Enter drug's generic or brand name below. Results will appear here. Note: all drug related information obtained on this page is provided by RX List.
Using the RX LIST database:
(1) Enter the drug name in the search box below and hit ENTER
(2) The rx list web site will open here with the drug search completed. Next, scroll down the page to locate the link to the drug you are searching for and then click on the link.
Vaxchora (Cholera Vaccine, Live, Oral) is a vaccine indicated for active immunization against disease caused by Vibrio cholera serogroup O1. Vaxchora is approved for use in adults 18 through 64 years of age traveling to cholera-affected areas.
Common side effects of Vaxchora include:
VAXCHORA (Cholera Vaccine, Live, Oral) is a live, attenuated bacterial vaccine suspension for oral administration containing the V. cholerae strain CVD 103-HgR. CVD 103-HgR was constructed from the serogroup O1 classical Inaba strain 569B by deleting the catalytic domain sequence of both copies of the ctxA gene, which prevents the synthesis of active cholera toxin (CT). This attenuated strain remains able to synthesize the immunogenic non-toxic B subunit of CT (encoded by the ctxB gene). In addition, a marker was inserted into the hemolysin gene locus (hlyA) to enable differentiation of the vaccine strain from wild type V. cholerae O1.
The vaccine strain is grown in fermentors under controlled conditions in medium containing casamino acids, yeast extract, mineral salts, and an anti-foaming agent. The bacteria are collected by filtration, diafiltered, and concentrated before addition of a stabilization solution containing ascorbic acid (an antioxidant), Hy-Case SF (hydrolyzed casein [a protein derived from cow's milk], a cryoprotectant), sodium chloride (a stabilizer), and sucrose (a cryoprotectant). The stabilized bacteria are lyophilized, milled, and blended with dried lactose (a desiccant and bulking agent). The active component blend is filled into packets.
The buffer component is manufactured by blending together sodium bicarbonate (a gastric acid neutralizer), sodium carbonate (a buffer), ascorbic acid (a buffer and water chlorine neutralizer), and dried lactose (a manufacturing flow aid). The buffer component blend is filled into packets. One buffer component packet and one active component packet are packaged into individual single dose cartons for distribution.
After reconstitution, VAXCHORA contains 4 x 108 to 2 x 109 colony forming units (CFU) of live attenuated V. cholerae CVD 103-HgR. The resulting suspension should be slightly cloudy and may contain white particulates. The active and buffer ingredients are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Vaccine Composition
| Ingredient | Quantity/packet |
| Active Component Packet | |
| V. cholerae CVD 103-HgR | 4 x 108 to 2 x 109 CFUa |
| Sucrose | ≤ 165.37 mgb |
| Sodium chloride | ≤ 17.11 mg |
| Hy-Case SF (hydrolyzed casein) | ≤ 17.11 mg |
| Ascorbic acid | ≤ 8.55 mg |
| Dried lactose | ≤ 2.09 gc |
| Buffer Component Packet | |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 2.16-2.41 g |
| Sodium carbonate | 0.24-0.49 g |
| Ascorbic acid | 1.50-1.80 g |
| Dried lactose | 0.18-0.22 g |
| a CFU=colony forming units. b mg=milligrams. c g=grams. | |
VAXCHORA is a vaccine indicated for active immunization against disease caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 in adults 18 through 64 years of age traveling to cholera-affected areas.
The effectiveness of VAXCHORA has not been established in persons living in cholera-affected areas.
The effectiveness of VAXCHORA has not been established in persons who have pre-existing immunity due to previous exposure to V. cholerae or receipt of a cholera vaccine.
VAXCHORA has not been shown to protect against disease caused by V. cholerae serogroup O139 or other non-O1 serogroups.
For oral administration only.
Administer a single oral dose of VAXCHORA a minimum of 10 days before potential exposure to cholera.
The safety and effectiveness of revaccination with VAXCHORA have not been established.
Instruct recipients to avoid eating or drinking for 60 minutes before and after oral ingestion of VAXCHORA.
Prepare and administer VAXCHORA in a healthcare setting equipped to dispose of medical waste [see Disposal Instructions].
