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Cefixime is a semisynthetic, cephalosporin antibacterial for oral administration. Chemically, it is (6R,7R)-7-[2-(2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)glyoxylamido]-8-oxo-3-vinyl-5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 72-(Z)-[O-(carboxy methyl) oxime] trihydrate.
Molecular weight = 507.50 as the trihydrate. Chemical Formula is C16H15N5O7S2.3H2O
The structural formula for cefixime is:
 |
SUPRAX is indicated in the treatment of adults and pediatric patients six months of age or older with uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by susceptible isolates of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis.
SUPRAX is indicated in the treatment of adults and pediatric patients six months of age or older with otitis media caused by susceptible isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. (Efficacy for Streptococcus pyogenes in this organ system was studied in fewer than 10 infections.)
Note: For patients with otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, overall response was approximately 10% lower for cefixime than for the comparator [see Clinical Studies].
SUPRAX is indicated in the treatment of adults and pediatric patients six months of age or older with pharyngitis and tonsillitis caused by susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes. (Note: Penicillin is the usual drug of choice in the treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes infections. SUPRAX is generally effective in the eradication of Streptococcus pyogenes from the nasopharynx; however, data establishing the efficacy of SUPRAX in the subsequent prevention of rheumatic fever is not available.)
SUPRAX is indicated in the treatment of adults and pediatric patients six months of age or older with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
SUPRAX is indicated in the treatment of adults and pediatric patients six months of age or older with uncomplicated gonorrhea (cervical/urethral) caused by susceptible isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (penicillinase-and non-penicillinase-producing isolates).
To reduce the development of drug resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of SUPRAX and other antibacterial drugs, SUPRAX should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antimicrobial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
The recommended dose of SUPRAX tablet or capsule is 400 mg daily. This may be given as a 400 mg tablet or capsule daily or the 400 mg tablet may be split and given as one half tablet every 12 hours. For the treatment of uncomplicated cervical/urethral gonococcal infections, a single oral dose of 400 mg is recommended. The capsule and tablet may be administered without regard to food.
In the treatment of infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes, a therapeutic dosage of SUPRAX should be administered for at least 10 days.
The recommended dose is 8 mg/kg/day of the SUPRAX for oral suspension. This may be administered as a single daily dose or may be given in two divided doses, as 4 mg/kg every 12 hours.
Note: A suggested dose has been determined for each pediatric weight range. Refer to Table 1. Ensure all orders that specify a dose in milliliters include a concentration, because SUPRAX for oral suspension is available in three different concentrations (100 mg/5 mL, 200 mg/5 mL, and 500 mg/5 mL).
Table 1. Suggested doses for pediatric patients
| PEDIATRIC DOSAGE CHART Doses are suggested for each weight range and rounded for ease of administration | |||||
| SUPRAX for oral suspension | SUPRAX chewable tablet | ||||
| 100 mg/5 mL | 200 mg/5 mL | 500 mg/5 mL | |||
| Patient Weight (kg) | Dose/Day (mg)- | Dose/Day (mL) | Dose/Day (mL) | Dose/Day (mL) | Dose |
| 5 to 7.5* | 50 | 2.5 | -- | -- | -- |
| 7.6 to 10* | 80 | 4 | 2 | -- | -- |
| 10.1 to 12.5 | 100 | 5 | 2.5 | 1 | 1 tablet of 100 mg |
| 12.6 to 20.5 | 150 | 7.5 | 4 | 1.5 | 1 tablet of 150 mg |
| 20.6 to 28 | 200 | 10 | 5 | 2 | 1 tablet of 200 mg |
| 28.1 to 33 | 250 | 12.5 | 6 | 2.5 | 1 tablet of 100 mg and 1 tablet of 150 mg |
| 33.1 to 40 | 300 | 15 | 7.5 | 3 | 2 tablets of 150 mg |
| 40.1 to 45 | 350 | 17.5 | 9 | 3.5 | 1 tablet of 150 mg and 1 tablet of 200 mg |
| 45.1 or greater | 400 | 20 | 10 | 4 | 2 tablets of 200 mg |
| * The preferred concentrations of oral suspension to use are 100 mg/5 mL or 200 mg/5 mL for pediatric patients in these weight ranges. | |||||
Pediatric patients weighing more than 45 kg or older than 12 years should be treated with the recommended adult dose. SUPRAX chewable tablets must be chewed or crushed before swallowing.
