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Tralement (trace elements injection 4) is a combination of trace elements (zinc sulfate, cupric sulfate, manganese sulfate and selenious acid) indicated in adult and pediatric patients weighing at least 10 kg as a source of zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium for parenteral nutrition when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient, or contraindicated.
Side effects of Tralement include:
Tralement™ (trace elements injection 4*, USP) is a sterile, non-pyrogenic, clear, and colorless to slightly blue solution, intended for use as a combination of four trace elements and an additive to intravenous solutions for parenteral nutrition. It contains no preservative.
Each single-dose vial contains 1 mL. *Each mL contains zinc 3 mg (equivalent to zinc sulfate 7.41 mg), copper 0.3 mg (equivalent to cupric sulfate 0.75 mg), manganese 55 mcg (equivalent to manganese sulfate 151 mcg), selenium 60 mcg (equivalent to selenious acid 98 mcg), and water for injection. Sulfuric acid may be added to adjust pH between 1.5 and 3.5.
Zinc sulfate exists as a heptahydrate. The structural formula is:
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Cupric sulfate exists as a pentahydrate. The structural formula is:
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Manganese sulfate exists as a monohydrate. The structural formula is:
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The structural formula of selenious acid is:
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Tralement contains no more than 6,000 mcg/L of aluminum.
Tralement™ is indicated in adult and pediatric patients weighing at least 10 kg as a source of zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium for parenteral nutrition when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient, or contraindicated.
Tralement is supplied as a single-dose vial for admixture use only. It is not for direct intravenous infusion. Prior to administration, Tralement must be transferred to a separate parenteral nutrition container, diluted and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solution.
The final parenteral nutrition solution is for intravenous infusion into a central or peripheral vein. The choice of a central or peripheral venous route should depend on the osmolarity of the final infusate. Solutions with osmolarity of 900 mOsmol/L or greater must be infused through a central catheter [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Tralement is a fixed-combination product. Each mL of Tralement provides zinc 3 mg, copper 0.3 mg, manganese 55 mcg, and selenium 60 mcg.
Tralement is recommended only for patients who require supplementation with all four of the individual trace elements (i.e., zinc, copper, manganese and selenium).
The recommended dosage of Tralement is 1 mL per day added to parenteral nutrition (zinc 3 mg/copper 0.3 mg/manganese 55 mcg/selenium 60 mcg). Tralement is not recommended for those patients who may require a lower dosage of one or more of the individual trace elements.
The recommended dosage of Tralement by volume to be added to parenteral nutrition is based on body weight and ranges from 0.2 mL to 0.8 mL per day as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Recommended Weight-Based Daily Dosage of Tralement (mL) for Pediatric Patients Weighing 10 kg to 49 kg and Corresponding Amount of Each Trace Element (mcg)
| Body Weight | Recommended Weight-Based Dosage of Tralement in Volume | Amount of Trace Element Provided by the Corresponding Tralement Volume | |||
| Zinc | Copper | Manganese | Selenium | ||
| 10 kg to 19 kg | 0.2 mL | 600 mcg | 60 mcg | 11 mcg | 12 mcg |
| 20 kg to 29 kg | 0.4 mL | 1,200 mcg | 120 mcg | 22 mcg | 24 mcg |
| 30 kg to 39 kg | 0.6 mL | 1,800 mcg | 180 mcg | 33 mcg | 36 mcg |
| 40 kg to 49 kg | 0.8 mL | 2,400 mcg | 240 mcg | 44 mcg | 48 mcg |
Use Additional Supplementation with Tralement
For pediatric patients weighing 10 kg to 49 kg, additional zinc (in heavier patients in some weight bands), copper and selenium may be needed to meet the recommended daily dosage of these trace elements, shown below. To determine the additional amount of supplementation that is needed, compare the calculated daily recommended dosage based on the body weight of the patient to the amount of each trace element provided by Tralement (Table 1) and other dietary sources.