NOTE: If the packets are reconstituted in the improper order, the vaccine must be discarded [see Disposal Instructions].
 |
Dispose of the cup, packets and stirrer according to standard procedures for medical waste.
Inactivate any spilled vaccine and clean any non-disposable equipment used in the preparation of VAXCHORA with 70% isopropyl alcohol or 10% bleach solution.
VAXCHORA is a suspension for oral administration. Before reconstitution, each dose of VAXCHORA is supplied as a foil packet of buffer and an accompanying foil packet of the active component (lyophilized V. cholerae CVD 103-HgR). After reconstitution, a single dose of VAXCHORA is 100 milliliters (mL).
VAXCHORA is supplied as shown in Table 6. The contents of both packets are reconstituted with purified bottled or spring bottled water, to form one oral dose of the vaccine.
Table 6: VAXCHORA Product Presentation
| Presentation | Carton NDC Number | Components |
| Single dose carton containing two packets | NDC 70460-00101 | Buffer Component Packet NDC 70460-003-02 Active Component Packet NDC 70460-002-02 |
Store VAXCHORA buffer component and active component packets frozen at -13°F to 5°F (-25°C to - 15°C).
Protect from light and moisture.
Packets do not require thawing prior to reconstitution. Packets should not be out of frozen storage for more than 15 minutes prior to reconstitution; when out of frozen storage, packets should not be exposed to temperatures above 80°F (27°C).
Manufactured by: PaxVax Bermuda Ltd. Distributed by: PaxVax, Inc., 555 Twin Dolphin Drive, Suite 360, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA. Revised: Oct 2017
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of a vaccine cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another vaccine and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The safety of VAXCHORA was evaluated in four randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trials. A total of 3235 adults 18 through 64 years of age received one dose of VAXCHORA and 562 received placebo [physiologic saline (N=551) or lactose (N=11)]. Overall, the mean age was 32.5 years; 53.8% of trial participants were female; 67.1% were White, 27.3% were Black or African American, 1.8% were Asian, 1.7% were multiracial, 1.3% were other, 0.6% were American Indian or Alaskan Native and 0.3% were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. There were 9.3% Hispanic or Latino participants.
Adults 18 through 45 years of age received VAXCHORA in a multi-center, double-blind, randomized (8:1), placebo-controlled trial conducted in the United States and Australia (Study 1). The safety analysis set included 2789 VAXCHORA recipients. Solicited adverse reactions were recorded daily for 7 days following vaccination. Table 1 presents the frequency and severity of solicited adverse reactions observed within 7 days following receipt of VAXCHORA or placebo in Study 1.
Table 1: Rates of Solicited Adverse Reactions Reported
in VAXCHORA Trial Participants 18 to 45 Years of Age During 7 Days Post-Vaccination
| Adverse Reaction | Study 1* | |
| VAXCHORA (N=2789)† % |
Placebo (Saline) (N=350)† % |
|
| Tiredness | 31.3 | 27.4 |
| Mild | 18.7 | 16.3 |
| Moderate | 12.0 | 9.9 |
| Severe‡ | 0.7 | 1.2 |
| Headache | 28.9 | 23.6 |
| Mild | 18.9 | 14.6 |
| Moderate | 9.6 | 8.8 |
| Severe‡ | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| Abdominal Pain | 18.7 | 16.9 |
| Mild | 12.1 | 12.0 |
| Moderate | 6.2 | 5.0 |
| Severe‡ | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 18.3 | 15.2 |
| Mild | 13.3 | 11.4 |
| Moderate | 4.7 | 3.8 |
| Severe‡ | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| Lack of Appetite | 16.5 | 16.6 |
| Mild | 11.7 | 12.2 |
| Moderate | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Severe‡ | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| Diarrhea | 3.9 | 1.2 |
| Mild | 2.4 | 0.9 |
| Moderate | 0.7 | 0.3 |
| Severe‡ | 0.84 | 0.0 |
| Fever | 0.6 | 1.2 |
| Mild | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Moderate | 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Severe‡ | 0.11 | 0.0 |
| *Data are derived from Study 1 (NCT02094 586). †N represents number of subjects who completed a memory aid. ‡Severe category includes both grade 3 (severe) and grade 4 (potentially life-threatening) adverse events. |
||
Grading scales are defined as follows:
Tiredness, Headache, Abdominal Pain, Nausea, Lack of Appetite: Mild = no interference with activity, Moderate = Some interference with activity, Severe = significant, prevents daily activity, Potentially Life Threatening = emergency room (ER) visit or hospitalization.