Otitis media should be treated with SUPRAX chewable tablets or for oral suspension. Clinical trials of otitis media were conducted with the chewable tablets or suspension, and the chewable tablets or suspension results in higher peak blood levels than the tablet when administered at the same dose.
Therefore, the SUPRAX tablet or SUPRAX capsule should not be substituted for the SUPRAX chewable tablets or SUPRAX for oral suspension in the treatment of otitis media [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
In the treatment of infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes, a therapeutic dosage of SUPRAX should be administered for at least 10 days.
SUPRAX may be administered in the presence of impaired renal function. Normal dose and schedule may be employed in patients with creatinine clearances of 60 mL/min or greater. Refer to Table 2 for dose adjustments for adults with renal impairment. Neither hemodialysis nor peritoneal dialysis removes significant amounts of drug from the body.
Table 2. Doses for Adults with Renal Impairment
| Renal Dysfunction | SUPRAX for oral suspension | SUPRAX Tablet | SUPRAX Chewable Tablet | ||
| Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) | 100 mg/5 mL | 200 mg/5 mL | 500 mg/5 mL | 400 mg | 200 mg |
| Dose/Day (mL) | Dose/Day (mL) | Dose/Day (mL) | Dose/Day | Dose/Day | |
| 60 or greater | Normal dose | Normal dose | Normal dose | Normal dose | Normal dose |
| 21 to 59 * OR renal hemodialysis* | 13 | 6.5 | 2.6 | Not Appropriate | Not Appropriate |
| 20 or less OR continuous peritoneal dialysis |
8.6 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 0.5 tablet | 1 tablet |
| * The preferred concentrations of oral suspension to use are 200 mg/5 mL or 500 mg/5 mL for patients with this renal dysfunction | |||||
Table 3. Reconstitution Direction for SUPRAX for Oral Suspension
| Strength | Bottle Size | Reconstitution Directions |
| 100 mg/5 mL and 200 mg/5 mL | 100 mL | To reconstitute, suspend with 68 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. |
| 100 mg/5 mL and 200 mg/5 mL | 75 mL | To reconstitute, suspend with 51 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. |
| 100 mg/5 mL and 200 mg/5 mL |
50 mL | To reconstitute, suspend with 34 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. |
| 200 mg/5 mL | 37.5 mL | To reconstitute, suspend with 26 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. |
| 200 mg/5 mL | 25 mL | To reconstitute, suspend with 17 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. |
| 500 mg/5 mL | 20 mL | To reconstitute, suspend with 14 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. |
| 500 mg/5 mL | 10 mL | To reconstitute, suspend with 8 mL water. Method: Tap the bottle several times to loosen powder contents prior to reconstitution. Add approximately half the total amount of water for reconstitution and shake well. Add the remainder of water and shake well. |
After reconstitution, the suspension may be kept for 14 days either at room temperature, or under refrigeration, without significant loss of potency. Keep tightly closed. Shake well before using. Discard unused portion after 14 days.
