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THIOLA EC
(tiopronin) Delayed-release Tablets
THIOLA EC (tiopronin) delayed-release tablets are a reducing and cystine-binding thiol drug (CBTD) for oral use. Tiopronin is N-(2-Mercaptopropionyl) glycine and has the following structure:
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Tiopronin has the empirical formula C5H9NO3S and a molecular weight of 163.20. In this drug product tiopronin exists as a dl racemic mixture.
Tiopronin is a white crystalline powder, which is freely soluble in water.
Each THIOLA EC tablet contains 100 or 300 mg of tiopronin. The inactive ingredients in THIOLA EC tablets include lactose monohydrate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (low substitute), magnesium stearate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E5, methacrylic acid: ethyl acrylate copolymer (Eudragit L 100-55), talc, triethyl citrate.
THIOLA EC is indicated, in combination with high fluid intake, alkali, and diet modification, for the prevention of cystine stone formation in adults and pediatric patients 20 kg and greater with severe homozygous cystinuria, who are not responsive to these measures alone.
The recommended initial dosage in adult patients is 800 mg/day. In clinical studies, the average dosage was about 1,000 mg/day.
The recommended initial dosage in pediatric patients weighing 20 kg and greater is 15 mg/kg/day. Avoid dosages greater than 50 mg/kg per day in pediatric patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Use In Specific Populations].
Administer THIOLA EC in 3 divided doses at the same times each day, with or without food. Maintain a routine pattern with regard to meals. Swallow THIOLA EC tablets whole.
Consider starting THIOLA EC at a lower dosage in patients with history of severe toxicity to d-penicillamine.
Measure urinary cystine 1 month after starting THIOLA EC and every 3 months thereafter. Adjust THIOLA EC dosage to maintain urinary cystine concentration less than 250 mg/L.
Assess for proteinuria before treatment and every 3 to 6 months during treatment [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Discontinue THIOLA EC in patients who develop proteinuria, and monitor urinary protein and renal function. Consider restarting THIOLA EC treatment at a lower dosage after resolution of proteinuria.
Tablets for oral use:
100 mg tablets: round, white to off-white and imprinted in red with “T1” on one side
300 mg tablets: round, white to off-white and imprinted in red with “T3” on one side
100 mg delayed-release, round, white to off-white tablet imprinted with “T1” on one side with red ink and blank on the other side: Bottles of 300 NDC 0178-0902-01.
300 mg delayed-release, round, white to off-white tablet imprinted with “T3” on one side with red ink and blank on the other side: Bottles of 90 NDC 0178-0901-90.
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Manufactured and packaged by Mission Pharmacal Company, San Antonio, TX 78230 1355 Distributed by Retrophin, Inc., San Diego, CA 92130. Revised: Jun 2019
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of the drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Adverse reactions occurring at an incidence of ≥5% in an uncontrolled trial in 66 patients with cystinuria age 9 to 68 years are shown in the table below. Patients in group 1 had previously been treated with d-penicillamine; those in group 2 had not. Of those patients who had stopped taking dpenicillamine due to toxicity (34 out of 49 patients in group 1), 22 were able to continue treatment with THIOLA. In those without prior history of d-penicillamine treatment, 6% developed reactions of sufficient severity to require THIOLA withdrawal.
Table 1 presents adverse reactions ≥5% in either treatment group occurring in this trial.
Table 1: Adverse Reactions Occurring in One or More Patients
| System Organ Class | Adverse Reaction | Group 1 Previously treated with d-penicillamine (N = 49) |
Group 2 Naive to d-penicillamine (N = 17) |
| Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | anemia | 1 (2%) | 1 (6%) |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | nausea | 12 (25%) | 2 (12%) |
| emesis | 5 (10%) | - | |
| diarrhea/soft stools | 9 (18%) | 1 (6%) | |
| abdominal pain | - | 1 (6%) | |
| oral ulcers | 6 (12%) | 3 (18%) | |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | fever | 4 (8%) | - |
| weakness | 2 (4%) | 2 (12%) | |
| fatigue | 7 (14%) | - | |
| peripheral (edema) | 3 (6%) | 1 (6%) | |
| chest pain | - | 1 (6%) | |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | anorexia | 4 (8%) | - |
| Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders | arthralgia | - | 2 (12%) |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | proteinuria | 5 (10%) | 1 (6%) |
| impotence | - | 1 (6%) | |
| Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders | cough | - | 1 (6%) |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | rash | 7 (14%) | 2 (12%) |
| ecchymosis | 3 (6%) | - | |
| pruritus | 2 (4%) | 1 (6%) | |
| urticaria | 4 (8%) | - | |
| skin wrinkling | 3 (6%) | 1 (6%) |
A reduction in taste perception may develop. It is believed to be the result of chelation of trace metals by tiopronin. Hypogeusia is often self-limited.
Adverse reactions have been reported from the literature, as well as during post-approval use of THIOLA. Because the post-approval reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to THIOLA exposure.
Adverse reactions reported during the postmarketing use of THIOLA are listed by body system in Table 2.
