WARNINGS
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
PRECAUTIONS
Gastrointestinal
The use of granisetron in patients may mask a progressive
ileus and/or gastric distention caused by the underlying condition.
Serotonin Syndrome
The development of serotonin syndrome has been reported
with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Most reports have been associated with
concomitant use of serotonergic drugs (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs),
monoamine oxidase inhibitors, mirtazapine, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, and
intravenous methylene blue). Some of the reported cases were fatal. Serotonin
syndrome occurring with overdose of another 5-HT3 receptor antagonist alone has
also been reported. The majority of reports of serotonin syndrome related to
5-HT3 receptor antagonist use occurred in a post-anesthesia care unit or an
infusion center.
Symptoms associated with serotonin syndrome may include the
following combination of signs and symptoms: mental status changes (e.g.,
agitation, hallucinations, delirium, and coma), autonomic instability (e.g.,
tachycardia, labile blood pressure, dizziness, diaphoresis, flushing,
hyperthermia), neuromuscular symptoms (e.g., tremor, rigidity, myoclonus,
hyperreflexia, incoordination), seizures, with or without gastrointestinal
symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Patients should be monitored for
the emergence of serotonin syndrome, especially with concomitant use of Sancuso
and other serotonergic drugs. If symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur,
discontinue Sancuso and initiate supportive treatment. Patients should be
informed of the increased risk of serotonin syndrome, especially if Sancuso is
used concomitantly with other serotonergic drugs. [see DRUG INTERACTIONS,
PATIENT INFORMATION].
Skin Reactions
In clinical trials with Sancuso, application site
reactions were reported which were generally mild in intensity and did not lead
to discontinuation of use. The incidence of reactions was comparable with placebo.
If severe reactions, or a generalized skin reaction occur
(e.g. allergic rash, including erythematous, macular, papular rash or
pruritus), the patch must be removed.
External Heat Sources
A heat pad should not be applied over or in vicinity of
Sancuso patch. Patients should avoid prolonged exposure to heat as plasma
concentration continues increasing during the period of heat exposure [see
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Exposure To Sunlight
Granisetron may be affected by direct natural or
artificial sunlight. Patients must be advised to cover the patch application
site, e.g. with clothing, if there is a risk of exposure to sunlight throughout
the period of wear and for 10 days following its removal because of a potential
skin reaction [see Nonclinical Toxicology].
Patient Counseling Information
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient
labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION)
Gastrointestinal
Because the use of granisetron may mask a progressive
ileus and/or gastric distention caused by the underlying condition, patients
should be instructed to tell their physician if they have pain or swelling in
their abdomen.
Skin Reactions
Patients should be instructed to remove the patch if they
have a severe skin reaction, or a generalized skin reaction (e.g. allergic
rash, including erythematous, macular, papular rash or pruritus). When patients
remove the patch, they should be instructed to peel it off gently.
Exposure To Sunlight
Granisetron may be degraded by direct sunlight or
exposure to sunlamps. In addition, an in vitro study using Chinese hamster
ovary cells suggests that granisetron has the potential for photogenotoxicity [see
Nonclinical Toxicology].
Patients must be advised to cover the patch application
site, e.g. with clothing, if there is a risk of exposure to sunlight or
sunlamps throughout the period of wear and for 10 days following its removal.
Serotonin Syndrome
Advise patients of the possibility of serotonin syndrome
with concomitant use of Sancuso and another serotonergic agent such as
medications to treat depression and migraines. Advise patients to seek
immediate medical attention if the following symptoms occur: changes in mental
status, autonomic instability, neuromuscular symptoms, with or without
gastrointestinal symptoms.
External Heat Sources
Patients should be advised not to apply a heat pad over
or near the Sancuso patch. Patients should avoid prolonged exposure to heat as
plasma concentration continues increasing during the period of heat exposure.