Do not supplement Tralement with additional manganese. Accumulation of manganese in the brain can occur with long-term administration with higher than the recommended dosage of 1 mcg/kg/day (up to 55 mcg/day) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
1 mL clear, colorless to slightly blue solution in a single-dose vial. Each mL contains zinc 3 mg, copper 0.3 mg, manganese 55 mcg, and selenium 60 mcg.
Tralement (trace elements injection 4*, USP) is a clear, colorless to slightly blue solution supplied in 1 mL single-dose vials (NDC 0517-9305-01).
*Each mL of Tralement contains zinc 3 mg, copper 0.3 mg, manganese 55 mcg, and selenium 60 mcg.
It is packaged in trays containing 25 vials per tray (NDC 0517-9305-25).
Vial closure is not made with natural rubber latex.
Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F), excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Store admixed solution at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Manufactured by: AMERICAN REGENT, INC. SHIRLEY, NY 11967. Revised: Jul 2020
The following adverse reactions were identified in clinical studies or post-marketing reports. Given that some of these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
No Information Provided
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
Pulmonary vascular precipitates causing pulmonary vascular emboli and pulmonary distress have been reported in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. The cause of precipitate formation has not been determined in all cases; however, in some fatal cases, pulmonary emboli occurred as a result of calcium phosphate precipitates. Precipitation has occurred following passage through an in-line filter; in vivo precipitate formation may also have occurred. If signs of pulmonary distress occur, stop the parenteral nutrition infusion and initiate a medical evaluation. In addition to inspection of the solution [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION], the infusion set, and catheter should also periodically be checked for precipitates.
Tralement must be prepared and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solution. It is not for direct intravenous infusion. In addition, consider the osmolarity of the final parenteral nutrition solution in determining peripheral versus central administration. Solution with an osmolarity of 900 mOsmol/L or greater must be infused through a central catheter [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. The infusion of hypertonic nutrient solution into a peripheral vein may result in vein irritation, vein damage, and/or thrombosis. The primary complication of peripheral access is venous thrombophlebitis, which manifests as pain, erythema, tenderness or a palpable cord. Remove the catheter as soon as possible, if thrombophlebitis develops.
Manganese accumulation in the basal ganglia has been reported in adult and pediatric patients on longterm parenteral nutrition receiving manganese at higher than recommended dosages and in association with cholestatic liver disease. Some adult patients with brain MRI findings reportedly experienced neuropsychiatric symptoms, including changes in mood or memory, seizures and/or parkinsonian-like tremors, dysarthria, mask-face, and halting gait. Some pediatric patients experienced dystonic movements or seizures. Brain MRI findings and clinical symptoms have also been observed in patients who received manganese at or below the recommended dosage and with normal blood manganese concentrations. Regression of symptoms and MRI findings have occurred over weeks to months following discontinuation of manganese in most patients but have not always completely resolved.
Monitor patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition solutions containing Tralement for neurologic signs and symptoms and routinely monitor whole blood manganese concentrations and liver function tests. In case of suspected manganese toxicity or new neuro-psychiatric manifestations, temporarily discontinue Tralement, check manganese whole blood concentrations, and consider brain MRI evaluation.
Monitor patients receiving Tralement for cholestasis or other biliary liver disease. Consider individual trace element products as an alternative to Tralement in patients with hepatic and/or biliary dysfunction [see Hepatic Accumulation Of Copper And Manganese].
Copper is primarily eliminated in the bile and excretion is decreased in patients with cholestasis and/or cirrhosis. Hepatic accumulation of copper and manganese have been reported in autopsies of patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition containing copper and manganese at dosages higher than recommended.
Patients receiving parenteral nutrition with cholestasis and/or cirrhosis are at increased risk of manganese brain deposition and neurotoxicity [see Neurologic Toxicity With Manganese].
Administration of copper to patients with cholestasis, and/or cirrhosis may cause hepatic accumulation of copper. Administration of copper to patients with Wilson disease, an inborn error of copper metabolism with defect in hepatocellular copper transport, may cause both increased hepatic accumulation of copper and aggravation of the underlying hepatocellular degeneration.
