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WARNING
RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDS; DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL REACTIONS AFTER USE OF SEZABY FOR A LONGER DURATION THAN RECOMMENDED; and ABUSE, MISUSE, ADDICTION WITH UNAPPROVED USE IN ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS
Concomitant use of phenobarbital products, including SEZABY, and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.
If a decision is made for concomitant use of these drugs, limit dosages and durations to the minimum required, and follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
The continued use of phenobarbital may lead to clinically significant physical dependence. The risks of dependence and withdrawal increase with longer treatment duration and higher daily dose. Although SEZABY is indicated only for short-term use [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION], if used for a longer duration than recommended, abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of SEZABY may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening. For patients receiving SEZABY for longer duration than recommended, to reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue SEZABY [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
SEZABY is not approved for use in adolescents or adults. The unapproved use of SEZABY, in adolescents and adults exposes them to risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Abuse and misuse of phenobarbital commonly involve concomitant use of other drugs, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTION].
Phenobarbital is a barbiturate. Chemically, phenobarbital sodium is 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-, monosodium salt and has the following structural formula:
 |
The sodium salt of phenobarbital occurs as a white, slightly bitter powder, crystalline granules or flaky crystals; it is very soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and practically insoluble in ether or chloroform.
SEZABY (phenobarbital sodium) for injection, for intravenous use, is supplied as sterile white to off white lyophilized powder in a 10 mL tubular glass vial. Each single-dose vial contains 100 mg of phenobarbital sodium (equivalent to 91.35 mg of phenobarbital). The pH range is 9.20-10.00. SEZABY does not contain benzyl alcohol or propylene glycol.
SEZABY is indicated for the treatment of neonatal seizures in term and preterm infants.
The recommended dosage of SEZABY in neonates consists of a loading dose(s) followed by maintenance dosage (see Table 1). Administer SEZABY by intravenous infusion (over 15 minutes) into a large peripheral vein to avoid local tissue toxicity [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
SEZABY is for intravenous use only.
Table 1: Recommended Dosage of SEZABY for Neonatal Seizures
| Loading Dose (maximum total loading dose is 40 mg/kg) | ||
| First loading dose | 20 mg/kg | |
| Second loading dose (If clinically indicated)1 | Preterm Infants | 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY] |
| Term Infants | 20 mg/kg | |
| Maintenance Dosage (total daily dose is 4.5 mg/kg/day and the total duration is up to 5 days) Initiate 8 to 12 hours after first loading dose | ||
| Option 1 | 1.5 mg/kg every 8 hours | |
| Option 2 | 2.25 mg/kg every 12 hours | |
| 1 If seizures persist or recur any time 15 minutes after completion of the initial loading dose, administer a second loading dose. (Administer the second loading dose no sooner than 15 minutes after completion of the first loading dose.) | ||
If the reconstituted solution is not administered immediately, place the vial back in the original carton to protect it from light and store at either room temperature at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) for a maximum of 8 hours or in the refrigerator at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) for a maximum of 24 hours.
Discard any unused portion of the reconstituted solution after the recommended storage duration.
For injection: 100 mg of phenobarbital sodium as a white to off-white lyophilized powder in a singledose vial for reconstitution.
SEZABY (phenobarbital sodium) for injection is supplied as a sterile white to off-white, lyophilized powder in single-dose clear glass vials containing 100 mg of phenobarbital sodium.
| Carton Contents | NDC |
| One 100 mg single-dose vial | NDC 62756-301-01 |
The vial stopper is not made with natural rubber latex.
Store unopened vials of SEZABY in original cartons at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Retain in the original carton until use to protect from light.
For information on storage of the reconstituted SEZABY, see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
Manufactured by: Sun Pharmaceutical Medicare Ltd., Baska Ujeti Road, Ujeti Halol -389350, Gujarat, India. Distributed by: Sun PharmaceuticalIndustries, Inc., Cranbury, NJ 08512. Revised: Nov 2022
The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The Study 1 was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study in neonates who were experiencing seizures [see Clinical Studies]. Patients were infants younger than 14 days of age with gestational ages between 36 and 44 weeks. Overall, 106 neonates (51 female and 55 male) were randomized to receive either phenobarbital (N=42) or levetiracetam (N=64) as their initial treatment. Patients received up to two 15-minute infusions of their initially assigned treatment (loading dose(s)) followed by maintenance treatment of up to 5 days. Mean durations of phenobarbital and levetiracetam treatments were 4.3 and 4 days, respectively.
Table 2 summarizes the adverse reactions that occurred in 2% or more of neonates in Study 1. Incidences are displayed for neonates who received phenobarbital only and for neonates who received levetiracetam only. Because patients in Study 1 were neonates, adverse reactions that are verbally reported could not be assessed in this study.
Table 2: Adverse Reactions That Occurred in At Least 2% of Neonates Overall in Study 1 by Treatment Received
| Phenobarbital (N = 32) * % |
Levetiracetam (N = 19) % |
|
| Respiration abnormal | 25 | 5 |
| Sedation | 16 | 5 |
| Feeding disorder | 16 | 5 |
| Hypotension | 16 | 0 |
| Bradycardia | 3 | 0 |
| Hyponatremia | 3 | 0 |
| Sepsis | 3 | 0 |
| * Fifty-five neonates received both phenobarbital and levetiracetam and they had a similar adverse reaction profile as neonates who received only phenobarbital. | ||
The following adverse reactions associated with the use of phenobarbital in neonates were identified in the literature. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
The drug interaction information in Table 3 is based upon published literature in non-neonatal populations, in vitro studies, and the mechanistic knowledge of phenobarbital metabolic pathways [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Although the data from the published literature regarding these drug interactions are from non-neonatal populations and the magnitude of the potential drug interactions in neonates have not been characterized, this information still warrants consideration given the potential impact of these possible drug interactions on the safety and efficacy of phenobarbital and CYP2B6, 2C9, 2C19, or UGT substrates in neonates.
Table 3: Drug Interactions with SEZABY
| Effects of Other Drugs on SEZABY | |
| CYP2C9, 2C19, 2E1, Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) Inhibitors or Inducers | |
| Prevention or Management | Closely monitor for adverse reactions (e.g., over sedation, prolonged QTc interval, etc.) when used concomitantly with inhibitors of these enzymes and reduced efficacy (e.g., breakthrough seizure) when used with inducers of these enzymes. Consider titration of the SEZABY maintenance dosage accordingly if concomitant use is unavoidable. |
| Clinical Effect(s) | Phenobarbital is a substrate of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and UGTs [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. It is likely that concomitant use will result in an increase in phenobarbital exposure when used with these inhibitors and a reduction when used with these inducers, which may increase the risk of SEZABY adverse reactions or reduce efficacy, respectively when concomitant use in neonates. |
| Effects of SEZABY on Other Drugs | |
| CYP3A, 2B6, 2C(s), UGTs Substrates | |
| Prevention or Management | Closely monitor neonates when SEZABY is used concurrently with substrates of these enzymes and consider increasing the dosage of the substrate accordingly, unless otherwise advised in its Prescribing Information, if concomitant use is unavoidable. |
| Clinical Effect(s) | Phenobarbital is an inducer of CYP3A, CYP2B6, CYP2C(s), and UGT(s) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. It is likely that concomitant use in neonates will result in a decrease in the exposure of these substrates, which may reduce efficacy. |
Closely monitor for signs of sedation and respiratory depression with concomitant use of SEZABY with other CNS depressants, including opioids [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Phenobarbital may cause sedation and respiratory depression [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Other products that may also cause these adverse reactions may have additive pharmacologic effect and may increase the risk of sedation and respiratory depression.
