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TAZICEF®
(ceftazidime) for Intravenous or Intramuscular Injection, USP
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Tazicef (ceftazidime) and other antibacterial drugs, Tazicef (ceftazidime) should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.
Ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic for parenteral administration. It is the pentahydrate of pyridinium, 1-[[7-[[(2-amino-4-thiazolyl) [(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy) imino]acetyl] amino]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0.)oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl]-, hydroxide, inner salt, [6R- [6α,7β(Z)]]. It has the following structure:
 |
The empirical formula is C22H32N6O12S2, representing a molecular weight of 636.6. Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) is a sterile, dry, powdered mixture of ceftazidime pentahydrate and sodium carbonate. The sodium carbonate at a concentration of 118 mg/g of ceftazidime activity has been admixed to facilitate dissolution. The total sodium content of the mixture is approximately 54 mg (2.3 mEq)/g of ceftazidime activity.
Tazicef in sterile crystalline form is supplied in vials equivalent to 1 g or 2 g of anhydrous ceftazidime. Solutions of Tazicef range in color from light yellow to amber, depending on the diluent and volume used. The pH of freshly reconstituted solutions usually ranges from 5.0 to 7.5.
Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) is indicated for the treatment of patients with infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the following diseases:
Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) may be used alone in cases of confirmed or suspected sepsis. Ceftazidime has been used successfully in clinical trials as empiric therapy in cases where various concomitant therapies with other antibiotics have been used.
Tazicef may also be used concomitantly with other antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides, vancomycin and clindamycin; in severe and life-threatening infections, and in the immuno-compromised patient. When such concomitant treatment is appropriate, prescribing information in the labeling for the other antibiotics should be followed. The dose depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's condition.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Tazicef (ceftazidime) and other antibacterial drugs, Tazicef (ceftazidime) should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
The usual adult dosage is 1 gram administered intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 to 12 hours. The dosage and route should be determined by the susceptibility of the causative organisms, the severity of infection, and the condition and renal function of the patient.
The guidelines for dosage of Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) are listed in Table 5. The following dosage schedule is recommended.
Table 5: Recommended Dosage Schedule
| Dose | Frequency | |
| Adults Usual recommended dosage | 1 gram IV or IM | q8-12hr |
| Uncomplicated urinary tract infections | 250 mg IV or IM | q12hr |
| Bone and joint infections | 2 grams IV | q12hr |
| Complicated urinary tract infections | 500 mg IV or IM | q8-12hr |
| Uncomplicated pneumonia; mild skin and skin-structure infections | 500 mg to 1 gram IV or IM | q8hr |
| Serious gynecologic and intra-abdominal infections | 2 grams IV | q8hr |
| Meningitis | 2 grams IV | q8hr |
| Very severe life-threatening infections, especially in immunocompromised patients | 2 grams IV | q8hr |
| Lung infections caused by Pseudomonas spp. in patients with cystic fibrosis with normal renal function* | 30 to 50 mg/kg IV to a maximum of 6 grams per day | q8hr |
| Neonates (0 - 4 weeks) | 30 mg/kg IV | q12hr |
| Infants and children (1 month - 12 years) | 30 to 50 mg/kg IV to a maximum of 6 grams per day† | q8hr |
| * Although clinical improvement has been shown,
bacteriologic cures cannot be expected in patients with chronic respiratory
disease and cystic fibrosis. † The higher dose should be reserved for immunocompromised pediatric patients or pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis or meningitis. |
||
No adjustment in dosage is required for patients with hepatic dysfunction.
Ceftazidime is excreted by the kidneys, almost exclusively by glomerular filtration. Therefore, in patients with impaired renal function (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] < 50 mL/min), it is recommended that the dosage of ceftazidime be reduced to compensate for its slower excretion. In patients with suspected renal insufficiency, an initial loading dose of 1 gram of ceftazidime may be given. An estimate of GFR should be made to determine the appropriate maintenance dosage. The recommended dosage is presented in Table 6.
Table 6: Recommended Maintenance Dosages of Tazicef (ceftazidime
for injection, USP) in Renal Insufficiency
| Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) | Recommended Unit Dose of Tazicef | Frequency of Dosing |
| 50 to 31 | 1 gram | q12hr |
| 30 to 16 | 1 gram | q24hr |
| 15 to 6 | 500 mg | q24hr |
| < 5 | 500 mg | q48hr |
NOTE: IF THE DOSE RECOMMENDED IN TABLE 5 ABOVE IS LOWER THAN THAT RECOMMENDED FOR PATIENTS WITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY AS OUTLINED IN TABLE 6, THE LOWER DOSE SHOULD BE USED.
When only serum creatinine is available, the following formula (Cockcroft's equation)4 may be used to estimate creatinine clearance. The serum creatinine should represent a steady state of renal function:
| Males: | (weight in kg) x (140 – age) |
| (72) x serum creatinine (mg/100 mL) | |
| Females | (0.85) x (above value) |
In patients with severe infections who would normally receive 6 grams of Tazicef daily were it not for renal insufficiency, the unit dose given in the table above may be increased by 50% or the dosing frequency may be increased appropriately. Further dosing should be determined by therapeutic monitoring, severity of the infection, and susceptibility of the causative organism.
In pediatric patients as for adults, the creatinine clearance should be adjusted for body surface area or lean body mass, and the dosing frequency should be reduced in cases of renal insufficiency.
In patients undergoing hemodialysis, a loading dose of 1 gram is recommended, followed by 1 gram after each hemodialysis period.
Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) can also be used in patients undergoing intraperitoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. In such patients, a loading dose of 1 gram of Tazicef may be given, followed by 500 mg every 24 hours. In addition to IV use, Tazicef can be incorporated in the dialysis fluid at a concentration of 250 mg for 2 L of dialysis fluid.
Note: Generally Tazicef should be continued for 2 days after the signs and symptoms of infection have disappeared, but in complicated infections longer therapy may be required.
Tazicef may be given intravenously or by deep IM injection into a large muscle mass such as the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus or lateral part of the thigh. Intra-arterial administration should be avoided (see PRECAUTIONS).
For IM administration, Tazicef should be reconstituted with one of the following diluents: Sterile Water for Injection, Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, or 0.5% or 1% Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection. Refer to Table 7.
The IV route is preferable for patients with bacterial septicemia, bacterial meningitis, peritonitis, or other severe or life-threatening infections, or for patients who may be poor risks because of lowered resistance resulting from such debilitating conditions as malnutrition, trauma, surgery, diabetes, heart failure, or malignancy, particularly if shock is present or pending.
For direct intermittent IV administration, reconstitute Tazicef as directed in Table 7 with Sterile Water for Injection. Slowly inject directly into the vein over a period of 3 to 5 minutes or give through the tubing of an administration set while the patient is also receiving one of the compatible IV fluids (see Compatibility And Stability).
For IV infusion, reconstitute the 1-gram or 2-gram vial and add an appropriate quantity of the resulting solution to an IV container with one of the compatible IV fluids listed under the COMPATIBILITY AND STABILITY section.
Intermittent intravenous infusion with a Y-type administration set can be accomplished with compatible solutions. However, during infusion of a solution containing ceftazidime, it is desirable to discontinue the other solution.
Table 7: Preparation of Solutions of Tazicef
| Vial Size | Amount of Diluent to Be Added | Approximate Available Volume | Approximate Ceftazidime Concentration |
| Intramuscular | |||
| 1 gram | 3.0 mL | 3.6 mL | 280 mg/mL |
| Intravenous Infusion | |||
| 1 gram | 10 mL | 10.6 mL | 95 mg/mL |
| 2 gram | 10 mL | 11.2 mL | 180 mg/mL |
All vials of Tazicef as supplied are under reduced pressure. When Tazicef is dissolved, carbon dioxide is released and a positive pressure develops.
Solutions of Tazicef, like those of most beta-lactam antibiotics, should not be added to solutions of aminoglycoside antibiotics because of potential interaction.
However, if concurrent therapy with Tazicef and an aminoglycoside is indicated, each of these antibiotics can be administered separately to the same patient.
Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) when reconstituted as directed with Sterile Water for Injection, Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, or 0.5% or 1% Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection, maintains satisfactory potency for 24 hours at room temperature or for 7 days under refrigeration. Solutions in Sterile Water for Injection that are frozen immediately after reconstitution in the original container are stable for 3 months when stored at -20°C. Once thawed, solutions should not be refrozen. Thawed solutions may be stored for up to 8 hours at room temperature or for 4 days in a refrigerator.
Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) when reconstituted as directed with Sterile Water for Injection, maintains satisfactory potency for 24 hours at room temperature or for 7 days under refrigeration. Solutions in Sterile Water for Injection in the original container or in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection in VIAFLEX® small-volume containers that are frozen immediately after reconstitution are stable for 6 months when stored at -20°C. Do not force thaw by immersion in water baths or by microwave irradiation. Once thawed, solutions should not be refrozen. Thawed solutions may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature or for 7 days in a refrigerator. More concentrated solutions in Sterile Water for Injection in the original container that are frozen immediately after constitution are stable for 3 months when stored at -20°C. Once thawed, solutions should not be refrozen. Thawed solutions may be stored for up to 8 hours at room temperature or for 4 days in a refrigerator.
Tazicef is compatible with the more commonly used IV infusion fluids. Solutions at concentrations between 1 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection; 1/6 M Sodium Lactate Injection; 5% Dextrose Injection; 5% Dextrose and 0.225% Sodium Chloride Injection; 5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection; 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection; 10% Dextrose Injection; Ringer's Injection, USP; Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP; 10% Invert Sugar in Water for Injection; and NORMOSOL®-M in 5% Dextrose Injection may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature or for 7 days if refrigerated.
Tazicef is less stable in Sodium Bicarbonate Injection than in other IV fluids. It is not recommended as a diluent. Solutions of Tazicef in 5% Dextrose Injection and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection are stable for at least 6 hours at room temperature in plastic tubing, drip chambers and volume control devices of common IV infusion sets.
Ceftazidime at a concentration of 4 mg/mL has been found compatible for 24 hours at room temperature for 7 days under refrigeration in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or 5% Dextrose Injection when admixed with: cefuroxime (ZINACEF®) 3 mg/mL, heparin 10 U/mL or 50 U/mL or potassium chloride 10 or 40 mEq/L.
Vancomycin solution exhibits a physical incompatibility when mixed with a number of drugs, including ceftazidime. The likelihood of precipitation with ceftazidime is dependent on the concentrations of vancomycin and ceftazidime present. It is therefore recommended, when both drugs are to be administered by intermittent IV infusion, that they be given separately, flushing the IV lines (with 1 of the compatible IV fluids) between the administration of these 2 agents.
Note: Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter before administration whenever solution and container permit. As with other cephalosporins, Tazicef powder, as well as solutions, tend to darken depending on storage conditions; within the stated recommendations, however, product potency is not adversely affected.
Tazicef in the dry state should be stored at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature] and protected from light. Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) is a dry, white to offwhite powder supplied in vials as follows:
Vials: equivalent to 1 gram and 2 grams of ceftazidime.
1 gram (tray of 25): NDC 0409-5082-16
2 gram (tray of 10): NDC 0409-5084-11
Also available as:
Pharmacy Bulk Package Vials: equivalent to 6 grams of ceftazidime.
6 gram (tray of 10): NDC 0409-5086-11
ADD-Vantage® Vials: equivalent to 1 gram and 2 grams of ceftazidime.
1 gram: NDC 0409-5092-16
2 gram: NDC 0409-5093-11
Manufactured by Sandoz GmbH for: Hospira Worldwide, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA., Made in Kundl, Austria. Revised: Oct 2014
Ceftazidime is generally well tolerated. The incidence of adverse reactions associated with the administration of ceftazidime was low in clinical trials. The most common were local reactions following IV injection and allergic and gastrointestinal reactions. Other adverse reactions were encountered infrequently. No disulfiram-like reactions were reported.
The following adverse effects from clinical trials were considered to be either related to ceftazidime therapy or were of uncertain etiology:
Local Effects, reported in fewer than 2% of patients, were phlebitis and inflammation at the site of injection (1 in 69 patients).
Hypersensitivity Reactions, reported in 2% of patients, were pruritus, rash, and fever. Immediate reactions, generally manifested by rash and/or pruritus, occurred in 1 in 285 patients. Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme have also been reported with cephalosporin antibiotics, including ceftazidime. Angioedema and anaphylaxis (bronchospasm and/or hypotension) have been reported very rarely.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms, reported in fewer than 2% of patients, were diarrhea (1 in 78), nausea (1 in 156), vomiting (1 in 500), and abdominal pain (1 in 416). The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after treatment (see WARNINGS).
Central Nervous System Reactions (fewer than 1%) included headache, dizziness, and paresthesia. Seizures have been reported with several cephalosporins, including ceftazidime. In addition, encephalopathy, coma, asterixis, neuromuscular excitability, and myoclonia have been reported in renally impaired patients treated with unadjusted dosing regimens of ceftazidime (see PRECAUTIONS: General).
Less Frequent Adverse Events (fewer than 1%) were candidiasis (including oral thrush) and vaginitis.
Rare cases of hemolytic anemia have been reported.
Laboratory Test Changes noted during clinical trials with Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) were transient and included: eosinophilia (1 in 13), positive Coombs test without hemolysis (1 in 23), thrombocytosis (1 in 45), and slight elevations in one or more of the hepatic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) (1 in 16), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) (1 in 15), LDH (1 in 18), GGT (1 in 19) and alkaline phosphatase (1 in 23). As with some other cephalosporins, transient elevations of blood urea, blood urea nitrogen, and/or serum creatinine were observed occasionally. Transient leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and lymphocytosis were seen very rarely.
In addition to the adverse events reported during clinical trials, the following events have been observed during clinical practice in patients treated with Tazicef and were reported spontaneously. For some of these events, data are insufficient to allow an estimate of incidence or to establish causation.
Anaphylaxis; allergic reactions, which, in rare instances, were severe (e.g., cardiopulmonary arrest); urticaria; pain at injection site.
Hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice.
Renal impairment.
In addition to the adverse reactions listed above that have been observed in patients treated with ceftazidime, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported for cephalosporin-class antibiotics:
Colitis, toxic nephropathy, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, aplastic anemia, hemorrhage.
Prolonged prothrombin time, false-positive test for urinary glucose, pancytopenia.
Nephrotoxicity has been reported following concomitant administration of cephalosporins with aminoglycoside antibiotics or potent diuretics such as furosemide. Renal function should be carefully monitored, especially if higher dosages of the aminoglycosides are to be administered or if therapy is prolonged, because of the potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity were not noted when ceftazidime was given alone in clinical trials.
Chloramphenicol has been shown to be antagonistic to beta-lactam antibiotics, including ceftazidime, based on in vitro studies and time kill curves with enteric gram-negative bacilli. Due to the possibility of antagonism in vivo, particularly when bactericidal activity is desired, this drug combination should be avoided.
In common with other antibiotics, ceftazidime may affect the gut flora, leading to lower estrogen reabsorption and reduced efficacy of combined oral estrogen/progesterone contraceptives.
The administration of ceftazidime may result in a false-positive reaction for glucose in the urine when using CLINITEST® tablets, Benedict's solution, or Fehling's solution. It is recommended that glucose tests based on enzymatic glucose oxidase reactions (such as CLINISTIX®) be used.