For patients with cholestasis, biliary dysfunction, or cirrhosis, monitor hepatic and biliary function during long-term administration of Tralement. If a patient develops signs or symptoms of hepatic or biliary dysfunction during the use of Tralement, obtain serum concentrations of copper and ceruloplasmin as well as manganese whole blood concentrations. Consider using individual trace element products in patients with hepatic and/or biliary dysfunction [see Use In Specific Populations].
Tralement contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Preterm infants, including preterm neonates, are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.
Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including preterm infants and premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration or lower daily amounts.
Exposure to aluminum from Tralement is not more than 0.1 mcg/kg/day. When prescribing Tralement for use in parenteral nutrition containing other small volume parenteral products, the total daily patient exposure to aluminum from the admixture should be considered and maintained at no more than 5 mcg/kg/day [see Use In Specific Populations].
Monitor blood zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium concentrations, fluid and electrolyte status, serum osmolarity, blood glucose, liver and kidney function, blood count, and coagulation parameters during use of parenteral nutrition containing Tralement [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Hypersensitivity reactions to subcutaneously administered zinc-containing insulin products and copper-containing intrauterine devices (IUD) were identified in postmarketing case reports. If hypersensitivity reactions occur in patients receiving Tralement in parenteral nutrition, discontinue Tralement, and initiate appropriate medical treatment [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
For patients prescribed zinc-containing insulin products, reported reactions included injection site induration, erythema, pruritus, papular rash, generalized urticaria, facial swelling, and dyspnea. Patients did not manifest symptoms after changing to zinc-free insulin or another insulin product with a reduced amount of zinc. In some cases, allergy testing confirmed the allergy to the zinc component of the insulin product.
For women with copper IUD implantation, reported reactions included diffuse eczematous dermatitis, maculopapular skin eruption, urticaria, and angioedema of the eyelids, face, and labia weeks or months after IUD insertion. In most cases, the patch test for copper was positive, and the adverse reactions resolved after IUD removal.
Administration of the recommended dose of Tralement in parenteral nutrition is not expected to cause major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Deficiency of trace elements may result in adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes (see Clinical Considerations). Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Tralement or with the individual trace elements.
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Disease-associated Maternal and/or Embryo-Fetal Risk
Deficiencies of trace elements, including zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium are associated with adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes. Pregnant women have an increased metabolic demand for trace elements. Parenteral nutrition with Tralement should be considered if a pregnant woman’s nutritional requirements cannot be fulfilled by oral or enteral intake.
Zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium are present in human milk. Administration of the approved recommended dose of Tralement in parenteral nutrition is not expected to cause harm to a breastfed infant. There is no information on the effects of zinc sulfate, cupric sulfate, manganese sulfate, or selenious acid on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered, along with the mother’s clinical need for Tralement and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from Tralement or from the underlying maternal condition.
Tralement is approved for use in pediatric patients weighing at least 10 kg as a source of zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium for parenteral nutrition when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient, or contraindicated. Safety and dosing recommendations in pediatric patients are based on published literature describing controlled studies of products containing zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Tralement is not approved for use in pediatric patients weighing less than 10 kg because the product does not provide an adequate dosage of zinc, copper, or selenium to meet the needs of this subpopulation and exceeds the recommended dosage of manganese.
Reported clinical experience has not identified a difference in requirements for zinc, copper, manganese, or selenium between elderly and younger patients.
Copper is primarily excreted in the bile. Excretion is decreased in patients with cholestasis and/or cirrhosis. Manganese is found, and presumed to be excreted, in bile [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Hepatic accumulation of copper and manganese have been reported with long-term administration in parenteral nutrition at dosages higher than recommended [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
For patients with cholestasis, biliary dysfunction, or cirrhosis, monitor hepatic and biliary function during long-term administration of Tralement. If a patient develops signs or symptoms of hepatic or biliary dysfunction during use of Tralement, obtain serum concentrations of copper and ceruloplasmin as well as manganese whole blood concentrations. Consider using individual trace element products in patients with hepatic and/or biliary dysfunction.
There is no information on overdosing or toxicity with a fixed-combination trace element product. However, there are reports on overdosage in the literature for the individual trace elements. Management of overdosage is supportive care based on presenting signs and symptoms. Obtain blood samples for laboratory testing of the individual trace elements and ceruloplasmin for copper.