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility
In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, rats were treated
orally with granisetron 1, 5 or 50 mg/kg/day (6, 30 or 300 mg/m²/day). The 50
mg/kg/day dose was reduced to 25 mg/kg/day (150 mg/m²/day) during week 59 due
to toxicity. For a 50 kg person of average height (1.46 m² body surface area), these
doses represent about 2.6, 13 and 65 times the recommended clinical dose (3.1
mg/day, 2.3 mg/m²/day, delivered by the Sancuso patch, on a body surface area
basis). There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of
hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas in males treated with 5 mg/kg/day (30
mg/m²/day, about 13 times the recommended human dose with Sancuso, on a body
surface area basis) and above, and in females treated with 25 mg/kg/day (150
mg/m²/day, about 65 times the recommended human dose with Sancuso, on a body
surface area basis). No increase in liver tumors was observed at a dose of 1
mg/kg/day (6 mg/m²/day, about 2.6 times the recommended human dose with
Sancuso, on a body surface area basis) in males and 5 mg/kg/day (30 mg/m²/day,
about 13 times the recommended human dose with Sancuso, on a body surface area basis)
in females.
In a 12-month oral toxicity study, treatment with
granisetron 100 mg/kg/day (600 mg/m²/day, about 261 times the recommended human
dose with Sancuso, on a body surface area basis) produced hepatocellular
adenomas in male and female rats while no such tumors were found in the control
rats. A 24-month mouse carcinogenicity study of granisetron did not show a
statistically significant increase in tumor incidence, but the study was not
conclusive.
Because of the tumor findings in rat studies, Sancuso
should be prescribed only at the dose and for the indication recommended [see INDICATIONS
AND USAGE and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Granisetron was not mutagenic in an in vitro Ames test
and mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay, and in vivo mouse micronucleus
test and in vitro and ex vivo rat hepatocyte UDS assays. It, however, produced
a significant increase in UDS in HeLa cells in vitro and a significant
increased incidence of cells with polyploidy in an in vitro human lymphocyte
chromosomal aberration test.
Granisetron at subcutaneous doses up to 6 mg/kg/day (36
mg/m²/day, about 16 times the recommended human dose of Sancuso, on a body
surface area basis), and oral doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (600 mg/m²/day, about
261 times the recommended human dose of Sancuso, on a body surface area basis)
was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male
and female rats.
Phototoxicity
When tested for potential photogenotoxicity in vitro in a
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, at 200 and 300 mcg/ml, granisetron
increased the percentage of cells with chromosomal aberration following
photoirradiation.
Granisetron was not phototoxic when tested in vitro in a
mouse fibroblast cell line. When tested in vivo in guinea-pigs, Sancuso patches
did not show any potential for photoirritation or photosensitivity. No
phototoxicity studies have been performed in humans.
Use In Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category B
Reproduction studies with granisetron hydrochloride have
been performed in pregnant rats at intravenous doses up to 9 mg/kg/day (54 mg/m²/day,
about 24 times the recommended human dose delivered by the Sancuso patch, based
on body surface area) and oral doses up to 125 mg/kg/day (750 mg/m²/day, about
326 times the recommended human dose with Sancuso based on body surface area).
Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant rabbits at intravenous
doses up to 3 mg/kg/day (36 mg/m²/day, about 16 times the human dose with
Sancuso based on body surface area) and at oral doses up to 32 mg/kg/day (384
mg/m²/day, about 167 times the human dose with Sancuso based on body surface
area). These studies did not reveal any evidence of impaired fertility or harm
to the fetus due to granisetron. There are, however, no adequate and
well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies
are not always predictive of human response, Sancuso should be used during
pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether granisetron is excreted in human
milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be
exercised when Sancuso is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of Sancuso have not been
established in pediatric patients.
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of Sancuso did not include sufficient
numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond
differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not
identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.
In general, cautious treatment selection for an elderly patient is prudent
because of the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac
function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Renal Impairment Or Hepatic Impairment
Although no studies have been performed to investigate
the pharmacokinetics of Sancuso in patients with renal or hepatic impairment,
pharmacokinetic information is available for intravenous granisetron [see
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].