Vomiting: Mild = 1-2 episodes/24 hours, Moderate = >2 episodes/24 hours, Severe = requires intravenous hydration, Potentially Life Threatening = ER visit or hospitalization for hypotensive shock.
Diarrhea: Mild = 4 loose stools/24 hours, Moderate = 5 loose stools/24 hours, Severe = ≥6 loose stools /24 hours, Potentially Life Threatening = ER visit or hospitalization.
Fever: Mild = 38.0-38.4°C/100.4-101.1°F, Moderate = 38.5-38.9°C/101.2- 102.0°F, Severe = 39.0-40.0°C/102.1-104.0°F, Potentially Life Threatening = >40.0 °C/104.0 °F.
In a pooled analysis of the four clinical studies, 0.6% (20/3235) of VAXCHORA recipients and 0.5% (3/562) of placebo recipients reported a serious adverse event within 6 months post-vaccination. None of these events were considered to be related to vaccination.
Avoid food or drink for 60 minutes before and after vaccine administration [see Restrictions on Eating and Drinking].
No data are available on concomitant administration of VAXCHORA with other vaccines.
Avoid concomitant administration of VAXCHORA with systemic antibiotics since these agents may be active against the vaccine strain and prevent a sufficient degree of multiplication to occur in order to induce a protective immune response. Do not administer VAXCHORA to patients who have received oral or parenteral antibiotics within 14 days prior to vaccination.
Data from a study with a similar product indicate that the immune responses to VAXCHORA may be diminished when VAXCHORA is administered concomitantly with chloroquine. Administer VAXCHORA at least 10 days before beginning antimalarial prophylaxis with chloroquine.
Immunosuppressive therapies, including irradiation, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, cytotoxic drugs and corticosteroids (used in greater than physiologic doses), may reduce the immune response to VAXCHORA [see Use In Specific Populations].
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
The safety and effectiveness of VAXCHORA have not been established in immunocompromised persons [see Immunocompromised Individuals].
VAXCHORA may be shed in the stool of recipients for at least 7 days. There is a potential for transmission of the vaccine strain to non-vaccinated close contacts (e.g., household contacts) [see Pharmacodynamics]. Use caution when considering whether to administer VAXCHORA to individuals with immunocompromised close contacts.
VAXCHORA has not been evaluated for the potential to cause carcinogenicity or genotoxicity, or to impair fertility.
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to VAXCHORA during pregnancy. To enroll in or obtain information about the registry, please call PaxVax at 1-800-533-5899.
VAXCHORA is not absorbed systemically following oral administration, and maternal use is not expected to result in fetal exposure to the drug.
Disease-Associated Maternal And/Or Embryo/Fetal Risk
Maternal cholera disease is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including fetal death.
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
The vaccine strain may be shed in the stool of the vaccinated mother for at least 7 days, with a potential for transmission of the vaccine strain from mother to infant during vaginal delivery.
VAXCHORA is not absorbed systemically by the mother following oral administration, and breastfeeding is not expected to result in exposure of the child to VAXCHORA.
The safety and effectiveness of VAXCHORA have not been established in children and adolescents younger than 18 years.
The safety and effectiveness of VAXCHORA have not been established in adults 65 years of age or older.
The safety and effectiveness of VAXCHORA have not been established in immunocompromised individuals. The immunologic response to VAXCHORA may be diminished in immunocompromised individuals [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
No Information provided
Do not use in persons who have a history of severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any ingredient of VAXCHORA or to a previous dose of any cholera vaccine [see DESCRIPTION].