SUPRAX is available for oral administration in the following dosage forms and strengths:
SUPRAX® is available for oral administration in the following dosage forms, strengths and packages listed in the table below:
Table 6. Dosage Forms, Strengths and Package Size of SUPRAX ®
| Dosage Form | Strength | Description | Package Size | NDC Code | Storage |
| SUPRAX® (cefixime) tablets USP |
400 mg | White to off-white, film-coated, capsule shaped tablets with beveled edges and a divided score line on each side, debossed with “SUPRAX” across one side and “LUPIN”across other side, containing 400 mg of cefixime as the trihydrate. | Bottles of 10 tablets | 27437-201-10 | Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. |
| Bottle of 50 tablets | 27437-201-08 | ||||
| Bottle of 100 tablets | 27437-201-01 | ||||
| SUPRAX® (cefixime) capsules | 400 mg | Size “0” capsules with pink opaque cap and pink opaquebody, imprinted with “LU” on cap and “U43” on body in black ink, containing white to yellowish white granular powder containing 400 mg of cefixime as the trihydrate. | Bottle of 50 capsules | 27437-209-08 | Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. |
| Unit Dose Package of 10 (1 blister of 10 capsules) | 27437-209-11 | ||||
| SUPRAX® (cefixime) chewable tablets | 100mg | Pink, round tablet, debossed with “SUPRAX 100” on one side and “LUPIN” on other side. | Bottles of 10 tablets | 27437-203-10 | |
| Bottle of 50 tablets | 27437-203-08 | ||||
| Unit Dose Package of 10 (1 blister of 10 tablets) | 27437-203-11 | ||||
| 150 mg | Pink, round tablet, debossed with “SUPRAX 150” on one side and “LUPIN” on other side. | Bottles of 10 tablets | 27437-203-10 | ||
| Bottle of 50 tablets | 27437-203-08 | ||||
| Unit Dose Package of 10 (1 blister of 10 tablets) | 27437-204-11 | ||||
| 200 mg | Pink, round tablet, debossed with “SUPRAX 200” on one side and “LUPIN” on other side. | Bottles of 10 tablets | 27437-205-10 | ||
| Bottle of 50 tablets | 27437-205-08 | ||||
| Unit Dose Package of 10 (1 blister of 10 tablets) | 27437-205-11 | ||||
| SUPRAX® (cefixime) for oral suspension USP | 100 mg/5 mL | Off-white to pale yellow colored powder. After reconstituted as directed, each 5 mL of reconstituted suspension contains 100 mg of cefixime as the trihydrate. | Bottle of 50 mL | 68180-202-03 | Prior to reconstitution: Store drug powder at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. After reconstitution: Store at room temperature or under refrigeration. Keep tightly closed. |
| Bottle of 75 mL | 68180-202-02 | ||||
| Bottle of 100 mL | 68180-202-01 | ||||
| 200 mg/5 mL | Off-white to pale yellow colored powder. After reconstituted as directed, each 5 mL of reconstituted suspension contains 200 mg of cefixime as the trihydrate. | Bottle of 25 mL | 27437-206-05 | ||
| Bottle of 37.5 mL | 27437-206-06 | ||||
| Bottle of 50 mL | 27437-206-03 | ||||
| Bottle of 75 mL | 27437-206-02 | ||||
| Bottle of 100 mL | 27437-206-01 | ||||
| 500 mg/5 mL | Off white to cream colored powder forming off-white to pale yellow suspension with characteristic fruity odor on constitution. After reconstituted as directed, each mL of reconstituted suspension contains 100 mg of cefixime as the trihydrate. | Bottle of 10 mL | 27437-207-02 | ||
| Bottle of 20 mL | 27437-207-03 |
Manufactured by: Lupin Limited Mandideep 462 046 India. Revised: May 2025.
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The most commonly seen adverse reactions in U.S. trials of the SUPRAX tablet formulation were gastrointestinal events, which were reported in 30% of adult patients on either the twice daily or the once daily regimen. Five percent (5%) of patients in the U.S. clinical trials discontinued therapy because of drug-related adverse reactions. Individual adverse reactions included diarrhea 16%, loose or frequent stools 6%, abdominal pain 3%, nausea 7%, dyspepsia 3%, and flatulence 4%. The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions, including diarrhea and loose stools, in pediatric patients receiving the suspension was comparable to the incidence seen in adult patients receiving tablets.
The following adverse reactions have been reported following the post-approval use of SUPRAX. Incidence rates were less than 1 in 50 (less than 2%).
Several cases of documented pseudomembranous colitis were identified in clinical trials. The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after therapy.
Anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions (including shock and fatalities), skin rashes, urticaria, drug fever, pruritus, angioedema, and facial edema. Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and serum sickness-like reactions have been reported.
Transient elevations in SGPT, SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, hepatitis, jaundice.
Transient elevations in BUN or creatinine, acute renal failure.
Headaches, dizziness, seizures.
Transient thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, prolongation in prothrombin time, elevated LDH, pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, and eosinophilia.
Hyperbilirubinemia.
Genital pruritus, vaginitis, candidiasis, toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Allergic reactions, superinfection, renal dysfunction, toxic nephropathy, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, and colitis.
Several cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures, particularly in patients with renal impairment when the dosage was not reduced [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and OVERDOSE]. If seizures associated with drug therapy occur, the drug should be discontinued. Anticonvulsant therapy can be given if clinically indicated.
Elevated carbamazepine levels have been reported in postmarketing experience when SUPRAX is administered concomitantly. Drug monitoring may be of assistance in detecting alterations in carbamazepine plasma concentrations.
Increased prothrombin time, with or without clinical bleeding, has been reported when SUPRAX is administered concomitantly.
A false-positive reaction for ketones in the urine may occur with tests using nitroprusside but not with those using nitroferricyanide.
The administration of SUPRAX may result in a false-positive reaction for glucose in the urine when using glucose tests based on the Benedict’s solution or Fehling’s solution. It is recommended that glucose tests based on enzymatic glucose oxidase reactions be used. A false-positive direct Coombs test has been reported during treatment with other cephalosporins; therefore, it should be recognized that a positive Coombs test may be due to the drug.
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
Anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions (including shock and fatalities) have been reported with the use of cefixime.
Before therapy with SUPRAX is instituted, careful inquiry should be made to determine whether the patient has had previous hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins, penicillins, or other drugs. If this product is to be given to penicillin-sensitive patients, caution should be exercised because cross hypersensitivity among beta-lactam antibacterial drugs has been clearly documented and may occur in up to 10% of patients with a history of penicillin allergy. If an allergic reaction to SUPRAX occurs, discontinue the drug.
Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including SUPRAX, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing isolates of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial drug use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial drug use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial drug treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
The dose of SUPRAX should be adjusted in patients with renal impairment as well as those undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis (HD). Patients on dialysis should be monitored carefully [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Cephalosporins, including SUPRAX, may be associated with a fall in prothrombin activity. Those at risk include patients with renal or hepatic impairment, or poor nutritional state, as well as patients receiving a protracted course of antimicrobial therapy, and patients previously stabilized on anticoagulant therapy. Prothrombin time should be monitored in patients at risk and exogenous vitamin K administered as indicated.
Prescribing SUPRAX in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Phenylalanine can be harmful to patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). SUPRAX chewable tablets contain aspartame, a source of phenylalanine. Each 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg strength contains 3.3 mg, 5 mg and 6.7 mg of phenylalanine, respectively. Before prescribing SUPRAX chewable tablets in a patient with PKU, consider the combined daily amount of phenylalanine from all sources, including SUPRAX chewable tablets.
Lifetime studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential have not been conducted. Cefixime did not cause point mutations in bacteria or mammalian cells, DNA damage, or chromosome damage in vitro and did not exhibit clastogenic potential in vivo in the mouse micronucleus test. In the fertility and reproductive performance study in rats, no difference between control and drug-treated animals was detected in mating behavior, pregnancy rate, or litter parameters (determined at sacrifice on day 13 of pregnancy) at oral doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day (25 times the adult therapeutic dose) administered to males (for 68 days prior to pairing and during the cohabitation period) and females (for 14 days before pairing to weaning).
Available data from published observational studies, case series, and case reports over several decades with cephalosporin use, including cefixime, in pregnant women have not established drug-associated risks of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data). Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats at doses equivalent to 40 and 80 times, respectively, the adult human recommended dose and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to cefixime (see Data).
The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risks of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk
Maternal gonorrhea may be associated with preterm birth, low neonatal birth weight, chorioamnionitis, intrauterine growth restriction, small for gestational age and premature rupture of membranes. Perinatal transmission of gonorrhea to the offspring can result in infant blindness, joint infections, and bloodstream infections.
Human Data
While available studies cannot definitively establish the absence of risk, published data from prospective cohort studies, case series, and case reports over several decades have not identified a consistent association with cephalosporin use, including cefixime, during pregnancy, and major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Available studies have methodological limitations, including small sample size, retrospective data collection, and inconsistent comparator groups.
Animal Data
The results of embryo-fetal development studies in mice and rats show that cefixime, at doses up to 3200 mg/kg/day administered during the period of organogenesis did not adversely affect development. In these studies, in mice and rats, cefixime did not affect postnatal development or reproductive capacity of the F1 generation or fetal development of the F2 generation. In an embryo-fetal development study in rabbits, cefixime at doses of 3.2, 10 or 32 mg/kg given daily during the period of organogenesis (gestation days 6 through 18) resulted in abortions and/or maternal deaths at doses > 10 mg/kg (typically associated with the administration of antibiotics in this species), but no malformations were reported at lower doses. A pre-and post-natal development study of cefixime at oral doses up to 3200 mg/kg/day in rats demonstrated no effect on the duration of pregnancy, process of parturition, development and viability of offspring, or reproductive capacity of the F1 generation and development of their fetuses (F2).
There are no available data on the presence of cefixime in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Cefixime is present in animal milk (see Data). When a drug is present in animal milk, it is likely the drug will be present in human milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for SUPRAX and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from SUPRAX or from the mother’s underlying condition.
In a study on disposition of cefixime in pregnant and lactating rats, continuous intra-peritoneal infusion of 2.54 mg/kg/day of 14C-cefixime from days 10 to 14 postpartum resulted in steady state plasma concentrations of radioactivity in the dams that were 70 times greater than in their nursing pups.
After 102 hours of drug infusion, total radioactivity in the body of the pups, including the stomach and intestinal contents, was 1.5% of the 14C-cefixime estimated to be in the mother's body at steady state.1
The safety and effectiveness of SUPRAX have been established in pediatric patients 6 months of age and older. Safety and effectiveness of SUPRAX in pediatric patients younger than 6 months of age have not been established. The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions, including diarrhea and loose stools, in the pediatric patients receiving the SUPRAX for oral suspension, was comparable to the incidence seen in adult patients receiving tablets.
Clinical studies did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. A pharmacokinetic study in the elderly detected differences in pharmacokinetic parameters [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. These differences were small and do not indicate a need for dosage adjustment of SUPRAX in the elderly.
The dose of cefixime should be adjusted in patients with renal impairment as well as those undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis (HD). Patients on dialysis should be monitored carefully [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
REFERENCES
1. Halperin-Walega, E. Batra VK, Tonelli AP, Barr A, Yacobi A. ‘Disposition of Cefixime in the Pregnant and Lactating Rat. Transfer to the Fetus and Nursing Pup’. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 1988:16(1): pp130–134.
Gastric lavage may be indicated; otherwise, no specific antidote exists. Cefixime is not removed in significant quantities from the circulation by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Adverse reactions in small numbers of healthy adult volunteers receiving single doses up to 2 g of cefixime did not differ from the profile seen in patients treated at the recommended doses.
SUPRAX is contraindicated in patients with known allergy to cefixime or other cephalosporins.
Cefixime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibacterial drug [see Microbiology].
SUPRAX chewable tablets are bioequivalent to SUPRAX for oral suspension.
SUPRAX tablets and SUPRAX for oral suspension, given orally, are about 40% to 50% absorbed whether administered with or without food; however, time to maximal absorption is increased approximately 0.8 hours when administered with food. A single 200 mg tablet of SUPRAX produces an average peak serum concentration of approximately 2 mcg/mL (range 1 to 4 mcg/mL); a single 400 mg SUPRAX tablet produces an average peak concentration of approximately 3.7 mcg/mL (range 1.3 to 7.7 mcg/mL). The SUPRAX for oral suspension produces average peak concentrations approximately 25% to 50% higher than the tablets, when tested in normal adult volunteers. Two hundred and 400 mg doses of SUPRAX for oral suspension produce average peak concentrations of 3 mcg/mL (range 1 to 4.5 mcg/mL) and 4.6 mcg/mL (range 1.9 to 7.7 mcg/mL), respectively, when tested in normal adult volunteers. The area under the time versus concentration curve (AUC) is greater by approximately 10% to 25% with the SUPRAX for oral suspension than with the SUPRAX tablet after doses of 100 to 400 mg, when tested in normal adult volunteers. This increased absorption should be taken into consideration if the SUPRAX for oral suspension is to be substituted for the SUPRAX tablet. Because of the lack of bioequivalence, SUPRAX tablets should not be substituted for SUPRAX for oral suspension in the treatment of otitis media [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Cross-over studies of SUPRAX tablet versus SUPRAX for oral suspension have not been performed in pediatric patients.
The 400 mg SUPRAX capsule is bioequivalent to the 400 mg SUPRAX tablet under fasting conditions. However, food reduces the absorption following administration of the capsule by approximately 15% based on AUC and 25% based on Cmax.
Peak serum concentrations occur between 2 and 6 hours following oral administration of a single 200 mg tablet, a single 400 mg SUPRAX tablet or 400 mg of SUPRAX for oral suspension. Peak serum concentrations occur between 2 and 5 hours following a single administration of 200 mg of SUPRAX for oral suspension. Peak serum concentrations occur between 3 and 8 hours following oral administration of a single 400 mg SUPRAX capsule.
Serum protein binding is concentration independent with a bound fraction of approximately 65%. In a multiple dose study conducted with a research formulation which is less bioavailable than the SUPRAX tablet or SUPRAX for oral suspension, there was little accumulation of drug in serum or urine after dosing for 14 days. Adequate data on CSF levels of cefixime are not available.
Metabolism and Excretion
There is no evidence of metabolism of cefixime in vivo. Approximately 50% of the absorbed dose is excreted unchanged in the urine in 24 hours. In animal studies, it was noted that cefixime is also excreted in the bile in excess of 10% of the administered dose. The serum half-life of cefixime in healthy subjects is independent of dosage form and averages 3 to 4 hours but may range up to 9 hours in some normal volunteers.
Average AUCs at steady state in elderly patients are approximately 40% higher than average AUCs in other healthy adults. Differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between 12 young and 12 elderly subjects who received 400 mg of cefixime once daily for 5 days are summarized as follows:
Table 4. Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Cefixime in Both Young and Elderly Subjects
| Pharmacokinetic Parameters (mean ± SD) for Cefixime in Both Young and Elderly Subjects | ||
| Pharmacokinetic parameter | Young | Elderly |
| Cmax (mg/L) | 4.74 ± 1.43 | 5.68 ± 1.83 |
| Tmax (h)* | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.6 |
| AUC (mg.h/L)* | 34.9 ± 12.2 | 49.5 ± 19.1 |
| T½ (h)* | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.4 |
| Cave (mg/L)* | 1.42 ±0.50 | 1.99 ± 0.75 |
| *Difference between age groups was significant. (p<0.05) | ||
However, these increases were not clinically significant [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Patients with Renal Impairment
In subjects with moderate impairment of renal function (20 to 40 mL/min creatinine clearance), the average serum half-life of cefixime is prolonged to 6.4 hours. In severe renal impairment (5 to 20 mL/min creatinine clearance), the half-life increased to an average of 11.5 hours. The drug is not cleared significantly from the blood by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. However, a study indicated that with doses of 400 mg of SUPRAX, patients undergoing hemodialysis have similar blood profiles as subjects with creatinine clearances of 21 to 60 mL/min.
As with other cephalosporins, the bactericidal action of cefixime results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Cefixime is stable in the presence of certain beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, certain organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of betalactamases may be susceptible to cefixime.