Acute zinc toxicity was reported in an infant who received an inadvertent 1,000-fold overdose of zinc in parenteral nutrition that led to cardiac failure and death. Zinc toxicity in adult patients receiving 17 to 400-fold the recommended dosage in parenteral nutrition for 2.5 to 60 days reported signs and symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, hyperamylasemia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia. The zinc serum concentration was 2 to 30-fold the upper end of the reported range in healthy subjects in these cases.
Acute copper toxicity was reported in patients with oral, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration. Clinical manifestations included metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and multi-organ failure involving kidney, liver, blood, and cardiovascular systems. Chelating agents can be used for treatment of acute toxicity. Long-term administration of parenteral copper above recommended dosage may result in significant accumulation of copper in the liver, brain, and other tissues with possible organ damage [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Acute manganese toxicity was reported in adult patients following infusion of manganese more than 10,000-fold the recommended dosage and after use of dialysis fluid contaminated with manganese. Signs and symptoms included skin flushing, acute pancreatitis, elevated whole blood manganese concentrations, and MRI evidence of brain accumulation of manganese. Chronic infusion and oral intake of manganese above recommended dosage have resulted in neuropsychiatric symptoms and MRI evidence of brain accumulation of manganese [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Acute selenium toxicity was reported with oral overdosage of greater than 1 g/day. Symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, garlic breath odor, and altered mental status. Death from circulatory collapse was reported after oral ingestion of 5 to 10 g of selenium with blood concentrations ranging 10 to 50-fold the upper end of the reported range in healthy subjects.
Tralement is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to zinc or copper [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Zinc functions as a cofactor of various enzymes including DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, alcohol dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatases. Zinc is a coordinator of protein structural folding that interacts with a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In addition, zinc is a catalyst of essential biochemical reactions, including activation of substrates of carbonic anhydrase in erythrocyte.
Copper is a cofactor for many metalloenzymes acting as an oxidase to achieve reduction of molecular oxygen. Examples of copper metalloenzymes include but are not limited to lysyl oxidase, monoamine oxidase, ferroxidase, cytochrome C oxidase, dopamine beta monooxygenase, tyrosinase, and superoxide dismutase.
Manganese is essential for the normal catalytic activity of several metalloenzymes including manganese superoxide dismutase, arginase, glutamine synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate decarboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase. Manganese contributes to the normal function of several other enzyme families including the oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.
Selenious acid is converted in vivo to hydrogen selenide via glutathione-involved electron reductions. Hydrogen selenide acts as a selenium pool to form selenoproteins which include, but are not limited to, glutathione peroxidase, iodothyronine deiodinase, peroxidase, and thioredoxins.
The exposure-response relationship and the time course of pharmacodynamic response are unknown for zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium.
Over 85% of total body zinc is found in skeletal muscle and bone. In blood, zinc is mainly localized within erythrocytes. Approximately 80% of serum zinc is bound to albumin and the remainder to α-2macroglobulin and amino acids. In adults, zinc is primarily excreted via the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated in the feces. A smaller amount of zinc is excreted via the kidneys in the urine. Urinary zinc excretion rates in very low birth weight preterm infants are relatively high in the neonatal period, and they decline to a level on a body weight basis that is similar to that of normal adults by two months of age.
In plasma, about 7% of copper is bound to albumin and amino acids. In the liver, about 93% of copper is bound to ceruloplasmin and released to the serum. Copper is excreted in bile and into the gastrointestinal tract where it is not reabsorbed. Copper is also eliminated through the kidneys.
Manganese is widely distributed in body tissues including liver and specific brain regions such as the basal ganglia. The concentrations of manganese are higher in erythrocytes compared to the plasma or serum concentrations. In human plasma, manganese is bound to albumin and β1-globulin. Manganese is found in human bile suggesting biliary excretion.
In humans, 85% of intravenous administered 75Se was protein-bound within 4 to 6 hours and 95% by 24 hours.
Inform patients, caregivers, and home healthcare providers of the following risks of Tralement:
