced by 11% of VEMLIDY subjects and 25% of TDF subjects at Week 96. BMD declines of 7% or greater at the femoral neck were experienced by 5% of VEMLIDY subjects and 13% of TDF subjects at Week 96.
In subjects who remained on blinded treatment beyond Week 96 in Studies 108 and 110, mean percentage change in BMD in each group at Week 120 was similar to that at Week 96. In the open-label phase, mean percentage change in BMD from Week 96 to Week 120 in subjects who remained on VEMLIDY was 0.6% at the lumbar spine and 0% at the total hip, compared to 1.7% at the lumber spine and 0.6% at the total hip in those who switched from TDF to VEMLIDY.
The long-term clinical significance of these BMD changes is not known.
The frequency of laboratory abnormalities (Grades 3–4) occurring in at least 2% of subjects receiving VEMLIDY in Studies 108 and 110 are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Laboratory Abnormalities (Grades 3–4) Reported in ≥2% of Subjectswith Chronic HBV Infection and Compensated Liver Disease in Studies 108 and 110 (Week 96 analysisa)
| Laboratory Parameter Abnormalityb | VEMLIDY (N=866) |
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (N=432) |
| ALT (>5 x ULN) | 8% | 10% |
| LDL-cholesterol (fasted) (>190 mg/dL) | 6% | 1% |
| Glycosuria (≥3+) | 5% | 2% |
| AST (>5 x ULN) | 3% | 5% |
| Creatine Kinase (≥10 x ULN) | 3% | 3% |
| Serum Amylase (>2.0 x ULN) | 3% | 3% |
|
ULN=Upper Limit of Normal a. Double-blind phase b. Frequencies are based on treatment-emergent laboratory abnormalities. |
||
The overall incidence of blinded treatment ALT flares (defined as confirmed serum ALT greater than 2 × baseline and greater than 10 × ULN at 2 consecutive postbaseline visits, with or without associated symptoms) was similar between VEMLIDY (0.6%) and TDF (0.9%) through Week 96. ALT flares generally were not associated with coincident elevations in bilirubin, occurred within the first 12 weeks of treatment, and resolved without recurrence.
Based on the Week 120 analysis, the frequencies of lab abnormalities in subjects who remained on VEMLIDY in the open-label phase were similar to those in subjects who switched from TDF to VEMLIDY at Week 96.
At Week 96, in Studies 108 and 110, eight subjects treated with VEMLIDY with elevated amylase levels had associated symptoms, such as nausea, low back pain; abdominal tenderness, pain, and distension; and biliary pancreatitis and pancreatitis. Of these eight, two subjects discontinued VEMLIDY due to elevated amylase and/or lipase; one subject experienced recurrence of adverse events when VEMLIDY was restarted. No subject treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate had associated symptoms or discontinued treatment.
From Week 96 to Week 120, one additional subject who continued open-label VEMLIDY and none of the subjects who switched from TDF to VEMLIDY had elevated amylase levels and associated symptoms.
Changes from baseline in total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol to HDL ratio among subjects treated with VEMLIDY and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Lipid Abnormalities: Mean Change from Baseline in Lipid Parametersin Patients with Chronic HBV Infection and Compensated LiverDisease in Studies 108 and 110 (Week 96 Analysis)
| VEMLIDY (N=866) |
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (N=432) |
|||
| Baseline | Week 96 | Baseline | Week 96 | |
| mg/dL | Changea | mg/dL | Changea | |
| Total Cholesterol (fasted) | 188 [n=835] | -1 [n=742] | 193 [n=423] | -25 [n=368] |
| HDL-Cholesterol (fasted) | 60 [n=835] | -5 [n=740] | 61 [n=423] | -12 [n=368] |
| LDL-Cholesterol (fasted) | 116 [n=835] | +7 [n=741] | 120 [n=423] | -10 [n=368] |
| Triglycerides (fasted) | 102 [n=836] | +13 [n=743] | 102 [n=423] | -7 [n=368] |
| Total Cholesterol to HDL ratio | 3 [n=835] | 0 [n=740] | 3 [n=423] | 0 [n=368] |
| a. The change from baseline is the mean of within-subject changes from baseline for subjects with both baseline and Week 96 values. | ||||
In the open-label phase, lipid parameters at Week 120 in subjects who remained on VEMLIDY were similar to those at Week 96. In subjects who switched from TDF to VEMLIDY, mean change from Week 96 to Week 120 in total cholesterol was 23 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol was 5 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol was 16 mg/dL, triglycerides was 30 mg/dL, and total cholesterol to HDL ratio was 0 mg/dL.