VAXCHORA contains live attenuated cholera bacteria that replicate in the gastrointestinal tract of the recipient. Immune mechanisms conferring protection against cholera following receipt of VAXCHORA have not been determined. However, rises in serum vibriocidal antibody 10 days after vaccination with VAXCHORA were associated with protection in a human challenge study (Study 2) [See Immunogenicity].
Shedding of the vaccine strain was evaluated in the first 7 days post-vaccination in a study of 53 healthy adult vaccine recipients (Study 3). VAXCHORA was shed in the stools of 11.3% [95% CI 4.3%, 23.0%] of vaccine recipients on any day through 7 days post-vaccination. During the 7 days postvaccination, the proportion of subjects shedding was highest on day 7 (7.5% [95% CI 2.1%, 18.2%]). The duration of shedding of the vaccine strain is unknown.
Study 2 was a randomized, double-blind, saline placebo-controlled V. cholerae challenge study conducted in the US. Subjects 18 through 45 years of age (N=197) with no prior history of cholera infection or travel to a cholera-endemic area in the previous 5 years were randomized according to a 1:1 ratio to receive one dose of VAXCHORA or placebo. In order to identify the subset of subjects to be challenged, an unblinded statistician prepared four randomly ordered lists of subjects per site, one list each for vaccine recipients with blood type O, vaccine recipients with non-O blood types, placebo recipients with blood type O, and placebo recipients with non-O blood types. This was done to maintain a minimum of 60% blood group O subjects in each treatment group. Individuals with type O blood are less likely to be infected with V. cholerae, but are at risk for developing severe cholera if infected. Each site was provided with a blinded version of the four lists specific to its site and advised on the number of subjects from each list to challenge. In the event that a subject was determined to be ineligible for challenge, the site was instructed to select the next subject from the same list as the ineligible subject
The challenges were split into 2 cohorts for 10 day and 3 month challenges. Subjects were admitted to an inpatient unit. Subjects had nothing by mouth from midnight before ingestion of the challenge strain, except for water, and had nothing by mouth for 90 minutes after ingestion of the challenge strain. Approximately 1 minute prior to challenge, subjects ingested 120 mL sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) buffer. The oral challenge consisted of 1 x 105 CFU live wild type V. cholerae El Tor Inaba N16961 in 30 mL NaHCO3 buffer at 10 days or 3 months post-vaccination. The co-primary objectives were to demonstrate the efficacy of a single dose of VAXCHORA in the prevention of moderate to severe diarrhea following challenge at 10 days and 3 months post-vaccination. Moderate to severe diarrhea was defined as cumulative diarrheal purge ≥ 3 liters (L) within 10 days after challenge. Diarrheal stool was defined as ≥ 2 unformed stools (takes shape of container) collected during a 48 hour period ≥ 200 grams (g) or a single unformed stool ≥ 300 g. Subjects were instructed to collect every stool from the time of challenge until discharge from the inpatient unit. Nursing staff or study personnel inspected all stool, graded the consistency of the stool and calculated the total weight of diarrheal stool per day. Â Weight of stool was converted to volume using the formula 1 g=1 mL. VAXCHORA recipients challenged at 10 days post-vaccination and VAXCHORA recipients challenged at 3 months postvaccination were compared with a pooled group of placebo (saline) recipients challenged at 10 days or 3 months post-vaccination.
Of the 95 VAXCHORA recipients, 68 were challenged; 35 were challenged at 10 days postvaccination and 33 were challenged at 3 months post-vaccination. Of the 102 placebo recipients, 66 were challenged; 33 were challenged at 10 days post-vaccination and 33 at 3 months post- vaccination. Among all randomized subjects, the mean age was 31.0 years. Overall, the mean age of the challenge population was 31.4 years. More males were in the vaccine group (71.6%) compared to the placebo group (54.9%). The majority of randomized subjects were Black (67.5%), 29.4% were White, 0.5% were American Indian/Alaskan Native, 0.5% were Asian, and 2.0% were other. There were 4.6% Hispanic or Latino participants. Overall 50.3% had blood type O. Among subjects selected for either challenge cohort, more males were challenged in the vaccine group (76.5%) compared to the placebo group (57.6%). The majority (70.9%) of the challenge population were Black, 25.4% were White, 0.7% were American Indian/Alaskan Native, 0.7% were Asian, and 2.2% were other. There were 3.7% Hispanic or Latino participants. Overall, 56.0% of challenged subjects had blood type O.