BEFORE THERAPY WITH TAZICEF IS INSTITUTED, CAREFUL INQUIRY SHOULD BE MADE TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE PATIENT HAS HAD PREVIOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TO CEFTAZIDIME, CEPHALOSPORINS, PENICILLINS, OR OTHER DRUGS. IF THIS PRODUCT IS TO BE GIVEN TO PENICILLIN-SENSITIVE PATIENTS, CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED BECAUSE CROSS- HYPERSENSITIVITY AMONG BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS HAS BEEN CLEARLY DOCUMENTED AND MAY OCCUR IN UP TO 10% OF PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF PENICILLIN ALLERGY. IF AN ALLERGIC REACTION TO TAZICEF OCCURS, DISCONTINUE THE DRUG. SERIOUS ACUTE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS MAY REQUIRE TREATMENT WITH EPINEPHRINE AND OTHER EMERGENCY MEASURES, INCLUDING OXYGEN, IV FLUIDS, IV ANTIHISTAMINES, CORTICOSTEROIDS, PRESSOR AMINES, AND AIRWAY MANAGEMENT, AS CLINICALLY INDICATED.
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including ceftazidime, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated. Elevated levels of ceftazidime in patients with renal insufficiency can lead to seizures, encephalopathy, coma, asterixis, neuromuscular excitability, and myoclonia (see PRECAUTIONS).
High and prolonged serum ceftazidime concentrations can occur from usual dosages in patients with transient or persistent reduction of urinary output because of renal insufficiency. The total daily dosage should be reduced when ceftazidime is administered to patients with renal insufficiency (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Elevated levels of ceftazidime in these patients can lead to seizures, encephalopathy, coma, asterixis, neuromuscular excitability, and myoclonia. Continued dosage should be determined by degree of renal impairment, severity of infection and susceptibility of the causative organisms.
As with other antibiotics, prolonged use of Tazicef (ceftazidime for injection, USP) may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms. Repeated evaluation of the patient's condition is essential.
If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
Inducible type I beta-lactamase resistance has been noted with some organisms (e.g., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Serratia spp.). As with other extended-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, resistance can develop during therapy, leading to clinical failure in some cases.
When treating infections caused by these organisms, periodic susceptibility testing should be performed when clinically appropriate. If patients fail to respond to monotherapy, an aminoglycoside or similar agent should be considered.
Cephalosporins may be associated with a fall in prothrombin activity. Those at risk include patients with renal and hepatic impairment, or poor nutritional state, as well as patients receiving a protracted course of antimicrobial therapy. Prothrombin time should be monitored in patients at risk and exogenous vitamin K administered as indicated.
Tazicef should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis.
Distal necrosis can occur after inadvertent intra-arterial administration of ceftazidime.
Prescribing Tazicef (ceftazidime) in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential. However, a mouse micronucleus test and an Ames test were both negative for mutagenic effects.
Pregnancy Category B. Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats at doses up to 40 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to TAZICEF. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Ceftazidime is excreted in human milk in low concentrations. Caution should be exercised when TAZICEF is administered to a nursing woman.
(see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Of the 2,221 subjects who received ceftazidime in 11 clinical studies, 824 (37%) were 65 and older while 391 (18%) were 75 and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater susceptibility of some older individuals to drug effects cannot be ruled out. This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Ceftazidime overdosage has occurred in patients with renal failure. Reactions have included seizure activity, encephalopathy, asterixis, neuromuscular excitability, and coma. Patients who receive an acute overdosage should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment. In the presence of renal insufficiency, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may aid in the removal of ceftazidime from the body.
Tazicef is contraindicated in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to ceftazidime or the cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
After IV administration of 500-mg and 1-g doses of ceftazidime over 5 minutes to normal adult male volunteers, mean peak serum concentrations of 45 mcg/mL and 90 mcg/mL, respectively, were achieved. After IV infusion of 500-mg, 1-g and 2-g doses of ceftazidime over 20 to 30 minutes to normal adult male volunteers, mean peak serum concentrations of 42 mcg/mL, 69 mcg/mL and 170 mcg/mL, respectively, were achieved. The average serum concentrations following IV infusion of 500-mg, 1-g and 2-g doses to these volunteers over an 8-hour interval are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Average Serum Concentrations of Ceftazidime
| Ceftazidime IV Dose | Serum Concentrations (mcg/mL) | ||||
| 0.5 hr | 1 hr | 2 hr | 4 hr | 8 hr | |
| 500 mg | 42 | 25 | 12 | 6 | 2 |
| 1 g | 60 | 39 | 23 | 11 | 3 |
| 2 g | 129 | 75 | 42 | 13 | 5 |
The absorption and elimination of ceftazidime were directly proportional to the size of the dose. The half-life following IV administration was approximately 1.9 hours. Less than 10% of ceftazidime was protein bound. The degree of protein binding was independent of concentration. There was no evidence of accumulation of ceftazidime in the serum in individuals with normal renal function following multiple IV doses of 1 g and 2 g every 8 hours for 10 days.
Following intramuscular (IM) administration of 500-mg and 1-g doses of ceftazidime to normal adult volunteers, the mean peak serum concentrations were 17 mcg/mL and 39 mcg/mL, respectively, at approximately 1 hour. Serum concentrations remained above 4 mcg/mL for 6 and 8 hours after the IM administration of 500-mg and 1-g doses, respectively. The half-life of ceftazidime in these volunteers was approximately 2 hours.
The presence of hepatic dysfunction had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in individuals administered 2 g intravenously every 8 hours for 5 days. Therefore, a dosage adjustment from the normal recommended dosage is not required for patients with hepatic dysfunction, provided renal function is not impaired.
Approximately 80% to 90% of an IM or IV dose of ceftazidime is excreted unchanged by the kidneys over a 24-hour period. After the IV administration of single 500-mg or 1-g doses, approximately 50% of the dose appeared in the urine in the first 2 hours. An additional 20% was excreted between 2 and 4 hours after dosing, and approximately another 12% of the dose appeared in the urine between 4 and 8 hours later. The elimination of ceftazidime by the kidneys resulted in high therapeutic concentrations in the urine.
The mean renal clearance of ceftazidime was approximately 100 mL/min. The calculated plasma clearance of approximately 115 mL/min indicated nearly complete elimination of ceftazidime by the renal route. Administration of probenecid before dosing had no effect on the elimination kinetics of ceftazidime. This suggested that ceftazidime is eliminated by glomerular filtration and is not actively secreted by renal tubular mechanisms.
Since ceftazidime is eliminated almost solely by the kidneys, its serum half-life is significantly prolonged in patients with impaired renal function. Consequently, dosage adjustments in such patients as described in the DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section are suggested.
Therapeutic concentrations of ceftazidime are achieved in the following body tissues and fluids.
Table 2: Ceftazidime Concentrations in Body Tissues
and Fluids
| Tissue or Fluid | Dose/Route | No. of Patients | Time of Sample Postdose | Average Tissue or Fluid Level (mcg/mL or mcg/g) |
| Urine | 500 mg IM | 6 | 0 to 2 hr | 2,100.0 |
| 2 g IV | 6 | 0 to 2 hr | 12,000.0 | |
| Bile | 2 g IV | 3 | 90 min | 36.4 |
| Synovial fluid | 2 g IV | 13 | 2 hr | 25.6 |
| Peritoneal fluid | 2 g IV | 8 | 2 hr | 48.6 |
| Sputum | 1 g IV | 8 | 1 hr | 9.0 |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | 2 g q8hr IV | 5 | 120 min | 9.8 |
| (inflamed meninges) | 2 g q8hr IV | 6 | 180 min | 9.4 |
| Aqueous humor | 2 g IV | 13 | 1 to 3 hr | 11.0 |
| Blister fluid | 1 g IV | 7 | 2 to 3 hr | 19.7 |
| Lymphatic fluid | 1 g IV | 7 | 2 to 3 hr | 23.4 |
| Bone | 2 g IV | 8 | 0.67 hr | 31.1 |
| Heart muscle | 2 g IV | 35 | 30 to 280 min | 12.7 |
| Skin | 2 g IV | 22 | 30 to 180 min | 6.6 |
| Skeletal muscle | 2 g IV | 35 | 30 to 280 min | 9.4 |
| Myometrium | 2 g IV | 31 | 1 to 2 hr | 18.7 |
Ceftazidime is a bactericidal agent that acts by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Ceftazidime has activity in the presence of some beta-lactamases, both penicillinases and cephalosporinases, of Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria. Ceftazidime has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following microorganisms exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for ceftazidime. However, the efficacy of ceftazidime in treating clinical infections due to these microorganisms has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drug products used in resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting an antibacterial drug product for treatment.