The following events have been identified during post approval use of VEMLIDY. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Angioedema, urticaria
VEMLIDY is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP. Drugs that strongly affect P-gp and BCRP activity may lead to changes in tenofovir alafenamide absorption (see Table 4). Drugs that induce P-gp activity are expected to decrease the absorption of tenofovir alafenamide, resulting in decreased plasma concentrations of tenofovir alafenamide, which may lead to loss of therapeutic effect of VEMLIDY. Coadministration of VEMLIDY with other drugs that inhibit P-gp and BCRP may increase the absorption and plasma concentration of tenofovir alafenamide.
Because tenofovir is primarily excreted by the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion, coadministration of VEMLIDY with drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and other renally eliminated drugs and this may increase the risk of adverse reactions. Some examples of drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, cidofovir, ganciclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin), and high-dose or multiple NSAIDs [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Table 4 provides a listing of established or potentially clinically significant drug interactions. The drug interactions described are based on studies conducted with tenofovir alafenamide or are predicted drug interactions that may occur with VEMLIDY [For magnitude of interaction, see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Information regarding potential drug-drug interactions with HIV antiretrovirals is not provided (see the prescribing information for emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide for interactions with HIV antiretrovirals). The table includes potentially significant interactions but is not all inclusive.
Table 4: Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactionsa
| Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name |
Effect on Concentrationb | Clinical Comment |
| Anticonvulsants: carbamazepinec* oxcarbazepine* phenobarbital* phenytoin* |
↓ tenofovir alafenamide | When coadministered with carbamazepine, the tenofovir alafenamide dose should be increased to two tablets once daily.
Coadministration of VEMLIDY with oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin is not recommended. |
| Antimycobacterial: Rifabutin* Rifampin* Rifapentine* |
↓ tenofovir alafenamide | Coadministration of VEMLIDY with rifabutin, rifampin or rifapentine is not recommended. |
| Herbal Products: St. John’s wort* (Hypericum perforatum) |
↓ tenofovir alafenamide | Coadministration of VEMLIDY with St. John’s wort is not recommended. |
|
a. This table is not all inclusive. b. ↓ = decrease. c. Indicates that a drug interaction study was conducted. * P-gp inducer |
||
Based on drug interaction studies conducted with VEMLIDY, no clinically significant drug interactions have been observed with: ethinyl estradiol, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir, midazolam, norgestimate, sertraline, sofosbuvir, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir.
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
Discontinuation of anti-hepatitis B therapy, including VEMLIDY, may result in severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B. Patients who discontinue VEMLIDY should be closely monitored with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment. If appropriate, resumption of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.
Due to the risk of development of HIV-1 resistance, VEMLIDY alone is not recommended for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. The safety and efficacy of VEMLIDY have not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and HIV-1. HIV antibody testing should be offered to all HBV-infected patients before initiating therapy with VEMLIDY, and, if positive, an appropriate antiretroviral combination regimen that is recommended for patients coinfected with HIV-1 should be used.
Renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome (renal tubular injury with severe hypophosphatemia), has been reported with the use of tenofovir prodrugs in both animal toxicology studies and human trials. In clinical trials of VEMLIDY, there have been no cases of Fanconi syndrome or Proximal Renal Tubulopathy (PRT).
Patients taking tenofovir prodrugs who have impaired renal function and those taking nephrotoxic agents, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are at increased risk of developing renal-related adverse reactions [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Prior to or when initiating VEMLIDY, and during treatment with VEMLIDY on a clinically appropriate schedule, assess serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance, urine glucose, and urine protein in all patients. In patients with chronic kidney disease, also assess serum phosphorus. Discontinue VEMLIDY in patients who develop clinically significant decreases in renal function or evidence of Fanconi syndrome.
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs, including tenofovir DF, another prodrug of tenofovir, alone or in combination with other antiretrovirals. Treatment with VEMLIDY should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION).