Vaccine efficacy against the occurrence of moderate to severe diarrhea at 10 days post-vaccination was 90.3% [95% CI 62.7%, 100.0%] and at 3 months post-vaccination was 79.5% [95% CI 49.9%, 100.0%] (Table 3).
Table 3: Vaccine Efficacy in the Prevention of
Moderate to Severe Diarrhea Following Challenge with V. cholerae O1 El
Tor Inaba at 10 Days and 3 Months Pos t-Vaccination (Intent-to-Treat Population)
| Parameter | VAXCHORA 10 Day Challenge*‡ N=35§ |
VAXCHORA 3 Month Challenge*‡ N=33§ |
Combined Placebo*† 10 Day o r 3 Month Challenge‡ N=66§ |
| Number of Subjects with Moderate or Severe Diarrhea (Attack Rate)¶ | 2 (5.7%) | 4 (12.1%) | 39 (59.1%) |
| Vaccine Efficacy %#Þ [95% CIβ] | 90.3% [62.7%, 100.0%] |
79.5% [49.9%, 100.0%] |
|
| *Data are derived from Study 2 (NCT01895855). †Combined placebo group comprised of all placebo recipients who were challenged at either 10 days (N=33) or 3 months (N=33) following vaccination. ‡Challenge strain was V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba N16961. §N=number of subjects challenged in each group. ¶Moderate or severe diarrhea (≥ 3 liters of diarrhea) within 10 days after challenge. #Vaccine Efficacy=[(Attack Rate in Placebo Group - Attack Rate in Vaccine Group)/Attack Rate in Placebo Group] x 100. ÞPre-specified criteria for success were that the lower bound of the two-sided 95% confidence interval for vaccine efficacy must be ≥30% in both the 10 Day and 3 Month challenge groups. βCI=confidence interval. |
|||
A vibriocidal antibody assay was used to measure serum levels of neutralizing antibodies against the vaccine strain.
Study 2 was a randomized, double-blind, saline placebo-controlled V. cholerae challenge study conducted in adults 18 through 45 years of age. In the subset of subjects challenged in Study 2, 91% [95% CI 82%, 97%] of vaccinees seroconverted prior to challenge and 9% developed moderate to severe cholera following challenge, while 2% of placebo recipients seroconverted prior to challenge and 59% developed moderate to severe cholera following challenge. (Seroconversion was defined as a ≥ 4-fold rise in serum vibriocidal antibody from baseline to 10 days post-vaccination.) Based on the observed association between seroconversion and protection from V. cholerae disease, seroconversion rate at 10 days post-vaccination was used to evaluate response to vaccination in other age groups.
Study 1 was a randomized, double-blind, saline placebo-controlled safety and immunogenicity study conducted in the US and Australia. A total of 3146 subjects 18 through 45 years of age not previously exposed to cholera were randomized 8:1 to receive one dose of VAXCHORA or placebo. The mean age was 29.9 years; 45.2% were male; 68.3% were White, 25.6% were Black, 2.0% were Asian, 1.9% were multiracial, 1.4% were other, 0.4% were American Indian/Alaskan Native, and 0.3% were Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. There were 10.0% Hispanic or Latino participants.
In this study, the rates of seroconversion were 93.5% [95% CI 92.5%, 94.4%] in vaccine recipients and 4% [95% CI 2%, 7%] in placebo recipients at 10 days post-vaccination.
Study 4 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled safety and immunogenicity study conducted in the US. A total of 398 subjects 46 through 64 years of age with no prior history of cholera infection or travel to a cholera-endemic area in the previous 5 years were randomized 3:1 to receive one dose of VAXCHORA or placebo. Overall, the mean age of the randomized population was 53.8 years; 45.7% were male; 74.9% were White, 21.9% were Black, 1.8% were American Indian/Alaskan Native, 0.5% were Asian, 0.5% were multiracial, 0.3% were Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 0.3% were other. There were 7.5% Hispanic or Latino participants.