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized test method1,2. The MIC values should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 3.
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size provides an estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using a standardized test method2,3. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30 mcg ceftazidime to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to ceftazidime. The disk diffusion interpretive criteria are provided in Table 3.
Table 3: Susceptibility Test
Interpretive Criteria for Ceftazidime Pathogen
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/ml) | Disk Diffusion Zone Diameters (mm) | |||||
| (S) Susceptible | (I) Intermediate | (R) Resistant | (S) Susceptible | (I) Intermediate | (R) Resistant | |
| Enterobacteriaceae § | ≤ 4 | 8 | ≥ 16 | ≥ 21 | 18 to 20 | ≤ 17 |
| Haemophilus influenzaea | ≤ 2 | - | - | ≥ 26 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa* | ≤ 8 | - | ≥ 16 | ≥ 18 | - | ≤ 17 |
| § Susceptibility interpretive criteria for Enterobacteriaceae are based on a dose of 1 gram q 8h. For isolates with intermediate susceptibility,
use a dose of 2 grams every 8 hours in patients with normal renal function. * For P. aeruginosa, susceptibility interpretive criteria are based on a dose of 2 grams IV every 8 hours in patients with normal renal function. a The current absence of data on resistant isolates precludes defining any category other than 'Susceptible'. If isolates yield MIC results other than susceptible, they should be submitted to a reference laboratory for additional testing. Susceptibility of staphylococci to ceftazidime may be deduced from testing only penicillin and either cefoxitin or oxacillin. |
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A report of “Susceptible” indicates that the antimicrobial drug is likely to inhibit growth of the microorganism if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentration usually achievable at the site of infection. A report of “Intermediate” indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated.
This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where a high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of “Resistant” indicates that the antimicrobial is not likely to inhibit growth of the microorganism if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentration usually achievable at the site of infection; other therapy should be selected.
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individual performing the test1,2,3,4. Standard ceftazidime powder should provide the following range of MIC values noted in Table 4. For the diffusion technique using the 30 mcg disk, the criteria in Table 4 should be achieved.
Table 4: Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for
Ceftazidime
| QC Strain | Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) | Disk Diffusion Zone diameters (mm) |
| Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 | 0.06 to 0.5 | 25 to 32 |
| Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 | - | 16 to 20 |
| Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 | 4 to 16 | - |
| Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 | 0.12 to 1 | 27 to 35 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 | 0.03 to 0.12 | 35 to 43 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 | 1 to 4 | 22 to 29 |
REFERENCES
1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard - Ninth Edition. CLSI document M07-A9, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2012.
2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-fourth Informational Supplement, CLSI document M100-S24. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2014.
3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard – Eleventh Edition CLSI document M02- A11, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2012.
4. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; Approved Standard - Eighth Edition. CLSI document M11-A8. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, PA 19087 USA, 2012.
5. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron.1976;16:31-41.
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including Tazicef (ceftazidime) should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Tazicef (ceftazidime) is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Tazicef (ceftazidime) or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as 2 or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.