Table 2: Adverse Reactions Reported for THIOLA
Pharmacovigilance by System Organ Class and Preferred Term
| System Organ Class | Preferred Term |
| Cardiac Disorders | congestive heart failure |
| Ear and Labyrinth Disorder | vertigo |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | abdominal discomfort; abdominal distension; abdominal pain; chapped lips; diarrhea; dry mouth; dyspepsia; eructation; flatulence; gastrointestinal disorder; gastroesophageal reflux disease; nausea; vomiting; jaundice; liver transaminitis |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | asthenia; chest pain; fatigue; malaise; pain; peripheral swelling; pyrexia; swelling |
| Investigations | glomerular filtration rate decreased; weight increased |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | decreased appetite; dehydration; hypophagia |
| Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders | arthralgia; back pain; flank pain; joint swelling; limb discomfort; musculoskeletal discomfort; myalgia; neck pain; pain in extremity |
| Nervous System Disorders | ageusia; burning sensation; dizziness; dysgeusia; headache; hypoesthesia |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | nephrotic syndrome; proteinuria; renal failure |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | dry skin; hyperhidrosis; pemphigus foliaceus; pruritus; rash; rash pruritic; skin irritation; skin texture abnormal; skin wrinkling; urticaria |
Tiopronin is released faster from THIOLA EC in the presence of alcohol and the risk for adverse events associated with THIOLA EC when taken with alcohol is unknown. Avoid alcohol consumption 2 hours before and 3 hours after taking THIOLA EC [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
Proteinuria, including nephrotic syndrome, and membranous nephropathy, have been reported with tiopronin use. Pediatric patients receiving greater than 50 mg/kg of tiopronin per day may be at increased risk for proteinuria. [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, ADVERSE REACTIONS, Use In Specific Populations]. Monitor patients for the development of proteinuria and discontinue therapy in patients who develop proteinuria [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Hypersensitivity reactions (drug fever, rash, fever, arthralgia and lymphadenopathy) have been reported [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Long-term carcinogenicity studies in animals have not been performed.
Tiopronin was not genotoxic in the chromosomal aberration, sister chromatid exchange, and in vivo micronucleus assays.
High doses of tiopronin in experimental animals have been shown to interfere with maintenance of pregnancy and viability of the fetus. In 2 published male fertility studies in rats, tiopronin at 20 mg/kg/day intramuscular (IM) for 60 days induced reductions in testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory sex glands weights and in the count and motility of cauda epididymal sperm.
Available published case report data with tiopronin have not identified a drug-associated risk for major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Renal stones in pregnancy may result in adverse pregnancy outcomes (see Clinical Considerations). In animal reproduction studies, there were no adverse developmental outcomes with oral administration of tiopronin to pregnant mice and rats during organogenesis at doses up to 2 times a 2 grams/day human dose (based on mg/m²). The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies are 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
Disease-Associated Maternal And/Or Embryo/Fetal Risk
Renal stones in pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight.
Animal Data
No findings of fetal malformations could be attributed to the drug in reproduction studies in mice and rats at doses up to 2 times the highest recommended human dose of 2 grams/day (based on mg/m²).
There are no data on the presence of tiopronin in either human or animal milk or on the effects of the breastfed child. A published study suggests that tiopronin may suppress milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including nephrotic syndrome, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with THIOLA EC.
THIOLA EC is indicated in pediatric patients weighing 20 kg or more with severe homozygous cystinuria, in combination with high fluid intake, alkali, and diet modification, for the prevention of cystine stone formation who are not responsive to these measures alone. This indication is based on safety and efficacy data from a trial in patients 9 years to 68 years of age and clinical experience. Proteinuria, including nephrotic syndrome, has been reported in pediatric patients. Pediatric patients receiving greater than 50 mg/kg tiopronin per day may be at greater risk [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
THIOLA EC tablets are not approved for use in pediatric patients weighing less than 20 kg or in pediatric patients unable to swallow tablets [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
There is no information on overdosage with tiopronin.
THIOLA EC is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to tiopronin or any other components of THIOLA EC [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
The goal of therapy is to reduce urinary cystine concentration below its solubility limit. Tiopronin is an active reducing agent which undergoes thiol-disulfide exchange with cystine to form a mixed disulfide of tiopronin-cysteine. From this reaction, a water-soluble mixed disulfide is formed and the amount of sparingly soluble cystine is reduced.
The decrement in urinary cystine produced by tiopronin is generally proportional to the dose. A reduction in urinary cystine of 250-350 mg/day at tiopronin dosage of 1 g/day, and a decline of approximately 500 mg/day at a dosage of 2 g/day, might be expected. Tiopronin has a rapid onset and offset of action, showing a fall in cystine excretion on the first day of administration and a rise on the first day of drug withdrawal.
THIOLA EC Tablets
When THIOLA IR and THIOLA EC single doses were given to fasted healthy subjects (n = 39) in a crossover study, the median time to peak plasma levels (Tmax) were 1 (range: 0.5 to 2.1) and 3 (range: 1.0 to 6.0) hours, respectively. The peak exposure (Cmax) and total exposure (AUC0-t) of tiopronin from THIOLA EC tablets were decreased by 22% and 7% respectively compared to THIOLA IR tablets.
Administration of the THIOLA EC tablet with food decreases Cmax of tiopronin by 13% and AUC0-t by 25% compared to THIOLA EC administered in a fasted state. Since the drug is dosed to effect, the study results support administration of THIOLA EC tablets with or without food; administer at the same time each day with a routine pattern with regard to meals.
Excretion
When tiopronin is given orally, up to 48% of dose appears in urine during the first 4 hours and up to 78% by 72 hours.
An in vitro dissolution study was conducted to evaluate the impact of alcohol (5, 10, 20, and 40%) on the dose dumping of THIOLA EC tablets. The study results showed that the addition of alcohol to the dissolution media increases the dissolution rate of THIOLA EC tablets in the acidic media of 0.1N HCl [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Advise patients to swallow THIOLA EC tablets intact and not to chew, crush, or split the tablets.
Advise women that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with THIOLA EC [see Use In Specific Populations].