Resistance to cefixime in isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae is most often associated with alterations in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefixime may have limited activity against Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Pseudomonas species, Enterococcus species, strains of Group D streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes, most strains of staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), most strains of Enterobacter species, most strains of Enterobacter, and most strains of Clostridium species are resistant to cefixime.
Cefixime has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see INDICATIONS].
Gram-positive Bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram-negative Bacteria
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Proteus mirabilis
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for cefixime against isolates of similar genus or organism group. However, the efficacy of cefixime in treating clinical infections caused by these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
Gram-positive Bacteria
Streptococcus agalactiae
Gram-negative Bacteria
Citrobacter amalonaticus
Citrobacter diversus
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Klebsiella oxytoca
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pasteurella multocida
Proteus vulgaris
Providencia species
Salmonella species
Serratia marcescens
Shigella species
For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see: https://www.fda.gov/STIC.
Comparative clinical trials of otitis media were conducted in nearly 400 pediatric patients between the ages of 6 months to 10 years. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from 47% of the patients, Haemophilus influenzae from 34%, Moraxella catarrhalis from 15% and S. pyogenes from 4%.
The overall response rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cefixime was approximately 10% lower and that of Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis approximately 7% higher (12% when beta-lactamase positive isolates of H. influenzae are included) than the response rates of these organisms to the active control drugs.
In these studies, patients were randomized and treated with either cefixime at dose regimens of 4 mg/kg twice a day or 8 mg/kg once a day, or with a comparator. Sixty-nine to 70% of the patients in each group had resolution of signs and symptoms of otitis media when evaluated 2 to 4 weeks post-treatment, but persistent effusion was found in 15% of the patients. When evaluated at the completion of therapy, 17% of patients receiving cefixime and 14% of patients receiving effective comparative drugs (18% including those patients who had Haemophilus influenzae resistant to the control drug and who received the control antibacterial drug) were considered to be treatment failures. By the 2 to 4 week follow-up, a total of 30%-31% of patients had evidence of either treatment failure or recurrent disease.
Table 5. Bacteriological Outcome of Otitis Media
| Bacteriological Outcome of Otitis Media at Two to Four Weeks Post-Therapy Based on Repeat Middle Ear Fluid Culture or Extrapolation from Clinical Outcome | |||
| Organism | Cefixime(a) 4 mg/kg Twice Daily | Cefixime(a) 8 mg/kg Once Daily | Control(a) drugs |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 48/70 (69%) | 18/22 (82%) | 82/100 (82%) |
| Haemophilus influenzae beta-lactamase negative | 24/34 (71%) | 13/17 (76%) | 23/34 (68%) |
| Haemophilus influenzae beta-lactamase positive | 17/22 (77%) | 9/12 (75%) | 1/1 (b) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 26/31 (84%) | 5/5 | 18/24 (75%) |
| S. pyogenes | 5/5 | 3/3 | 6/7 |
| All Isolates | 120/162 (74%) | 48/59 (81%) | 130/166 (78%) |
| (a)Number eradicated/number isolated. (b)An additional 20 beta-lactamase positive isolates of Haemophilus influenzae were isolated, but were excluded from this analysis because they were resistant to the control antibacterial drug. In nineteen of these, the clinical course could be assessed and a favorable outcome occurred in10. When these cases are included in the overall bacteriological evaluation of therapy with the control drugs, 140/185 (76%) of pathogens were considered to be eradicated. |
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Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs, including SUPRAX, should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When SUPRAX is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may: (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by SUPRAX or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Counsel patients with phenylketonuria that SUPRAX chewable tablets contain aspartame, a source of phenylalanine as follows: Each SUPRAX chewable tablet contains 3.3 mg, 5 mg and 6.7 mg of phenylalanine per 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg strength, respectively.
Advise patients that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterial drugs, including SUPRAX, which usually ends when the antibacterial drug is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibacterial drugs, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibacterial drug. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.