Inform patients that discontinuation of anti-hepatitis B therapy, including VEMLIDY, may result in severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B. Advise the patient to not discontinue VEMLIDY without first informing their healthcare provider [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform patients that if they have or develop HIV infection and are not receiving effective HIV treatment, VEMLIDY may increase the risk of development of resistance to HIV medication [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure, has been reported in association with the use of tenofovir prodrugs [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with use of drugs similar to VEMLIDY. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider immediately and stop VEMLIDY if they develop clinical symptoms suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients to report to their healthcare provider the use of any other prescription or non-prescription medication or herbal products including St. John’s wort, as VEMLIDY may interact with other drugs [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Inform patients that it is important to take VEMLIDY on a regular dosing schedule with food and to avoid missing doses, as it can result in development of resistance [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Inform patients that there is an antiretroviral pregnancy registry to monitor fetal outcomes of pregnant women exposed to VEMLIDY [see Use In Specific Populations].
Since tenofovir alafenamide is rapidly converted to tenofovir and a lower tenofovir exposure in rats and mice was observed after tenofovir alafenamide administration compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate administration, carcinogenicity studies were conducted only with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Long-term oral carcinogenicity studies of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in mice and rats were carried out at exposures up to approximately 10 times (mice) and 4 times (rats) those observed in humans at the 300 mg therapeutic dose of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B. The tenofovir exposure in these studies was approximately 151 times (mice) and 50 times (rat) those observed in humans after administration of VEMLIDY treatment. At the high dose in female mice, liver adenomas were increased at tenofovir exposures approximately 151 times those observed after VEMLIDY administration in humans. In rats, the study was negative for carcinogenic findings.
Tenofovir alafenamide was not genotoxic in the reverse mutation bacterial test (Ames test), mouse lymphoma or rat micronucleus assays.
There were no effects on fertility, mating performance or early embryonic development when tenofovir alafenamide was administered to male rats at a dose equivalent to 155 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons for 28 days prior to mating and to female rats for 14 days prior to mating through Day 7 of gestation.
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to VEMLIDY during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-2584263.
There are no human data on the use of VEMLIDY in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk of adverse fetal developmental outcome. In animal studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed when tenofovir alafenamide was administered during the period of organogenesis at exposure equal to or 51 times (rats and rabbits, respectively) the tenofovir alafenamide exposure at the recommended daily dose of VEMLIDY [see Data]. No adverse effects were observed in the offspring when TDF (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) was administered through lactation at tenofovir exposures of approximately 12 times the exposure at the recommended daily dosage of VEMLIDY.
The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2–4% and 15–20%, respectively.
Animal Data
Embryonic fetal development studies performed in rats and rabbits revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus. The embryo-fetal NOAELs (no observed adverse effect level) in rats and rabbits occurred at tenofovir alafenamide exposures similar to and 51 times higher than, respectively, the exposure in humans at the recommended daily dose. Tenofovir alafenamide is rapidly converted to tenofovir; the observed tenofovir exposure in rats and rabbits were 54 (rats) and 85 (rabbits) times higher than human tenofovir exposures at the recommended daily dose.
Tenofovir alafenamide was administered orally to pregnant rats (25, 100, or 250 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on gestation days 6 through 17, and 7 through 20, respectively). No adverse embryo-fetal effects were observed in rats and rabbits at tenofovir alafenamide exposures approximately similar to (rats) and 51 (rabbits) times higher than the exposure in humans at the recommended daily dose of VEMLIDY. Tenofovir alafenamide is rapidly converted to tenofovir; the observed tenofovir exposures in rats and rabbits were 54 (rats) and 85 (rabbits) times higher than human tenofovir exposures at the recommended daily dose. Since tenofovir alafenamide is rapidly converted to tenofovir and a lower tenofovir exposure in rats and mice was observed after tenofovir alafenamide administration compared to TDF, another prodrug for tenofovir administration, a pre/postnatal development study in rats was conducted only with TDF. Doses up to 600 mg/kg/day were administered through lactation; no adverse effects were observed in the offspring on gestation day 7 [and lactation day 20] at tenofovir exposures of approximately 12 [18] times higher than the exposures in humans at the recommended daily dose of VEMLIDY.
It is not known whether VEMLIDY and its metabolites are present in human breast milk, affect human milk production, or have effects on the breastfed infant. Tenofovir has been shown to be present in the milk of lactating rats and rhesus monkeys after administration of TDF [see Data]. It is not known if tenofovir alafenamide can be present in animal milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for VEMLIDY and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from VEMLIDY or from the underlying maternal condition.
Animal Data
Studies in rats and monkeys have demonstrated that tenofovir is secreted in milk. Tenofovir was excreted into the milk of lactating rats following oral administration of TDF (up to 600 mg/kg/day) at up to approximately 24% of the median plasma concentration in the highest dosed animals at lactation day 11 [see Data]. Tenofovir was excreted into the milk of lactating monkeys following a single subcutaneous (30 mg/kg) dose of tenofovir at concentrations up to approximately 4% of plasma concentration, resulting in exposure (AUC) of approximately 20% of plasma exposure.