SEZABY may prolong the QT interval [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Other products that may also prolong the QTc interval may have additive effects, and products that may increase concentrations of phenobarbital [see DRUG INTERACTIONS] may increase the QT prolongation risk; therefore, avoid concomitant use of SEZABY and these products. If concomitant use of a product that also prolongs the QTc interval or that increases SEZABY concentrations is unavoidable, monitor patients for increased risk of QTc interval prolongation.
SEZABY contains phenobarbital, a Schedule IV controlled substance.
SEZABY is a barbiturate and a CNS depressant with a potential for misuse, abuse, and addiction with unapproved use in adolescents and adults.
Abuse is the intentional, non-therapeutic use of a drug, even once, for its desirable psychological or physiological effects. Misuse is the intentional use, for therapeutic purposes, of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a health care provider or for whom it was not prescribed. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence. Even taking barbiturates as prescribed may put patients at risk for abuse and misuse of their medication. Abuse and misuse of barbiturates, including phenobarbital, may lead to addiction.
Abuse and misuse of barbiturates often (but not always) involve the use of doses exceeding the doses used in clinical practice and commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes, including respiratory depression, overdose, or death. Barbiturates, including phenobarbital, are often sought by individuals who abuse drugs and other substances, and by individuals with addictive disorders [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Symptoms of acute intoxication with barbiturates include unsteady gait, slurred speech, and sustained nystagmus. Mental signs of chronic intoxication include confusion, poor judgment, irritability, insomnia, and somatic complaints. The use of phenobarbital alone can result in death; however, death is more often associated with phenobarbital use in the context of polysubstance use (especially with other CNS depressants, such as opioids and alcohol).
Physical Dependence
SEZABY may produce physical dependence. Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of SEZABY may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, including seizures, which can be life-threatening. Patients at an increased risk of withdrawal adverse reactions after SEZABY discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction include those administered higher dosages (i.e., higher and/or more frequent doses) and those who have had longer durations of use [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Symptoms of barbiturate withdrawal, including with phenobarbital, can be severe and may cause life threatening seizures or death.
The intensity of withdrawal symptoms gradually declines over a period of approximately 15 days.
To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions in patients using SEZABY for longer durations than recommended, use a gradual taper to discontinue SEZABY over an extended period of time (weeks to months) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Tolerance
Tolerance to barbiturates may develop after continued use. Tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose). As tolerance to barbiturates develops, the amount needed to maintain the same level of intoxication increases; tolerance to a fatal dosage, however, does not increase more than two-fold. As this occurs, the margin between an intoxicating dosage and a fatal dosage becomes smaller.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
Concomitant use of phenobarbital products, including SEZABY, and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If a decision is made for concomitant use of these drugs, limit dosages and durations to the minimum required, and follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Practitioners administering SEZABY must have the skills necessary to manage serious cardiorespiratory adverse reactions, including skills in airway management.
The continued use of phenobarbital may lead to clinically significant physical dependence. Although SEZABY is indicated only for short-term use [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION], if used for a longer duration than recommended, abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of SEZABY may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening (e.g., seizures) [see Drug Abuse And Dependence].
To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions in patients receiving SEZABY for a longer duration than recommended, use a gradual taper to discontinue SEZABY (a patient-specific plan should be used to taper the dose). Patients at an increased risk of withdrawal adverse reactions after Phenobarbital discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction include those who received higher dosages, or those who had longer durations of use.
SEZABY is not approved for use in adolescents or adults. The unapproved use of SEZABY in adolescents and adults exposes them to the risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Abuse and misuse of barbiturates, including phenobarbital, often (but not always) involve the use of doses exceeding the doses used in clinical practice and commonly involve concomitant use of other drugs, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes, including respiratory depression, overdose, or death [see Drug Abuse And Dependence].
In Study 1, 25% of patients treated with phenobarbital developed abnormal respiration [see ADVERSE REACTIONS Â and Clinical Studies]. Careful respiratory monitoring is needed during and after the administration of SEZABY.
Serious and sometimes fatal dermatologic reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), have been reported with the use of phenobarbital.