Seroconversion rates at 10 days post-vaccination by classical Inaba vibriocidal antibody among 46 through 64 year old subjects in Study 4 were compared to those in 18 through 45 year old subjects in Study 1. VAXCHORA recipients from Study 1 were in the same age group as those in Study 2, the V. cholerae challenge study.
Adults 46 through 64 years were shown to have a non-inferior rate of seroconversion by classical Inaba vibriocidal antibody at 10 days post-vaccination compared to adults 18 through 45 years of age (Table 4).
Table 4: Vibriocidal Antibody Seroconversion Against
Classical Inaba V. cholerae Vaccine Strain at 10 Days Post-Vaccination
in Adults 46 through 64 Years of Age (Study 4) Compared to Adults 18 through 45
Years of Age (Study 1) [Bridging Analysis Population]
| Study* | Dose/CFU | VAXCHORA N† | VAXCHORA Seroconversion % [95% CI‡] |
| Study 4 (46 through 64 year olds) | 1 x 109 | 291 | 90.4% [86.4%, 93.5%] |
| Study 1 (18 through 45 year olds) | 1 x 109 | 2687 | 93.5% [92.5%, 94.4%] |
| Difference in Seroconversion Rates§¶ | -3.1% [-6.7%, 0.4%] |
||
| *Data are derived from Study 1 (NCT02094 586) and Study 4
(NCT02100631). †N=number of subjects with analyzable samples at Day 1 and Day 11. ‡CI=confidence interval. §Seroconversion is defined as the percentages of subjects who had at least a 4 –fold rise in vibriocidal antibody titer at 10 days post-vaccination compared to baseline. ¶Pre-specified non-inferiority criterion was that the lower bound of the two-sided 95% confidence interval on the difference in seroconversion rate (Study 4 minus Study 1) must be greater than -10 percentage points. |
|||
V. cholerae serogroup O1 consists of four major subtypes: classical Inaba, classical Ogawa, El Tor Inaba and El Tor Ogawa. Serum vibriocidal antibody against the three types of V. cholerae not contained in the vaccine, namely classical Ogawa, El Tor Inaba and El Tor Ogawa, was also measured in Study 2 and Study 4. The percentages of vaccine recipients who seroconverted against each of the 4 major biotype/serotypes of V. cholerae serogroup O1 at 10 days post- vaccination (71.4% to 91.4%) are shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Seroconvers ion Rates 10 Days Pos
t-Vaccination for the Four Major V. cholerae O1 Serogroup Biotypes and
Serotypes in Studies 2 and 4 [Immunogenicity Evaluable Population]
| Cholera Strain | Study 2* (18 through 45 year olds) VAXCHORA | Study 4* (46 through 64 year olds) VAXCHORA | ||
| N† | %‡ [95% CI§] | N† | % [95% CI] | |
| Classical Inaba¶ | 93 | 90.3% [82.4%, 95.5%] |
291 | 90.4% [86.4%, 93.5%] |
| El Tor Inaba | 93 | 91.4% [83.8%, 96.2%] |
290 | 91.0% [87.1%, 94.1%] |
| Classical Ogawa | 93 | 87.1% [78.5%, 93.2%] |
291 | 73.2% [67.7%, 78.2%] |
| El Tor Ogawa | 93 | 89.2% [81.1%, 94.7%] |
290 | 71.4% [65.8%, 76.5%] |
| *Data are derived from Study 2 (NCT01895855) and Study 4
(NCT02100631). †N=number of subjects with measurements at baseline and 10 days post-vaccination. One subject in Study 2 did not have a Day 11 measurement and was dropped from the analysis. ‡Seroconversion is defined as the percentages of subjects who had at least a 4 -fold rise in vibriocidal antibody titer at 10 days post-vaccination compared to the titer measured at baseline. §CI=confidence interval. ¶VAXCHORA contains the classical Inaba strain of V. cholerae O1. |
||||
Prior to administration of this vaccine, the health care professional should inform the individual of the following:
Instruct vaccine recipients to report adverse reactions to their healthcare provider.