Safety and effectiveness of VEMLIDY in pediatric patients less than 18 years of age have not been established.
Clinical trials of VEMLIDY did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.
No dosage adjustment of VEMLIDY is required in patients with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment, or in patients with ESRD (estimated creatinine clearance below 15 mL per minute) who are receiving chronic hemodialysis. On days of hemodialysis, administer VEMLIDY after completion of hemodialysis treatment [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
The pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir alafenamide were studied in HIV-1 infected adults with ESRD (estimated creatinine clearance below 15 mL per minute by Cockcroft-Gault method) receiving chronic hemodialysis in an open-label trial of 55 subjects who received elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide 150/150/200/10 mg. Tenofovir alafenamide 10 mg, given in this combination, achieves similar exposures as tenofovir alafenamide 25 mg alone [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The safety profile of subjects in this trial was consistent with that expected in patients with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis and HIV-1 infection.
VEMLIDY is not recommended in patients with ESRD (estimated creatinine clearance below 15 mL per minute by Cockcroft-Gault method) who are not receiving chronic hemodialysis as the safety of VEMLIDY has not been established in this population [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
No dosage adjustment of VEMLIDY is required in patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A). The safety and efficacy of VEMLIDY in patients with decompensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh B or C) have not been established; therefore VEMLIDY is not recommended in patients with decompensated (Child-Pugh B or C) hepatic impairment [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
If overdose occurs, monitor patient for evidence of toxicity. Treatment of overdosage with VEMLIDY consists of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs as well as observation of the clinical status of the patient. Tenofovir is efficiently removed by hemodialysis with an extraction coefficient of approximately 54%.
None.
Tenofovir alafenamide is an antiviral drug against the hepatitis B virus [see Microbiology].
In a thorough QT/QTc study in 48 healthy subjects, tenofovir alafenamide at the recommended dose or at a dose 5 times the recommended dose did not affect the QT/QTc interval and did not prolong the PR interval.
The pharmacokinetic properties of VEMLIDY are provided in Table 5. The multiple dose PK parameters of tenofovir alafenamide and its metabolite tenofovir are provided in Table 6.
Table 5: Pharmacokinetic Properties of VEMLIDY
| Tenofovir Alafenamide | |
| Absorption | |
| Tmax (h) | 0.48 |
| Effect of high fat meal (relative to fasting): AUClast Ratioa | 1.65 (1.51, 1.81) |
| Distribution | |
| % Bound to human plasma proteins | 80% |
| Source of protein binding data | Ex vivo |
| Blood-to-plasma ratio | 1.0 |
| Metabolism | |
| Metabolismb | CES1 (hepatocytes) Cathepsin A (PBMCs) CYP3A (minimal) |
| Elimination | |
| Major route of elimination | Metabolism (>80% of oral dose) |
| t1/2 (h)c | 0.51 |
| % Of dose excreted in urined | <1 |
| % Of dose excreted in fecesd | 31.7 |
|
CES1 = carboxylesterase 1; PBMCs = peripheral blood mononuclear cells. a. Values refer to geometric mean ratio in AUClast [fed/fasted] and (90% confidence interval). High fat meal = ~800 kcal, 50% fat. b. In vivo, TAF is hydrolyzed within cells to form tenofovir (major metabolite), which is phosphorylated to the active metabolite, tenofovir diphosphate. In vitro studies have shown that TAF is metabolized to tenofovir by CES1 in hepatocytes, and by cathepsin A in PBMCs and macrophages. c. t1/2 values refer to median terminal plasma half-life. d. Dosing in mass balance study: TAF 25 mg (single dose administration of [14C] TAF). |
|
Table 6: Multiple Dose PK Parameters of Tenofovir Alafenamide and its Metabolite Tenofovir Following Oral Administration in Adults with Chronic Hepatitis B
| Parameter Mean (CV%) | Tenofovir Alafenamidea | Tenofovira |
| Cmax (microgram per mL) | 0.27 (63.3) | 0.03 (24.6) |
| AUCtau (microgram•hour per mL) | 0.27 (47.8) | 0.40 (35.2) |
| Ctrough (microgram per mL) | NA | 0.01 (39.6) |
|
CV = coefficient of variation; NA = not applicable a. From Intensive PK analyses in Study 108 and Study 110; N = 8. |
||
No clinically relevant differences in tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir pharmacokinetics due to race or gender have been identified. Limited data in subjects aged 65 and over suggest a lack of clinically relevant differences in tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir pharmacokinetics [see Use In Specific Populations].