SEZABY should be discontinued at the first sign of a rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug related. If signs or symptoms suggest SJS/TEN, use of SEZABY should not be resumed and alternative therapy should be considered. If a rash occurs, the patient should be evaluated for signs and symptoms of Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), also known as multiorgan hypersensitivity, has been reported in patients taking antiepileptic drugs, including phenobarbital. Some of these events have been fatal or life-threatening. DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and/or facial swelling, in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematological abnormalities, myocarditis, or myositis sometimes resembling an acute viral infection. Eosinophilia is often present. Because this disorder is variable in its expression, other organ systems not noted here may be involved. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity, such as fever or lymphadenopathy, may be present even though rash is not evident.
If such signs or symptoms are present, the patient should be evaluated immediately. SEZABY should be discontinued if an alternative etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.
Phenobarbital-associated hypersensitivity reactions may include symptoms and signs such as rash, fever, facial or limb edema, and lymphadenopathy.
SEZABY is contraindicated in patients who have experienced hypersensitivity to phenobarbital or other barbiturates. Additionally, consider alternatives to structurally similar drugs such as carboxamides (e.g., carbamazepine) and hydantoins (e.g., phenytoin) in these same patients. Similarly, if there is a history of hypersensitivity reactions to these structurally similar drugs in the patient or immediate family members, consider alternatives to SEZABY. If signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions are present in a patient treated with SEZABY, the patient should be evaluated immediately and SEZABY should be discontinued if an alternative etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.
SEZABY may precipitate acute attacks in patients with acute porphyrias. These episodes may be lifethreatening, and include symptoms and signs such as anxiety, confusion, limb or abdominal pain, hyponatremia, seizures, and muscle weakness. Therefore, SEZABY is contraindicated in patients with acute porphyrias [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
SEZABY is highly alkaline [see DESCRIPTION]. Therefore, extreme care should be taken to avoid perivascular extravasation or intra-arterial injection. Extravascular injection may cause local tissue damage with subsequent necrosis; consequences of intraarterial injection may vary from transient pain to gangrene of the limb. Any evidence of pain, swelling, discoloration, or temperature change in the limb warrants stopping the injection.
SEZABY may prolong the QT interval [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Avoid use of SEZABY in patients who are at significant risk of developing torsade de pointes, including those with congenital long QT syndrome, uncontrolled or significant cardiac disease, recent myocardial infarction, heart failure, unstable angina, bradyarrhythmias, AV block, aortic stenosis, or uncontrolled hypothyroidism. If use cannot be avoided in these patients, collect ECGs during treatment at specified intervals as clinically indicated, and monitor serum electrolytes and correct abnormalities.
Avoid the concomitant use of products that may increase the risk of QTc interval prolongation or products that may increase concentrations of phenobarbital [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. If concomitant use of a product that also prolongs the QTc interval or that increases SEZABY concentrations is unavoidable, monitor patients for increased risk of QTc interval prolongation.
SEZABY is not approved for use in adolescents or adults. Based on findings from prospective controlled trials, cohort studies, pregnancy registries, and randomized controlled-trials, Phenobarbital can cause fetal harm when administered during pregnancy. Data from observational studies suggest an increased risk of major congenital malformations in infants of mothers who received Phenobarbital during pregnancy.
SEZABY is not approved for use in adolescents or adults. Phenobarbital crosses the placenta and may produce respiratory depression, hypotonia, and sedation in neonates of mothers who received phenobarbital during pregnancy. The use of SEZABY late in pregnancy can result in the following adverse reactions in neonates:
Neonatal coagulation defects have also been reported within the first 24 hours in neonates exposed to phenobarbital during pregnancy.
SEZABY is not approved for use in adolescents or adults. Phenobarbital is present and may accumulate in breast milk. Phenobarbital has been detected in some neonates exposed to breast milk from phenobarbital-treated mothers. There are reports of sedation, respiratory depression and withdrawal in infants exposed to phenobarbital through breast milk.
SEZABY is not approved for use in adolescents or adults. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in adolescents and adults.
Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that adult patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted relative risk 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to adult patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated adult patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated adult patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 adult patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated adult patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated adult patients, but the number was too small to allow any conclusion about AED effect on suicide.
The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in adults with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting AED treatment and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed.
Phenobarbital is a rodent carcinogen that has been demonstrated to produce hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in rats and mice following lifetime administration.
The genotoxic potential of phenobarbital has not been adequately assessed.
In a published study, administration of phenobarbital (subcutaneous doses up to 60 mg/kg/day) to adult rats prior to and during mating and continuing throughout pregnancy was reported to produce no adverse effects on fertility.
The safety and effectiveness of SEZABY have been established for the treatment of neonatal seizures in term and preterm infants, and the information on this use is discussed throughout the labeling.
In published studies, administration of antiepileptic drugs, including phenobarbital, to neonatal rats during the period of synaptogenesis has been reported to result in widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain and neurobehavioral deficits that persist into adulthood at doses associated with plasma exposures similar to those anticipated at the doses proposed for humans. The synaptogenetic period in rats is generally thought to correspond in humans to the third trimester of pregnancy through the first 3 to 4 years of life.
In rodents, exposure to phenobarbital during the neonatal period has been reported in published literature to result in permanent alterations in male and female reproductive function. Administration of phenobarbital to neonatal rats or hamsters resulted in disruption of testosterone secretory profiles and estrous cyclicity, changes in steroidogenesis, altered sexual behavior, and impaired fertility in adulthood.
Overdosage of barbiturates, including phenobarbital, is characterized by central nervous system depression ranging from drowsiness to coma.
In managing SEZABY overdosage, employ general supportive measures, including intravenous fluids, pressors, and airway maintenance. Consider contacting a poison center (1-800-221-2222) or a medical toxicologist for additional overdosage management recommendations.
SEZABY is contraindicated in patients with:
The precise mechanism of action for phenobarbital for the treatment of neonatal seizures is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve potentiation of synaptic inhibition through an action on the GABAA receptor.
Phenobarbital exposure-response relationships and the time course of pharmacodynamic response of phenobarbital in neonates are unknown.
The effect of SEZABY on the QTc interval has not been adequately characterized. Nonclinical data suggest a potential for phenobarbital to inhibit the hERG potassium cardiac ionic channel, and QTc prolongation was reported in the literature in adult patients with post-stroke seizures at a mean phenobarbital dose of 130 mg (approximately 1.5 times the recommended loading dose in an average 4.4 kg neonate at 4 weeks) [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Mean (± standard deviation) total (bound + unbound) phenobarbital concentrations were evaluated (see Table 4) in term infants younger than 14 days old with gestational ages between 36 and 44 weeks who received either one loading dose (20 mg/kg) or two loading doses (20 mg/kg each) based upon seizure persistence or reoccurrence [see Clinical Studies]. The loading dose(s) was followed by a maintenance dosage of 1.5 mg/kg every 8 hours (total daily dose 4.5 mg/kg/day).
A clinically significant difference between term and preterm infants in phenobarbital PK following the first SEZABY loading dose was not predicted. A second loading dose of either 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg of phenobarbital in preterm infants is expected to result in similar plasma concentrations compared to a second loading dose of 20 mg/kg in term infants. In addition, administration of a Phenobarbital maintenance dosage of 1.5 mg/kg every 8 hours or 2.25 mg/kg every 12 hours is not expected to result in a clinically significant difference in total phenobarbital plasma concentrations.
Table 4: Observed Phenobarbital Concentration Following Intravenous Phenobarbital Administration in Study 1
| Time (Hours) | Phenobarbital Concentration (mcg/mL) | |
| One Loading Dose Followed by the Maintenance Dosage | Two Loading Doses1 Followed by the Maintenance Dosage | |
| 1 | 23 (± 2.7) | 26 (± 5.8) |
| 24 | .3) 3 2 | 39 (± 9.1) |
| 48 | 2 cn 8) | 39 (± 8.2) |
| 1 Second loading dose administered if seizures persisted or reoccurred more than 15 minutes after the first infusion | ||
Published literature reports that the elimination t½ of phenobarbital in neonates is approximately 1 week.