In a Phase 1, open-label study, tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir systemic exposures (AUCinf) were evaluated in subjects with severe renal impairment and in subjects with normal renal function (Table 7). In an open-label trial of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide 150/150/200/10 mg, tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir AUC was evaluated in a subset of virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected subjects with ESRD receiving chronic hemodialysis (Table 7) [see Use In Specific Populations].
Table 7: Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Alafenamide and its Metabolite Tenofovir in Subjects with Renal Impairment as Compared to Subjects with Normal Renal Function
| Estimated Creatinine Clearancea | AUC (mcg•hour per mL) Mean (CV%) |
||
| ≥90 mL perminute 25 mg TAF (N=13)c |
15–29 mL perminute 25 mg TAF (N=14)c |
<15 mL perminute 10 mg TAFb (N=12)d |
|
| Tenofovir alafenamide | 0.27 (49.2)e | 0.51 (47.3)e | 0.23 (53.2)f |
| Tenofovir | 0.34 (27.2)e | 2.07 (47.1)e | 8.72 (39.4)g,h |
|
a. By Cockcroft-Gault method. b. Exposures from TAF 25 mg = exposures from TAF 10 mg as part of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide. c. PK assessed on a single dose of TAF 25 mg in subjects with severe renal impairment and healthy subjects. d. PK assessed prior to hemodialysis following 3 consecutive daily doses of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in HIV-infected subjects. e. AUCinf. f. AUClast. g. AUCtau. h. N=10. |
|||
Relative to subjects with normal hepatic function, tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir systemic exposures were 7.5% and 11% lower in subjects with mild hepatic impairment, respectively.
The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide have not been fully evaluated in subjects coinfected with HIV and/or hepatitis C virus.
[see DRUG INTERACTIONS]
The effects of coadministered drugs on the exposure of tenofovir alafenamide are shown in Table 8. The effects of tenofovir alafenamide on the exposure of coadministered drugs are shown in Table 9 [For information regarding clinical recommendations, see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Information regarding potential drug-drug interactions with HIV antiretrovirals is not provided (see the prescribing information for emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide for interactions with HIV antiretrovirals).
Table 8 Drug Interactions: Changes in Pharmacokinetic Parameters forTenofovir Alafenamide in the Presence of the Coadministered Druga
| Coadministered Drug | Dose of Coadministered Drug (mg) | Tenofovir Alafenamide (mg) | N | Geometric Mean Ratio of TAF Pharmacokinetic Parameters (90% CI)b; No effect = 1.00 |
||
| Cmax | AUC | Cmin | ||||
| Carbamazepine | 300 twice daily | 25 once dailyc | 26 | 0.43 (0.36, 0.51) |
0.45 (0.40, 0.51) |
NC |
| Cobicistatd | 150 once daily | 8 once daily | 12 | 2.83 (2.20, 3.65) |
2.65 (2.29, 3.07) |
NC |
| Ledipasvir/ Sofosbuvir | 90/400 once daily | 25 once dailye | 42 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.14) |
1.32 (1.25, 1.40) |
NC |
| Sertraline | 50 single dose | 10 once dailyf | 19 | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) |
0.96 (0.89, 1.03) |
NC |
| Sofosbuvir/ Velpatasvir/ Voxilaprevir | 400/100/100+ 100 voxilaprevirg once daily | 25 once dailye | 30 | 1.32 (1.17, 1.48) |
1.52 (1.43, 1.61) |
NC |
|
NC = not calculated a. All interaction studies conducted in healthy subjects. b. All no effect boundaries are 70%–143%. c. Study conducted with emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide. d. A representative inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. e. Study conducted with emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide. f. Study conducted with elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide. g. Study conducted with additional voxilaprevir 100 mg to achieve voxilaprevir exposures expected in HCV-infected patients. |
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Table 9: Drug Interactions: Changes in Pharmacokinetic Parameters forCoadministered Drug in the Presence of Tenofovir Alafenamidea
| Coadministered Drug | Dose of Coadministered Drug (mg) | Tenofovir Alafenamide (mg) | N | Geometric Mean Ratio of Coadministered Drug PharmacokineticParameters (90% CI)b; No effect = 1.00 |
||
| Cmax | AUC | Cmin | ||||
| Ledipasvir | 90 ledipasvir / 400 sofosbuvir once daily | 25 once dailyd | 41 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) |
1.02 (0.97, 1.06) |
1.02 (0.98, 1.07) |
| Sofosbuvir | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) |
1.05 (1.01, 1.09) |
NC | |||
| GS-331007c | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) |
1.08 (1.06, 1.10) |
1.10 (1.07, 1.12) |
|||
| Midazolame | 2.5 single dose orally | 25 once daily | 18 | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) |
1.13 (1.04, 1.23) |
NC |
| 1 single dose IV | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) |
1.08 (1.04, 1.14) |
NC | |||
| Norelgestromin | norgestimate 0.180/0.215/0.250 once daily / ethinyl estradiol 0.025 once daily | 25 once dailyf | 29 | 1.17 (1.07, 1.26) |
1.12 (1.07, 1.17) |
1.16 (1.08, 1.24) |
| Norgestrel | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18) |
1.09 (1.01, 1.18) |
1.11 (1.03, 1.20) |
|||
| Ethinyl estradiol | 1.22 (1.15, 1.29) |
1.11 (1.07, 1.16) |
1.02 (0.93, 1.12) |
|||
| Sertraline | 50 single dose | 10 once dailyg | 19 | 1.14 (0.94, 1.38) |
0.93 (0.77, 1.13) |
NC |
| Sofosbuvir | 400 once daily | 25 once dailyh | 30 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) |
1.01 (0.97, 1.06) |
NC |
| GS-331007c | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) |
1.04 (1.01, 1.06) |
NC | |||
| Velpatasvir | 100 once daily | 1.05 (0.96, 1.16) |
1.01 (0.94, 1.07) |
1.01 (0.95, 1.09) |
||
| Voxilaprevir | 100+100i once daily | 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) |
0.94 (0.84, 1.05) |
1.02 (0.92, 1.12) |
||
|
NC = not calculated a. All interaction studies conducted in healthy subjects. b. All no effect boundaries are 70%–143%. c. The predominant circulating nucleoside metabolite of sofosbuvir. d. Study conducted with emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide. e. A sensitive CYP3A4 substrate. f. Study conducted with emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide. g. Study conducted with elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide. h. Study conducted with emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide. i. Study conducted with additional voxilaprevir 100 mg to achieve voxilaprevir exposures expected in HCV- infected patients. |
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Tenofovir alafenamide is a phosphonamidate prodrug of tenofovir (2’-deoxyadenosine monophosphate analog). Tenofovir alafenamide as a lipophilic cell-permeant compound enters primary hepatocytes by passive diffusion and by the hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Tenofovir alafenamide is then converted to tenofovir through hydrolysis primarily by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in primary hepatocytes. Intracellular tenofovir is subsequently phosphorylated by cellular kinases to the pharmacologically active metabolite tenofovir diphosphate. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits HBV replication through incorporation into viral DNA by the HBV reverse transcriptase, which results in DNA chain-termination.
Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases that include mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ and there is no evidence of toxicity to mitochondria in cell culture.
The antiviral activity of tenofovir alafenamide was assessed in a transient transfection assay using HepG2 cells against a panel of HBV clinical isolates representing genotypes A-H. The EC50 (50% effective concentration) values for tenofovir alafenamide ranged from 34.7 to 134.4 nM, with an overall mean EC50 value of 86.6 nM. The CC50 (50% cytotoxicity concentration) values in HepG2 cells were greater than 44,400 nM. In cell culture combination antiviral activity studies of tenofovir with the HBV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors entecavir, lamivudine, and telbivudine, no antagonistic activity was observed.
In a pooled analysis of treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced subjects receiving VEMLIDY in Studies 108 and 110, genotypic resistance analysis was performed on paired baseline and on-treatment HBV isolates for subjects who either experienced virologic breakthrough (2 consecutive visits with HBV DNA greater than or equal to 69 IU/mL [400 copies/mL] after having been less than 69 IU/mL, or 1.0-log10 or greater increase in HBV DNA from nadir) through Week 48, or had HBV DNA greater than or equal to 69 IU/mL at early discontinuation at or after Week 24. Treatment-emergent amino acid substitutions in the HBV reverse transcriptase domain, all occurring at polymorphic positions, were observed in some HBV isolates evaluated (5/20); however, no specific substitutions occurred at a sufficient frequency to be associated with resistance to VEMLIDY.
The antiviral activity of tenofovir alafenamide was evaluated against a panel of isolates containing substitutions associated with HBV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance in a transient transfection assay using HepG2 cells. HBV isolates expressing the lamivudine resistance-associated substitutions rtM204V/I (±rtL180M±rtV173L) and expressing the entecavir resistance-associated substitutions rtT184G, rtS202G, or rtM250V in the presence of rtL180M and rtM204V showed less than 2-fold reduced susceptibility (within the inter-assay variability) to tenofovir alafenamide. HBV isolates expressing the rtA181T, rtA181V, or rtN236T single substitutions associated with resistance to adefovir also had less than 2-fold changes in EC50 values; however, the HBV isolate expressing the rtA181V plus rtN236T double substitutions exhibited reduced susceptibility (3.7-fold) to tenofovir alafenamide. The clinical relevance of these substitutions is not known.
Minimal to slight infiltration of mononuclear cells in the posterior uvea was observed in dogs with similar severity after three-and nine-month administration of tenofovir alafenamide; reversibility was seen after a three month recovery period. At the NOAEL for eye toxicity, the systemic exposure in dogs was 5 (tenofovir alafenamide) and 14 (tenofovir) times the exposure seen in humans at the recommended daily VEMLIDY dosage.
The efficacy and safety of VEMLIDY in the treatment of adults with chronic hepatitis B virus infection with compensated liver disease are based on 48-week data from two randomized, double-blind, active-controlled studies, Study 108 (N=425) and Study 110 (N=873). In both studies, besides study treatment, patients were not allowed to receive other nucleosides, nucleotides, or interferon.
In Study 108, HBeAg-negative treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced subjects with compensated liver disease (no evidence of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, INR <1.5x ULN, total bilirubin <2.5x ULN, and albumin >3.0 mg/dL) were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive VEMLIDY 25 mg (N=285) once daily or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg (N=140) once daily for 48 weeks. The mean age was 46 years, 61% were male, 72% were Asian, 25% were White, 2% were Black, and 1% were other races. 24%, 38%, and 31% had HBV genotype B, C, and D, respectively. 21% were treatment experienced [previous treatment with oral antivirals, including entecavir (N=41), lamivudine (N=42), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (N=21), or other (N=18)]. At baseline, mean plasma HBV DNA was 5.8 log10 IU/mL, mean serum ALT was 94 U/L, and 9% of subjects had a history of cirrhosis.
In Study 110, HBeAg-positive treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced subjects with compensated liver disease were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive VEMLIDY 25 mg (N=581) once daily or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg (N=292) once daily for 48 weeks. The mean age was 38 years, 64% were male, 82% were Asian, 17% were White, and 1% were Black or other races. 17%, 52%, and 23% had HBV genotype B, C, and D, respectively. 26% were treatment experienced [previous treatment with oral antivirals, including adefovir (N=42), entecavir (N=117), lamivudine (N=84), telbivudine (N=25), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (N=70), or other (n=17)]. At baseline, mean plasma HBV DNA was 7.6 log10 IU/mL, mean serum ALT was 120 U/L, and 7% of subjects had a history of cirrhosis.
In both studies, randomization was stratified on prior treatment history (nucleoside naïve or experienced) and baseline HBV DNA (<7, ≥7 to <8, and ≥8 log10 IU/mL in Study 108; and <8 and ≥8 log10 IU/mL in Study 110). The efficacy endpoint in both trials was the proportion of subjects with plasma HBV DNA levels below 29 IU/mL at Week 48. Additional efficacy endpoints include the proportion of subjects with ALT normalization, HBsAg loss and seroconversion, and HBeAg loss and seroconversion in Study 110.
Treatment outcomes of Studies 108 and 110 at Week 48 are presented in Table 10 and Table 11.
Table 10: Studies 108 and 110: HBV DNA Virologic Outcome at Week 48a in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection and Compensated Liver Disease
| Study 108 (HBeAg-Negative) | Study 110 (HBeAg-Positive) | |||
| VEMLIDY (N=285) |
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (N=140) |
VEMLIDY (N=581) |
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (N=292) |
|
| HBV DNA <29 IU/mL | 94% | 93% | 64% | 67% |
| Treatment Differenceb | 1.8% (95% CI = -3.6% to 7.2%) | -3.6% (95% CI = -9.8% to 2.6%) | ||
| HBV DNA ≥ 29 IU/mL | 2% | 3% | 31% | 30% |
| Baseline HBV DNA | ||||
| <7 log10 IU/mL | 96% (221/230) | 92% (107/116) | N/A | N/A |
| ≥7 log10 IU/mL | 85% (47/55) | 96% (23/24) | ||
| Baseline HBV DNA | ||||
| <8 log10 IU/mL | N/A | N/A | 82% (254/309) | 82% (123/150) |
| ≥8 log10 IU/mL | 43% (117/272) | 51% (72/142) | ||
| Nucleoside Naïvec | 94% (212/225) | 93% (102/110) | 68% (302/444) | 70% (156/223) |
| Nucleoside Experienced | 93% (56/60) | 93% (28/30) | 50% (69/137) | 57% (39/69) |
| No Virologic Data at Week 48d | 4% | 4% | 5% | 3% |
|
a. Missing = failure analysis b. Adjusted by baseline plasma HBV DNA categories and oral antiviral treatment status strata. c. Treatment-naïve subjects received <12 weeks of oral antiviral treatment with any nucleoside or nucleotide analog including TDF or VEMLIDY. d. Includes subjects who discontinued due to lack of efficacy, adverse event or death, for reasons other than an AE, death or lack or loss of efficacy, e.g., withdrew consent, loss to follow-up, etc., or missing data during Week 48 window but still on study drug. |
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In Study 108, the proportion of subjects with cirrhosis who achieved HBV DNA <29 IU/mL at Week 48 was 92% (22/24) in the VEMLIDY group and 93% (13/14) in the TDF group. The corresponding proportions in Study 110 were 63% (26/41) and 67% (16/24) in the VEMLIDY and TDF groups, respectively.
Table 11: Additional Efficacy Parameters at Week 48a
| Study 108 (HBeAg-Negative) | Study 110 (HBeAg-Positive) | |||
| VEMLIDY (N=285) |
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (N=140) |
VEMLIDY (N=581) |
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (N=292) |
|
| ALT | ||||
| Normalized ALT (Central Lab)b | 83% | 75% | 72% | 67% |
| Normalized ALT (AASLD)c | 50% | 32% | 45% | 36% |
| Serology | ||||
| HBeAg Loss / Seroconversiond | N/A | N/A | 14% / 10% | 12% / 8% |
| HBsAg Loss / Seroconversion | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 1% / 1% | <1% / 0 |
| N/A = not applicable a. Missing = failure analysis b. The population used for analysis of ALT normalization included only subjects with ALT above upper limit of normal (ULN) of the central laboratory range (>43 U/L for males aged 18 to <69 years and >35 U/L for males ≥69 years; >34 U/L for females 18 to <69 years and >32 U/L for females ≥69 years) at baseline. c. The population used for analysis of ALT normalization included only subjects with ALT above ULN of the American Association of the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) criteria (>30 U/L males and >19 U/L females) at baseline. d. The population used for serology analysis included only subjects with antigen (HBeAg) positive and anti-body (HBeAb) negative or missing at baseline. |
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VEMLIDY®
(VEM-lih-dee)
(tenofovir alafenamide) tablets
What is the most important information I should know about VEMLIDY?
VEMLIDY can cause serious side effects, including:
For more information about side effects, see the section “What are the possible side effects of VEMLIDY?”
What is VEMLIDY?
VEMLIDY is a prescription medicine used to treat chronic (long-lasting) hepatitis B virus (HBV) in adults with stable (compensated) liver disease.
It is not known if VEMLIDY is safe and effective in children under 18 years of age.
What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking VEMLIDY?
Before you take VEMLIDY, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions,including if you:
Pregnancy Registry: There is a pregnancy registry for women who take antiviral medicines during pregnancy. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. Talk with your healthcare provider about how you can take part in this registry.
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-thecounter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Some medicines may affect how VEMLIDY works.
How should I take VEMLIDY?
What are the possible side effects of VEMLIDY?
VEMLIDY may cause serious side effects, including:
The most common side effect of VEMLIDY is headache. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.
These are not all the possible side effects of VEMLIDY. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA1088.
How should I store VEMLIDY?
Keep VEMLIDY and all medicines out of reach of children.
General information about the safe and effective use of VEMLIDY.
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use VEMLIDY for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give VEMLIDY to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about VEMLIDY that is written for health professionals.
What are the ingredients in VEMLIDY?
Active ingredients: tenofovir alafenamide
Inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, and microcrystalline cellulose. The tablets are film-coated with a coating material containing: iron oxide yellow, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide.
This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