Metabolism
Published literature reports that phenobarbital is primarily metabolized by CYP2C9 and to a lesser extent by CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and UGTs. At birth, expression of CYP2C9 is negligible, which results in the longer half-life in neonates compared to older populations in the published literature.
There are no clinically significant differences in pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in neonates administered therapeutic hypothermia. The effect of sex, race, ethnicity, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment on phenobarbital pharmacokinetics in neonates is unknown.
No dedicated clinical studies have been conducted in neonates that evaluated the effect of concomitant use of SEZABY with:
Published literature regarding these interactions in non-neonatal populations should not be used to estimate the magnitude of the change in phenobarbital exposure in neonates due to differences in the expression of CYP2C9 and possibly other phenobarbital metabolic enzymes in term and preterm infants.
Published literature reports a 2.3-fold increase in the clearance of midazolam (CYP3A substrate) with concurrent use with phenobarbital in 68 neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Published literature reports no change in theophylline or chloramphenicol clearance with concomitant use of phenobarbital in neonates.
Phenobarbital is an inhibitor of CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Phenobarbital is an inducer of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2Cs [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Phenobarbital is an inhibitor of UGT1A1 and UGT2B7. Published literature reports that phenobarbital is an inducer for UGTs [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Phenobarbital is an inhibitor of BCRP, OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, OATP1B1, MATE1, and MATE2K. Phenobarbital is not a substrate of OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, MATE1, or MATE2K transporters.
The effectiveness of phenobarbital for the treatment of neonatal seizures was established in a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study in neonates who were experiencing seizures (Study 1; NCT01720667). Patients were neonates younger than 14 days of age with gestational ages between 36 and 44 weeks. Fifty-two percent of patients were male. Fifty-six percent of patients were White, 9% were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 5% were Black or African American, 5% were Asian, 4% were mixed race, 1% were American Indian or Alaska Native, and 22% were identified as other, or were missing or unknown. Twenty-six percent of patients were Hispanic or Latino, 60% were not Hispanic or Latino, and 14% were not reported, missing, or unknown.
Eligible patients who experienced electrographically-confirmed seizures were randomized to receive either intravenous phenobarbital (N=42) or levetiracetam (N=64).
The primary endpoint in Study 1 was the percentage of neonates whose seizures were terminated for at least 24 hours without the need for a second drug for the treatment of their seizures. A total of 94 patients who had neurophysiologist-confirmed seizures were included in the efficacy analysis.
A statistically significantly greater percentage of phenobarbital-treated patients met Study 1’s primary efficacy endpoint, compared to levetiracetam-treated patients. Table 5 presents the results of the trial’s primary and secondary efficacy analyses.
Table 5: Seizure Efficacy Results in Neonates (Study 1)
| Phenobarbital (N=33) |
Levetiracetam (N=61) |
P-value* | |
| Primary Endpoint | |||
| Percentage of patients with seizure termination > 24 hours1 | 73% | 25% | <0.001 |
| Secondary Endpoints | |||
| Percentage of patients with seizure termination > 48 hours1 | 55% | 13% | <0.001 |
| Percentage of patients with seizure termination > 1 hour1 | 85% | 43% | <0.001** |
| 1 Without need for a second drug to treat seizures N = Total number of patients in each treatment group. *P-value was based on two-sided Fisher’s Exact Test for categorical variables comparing phenobarbital and levetiracetam groups. **Nominal: not controlled for Type I error The outcome of 11 patients who had missing data (3 in the phenobarbital group and 8 in the levetiracetam group) was imputed as not successfully terminating seizures. |
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No information provided. Please refer to the WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS section.
