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RYANODEX®
(dantrolene sodium) for Injectable Suspension
RYANODEX® (dantrolene sodium) for injectable suspension is a sterile lyophilized powder. RYANODEX is supplied in 20 mL vials containing 250 mg dantrolene sodium and the following inactive ingredients: 125 mg mannitol, 25 mg polysorbate 80, 4 mg povidone K12 and sufficient sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment. When reconstituted with 5 mL sterile water for injection USP (without a bacteriostatic agent), this yields a suspension with a pH of approximately 10.3.
RYANODEX is a skeletal muscle relaxant. Chemically, RYANODEX is a hydrate of 1-[[[5-(4nitrophenyl)-2-furanyl]methylene]amino]-2,4-imidazolidinedione sodium salt. The structural formula for the hydrated salt is:
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The hydrated salt contains approximately 15% water (3-½ moles) and has a molecular weight of 399. The anhydrous salt (dantrolene) has a molecular weight of 336.
RYANODEX® is indicated for the:
In addition to RYANODEX treatment, institute the following supportive measures:
Administer RYANODEX by intravenous push at a minimum dose of 1 mg/kg. If the physiologic and metabolic abnormalities of MH continue, administer additional intravenous boluses up to the maximum cumulative dosage of 10 mg/kg.
If the physiologic and metabolic abnormalities reappear, repeat RYANODEX dosing by intravenous push starting with 1 mg/kg.
The recommended prophylactic dose of RYANODEX is 2.5 mg/kg administered intravenously over a period of at least 1 minute, starting approximately 75 minutes prior to surgery. Avoid agents that trigger MH.
If surgery is prolonged, administer additional individualized RYANODEX doses during anesthesia and surgery [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
The recommended weight-based dose of RYANODEX for pediatric patients in the treatment and prevention of MH is the same as for adults for these indications.
The supplied lyophilized powder must be reconstituted prior to administration:
Do not dilute or transfer the reconstituted RYANODEX suspension to another container to infuse the product.
Administer the reconstituted RYANODEX suspension either:
For injectable suspension: RYANODEX is a sterile, lyophilized powder containing 250 mg of dantrolene sodium for reconstitution, in single use vials
RYANODEX® (NDC 42367-540-32 ) is available in 20 mL vials containing a sterile lyophilized mixture of 250 mg dantrolene sodium for reconstitution with 5 mL sterile water for injection USP (without a bacteriostatic agent) to yield an orange colored injectable suspension.
Store unreconstituted product at 20 °C to 25 °C (68 °F to 77 °F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature], with excursions permitted to 15 °C to 30 °C (59 °F to 86 °F) and avoid prolonged exposure to light.
Marketed by: Eagle Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677. Revised: July 2014
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
In a study designed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of RYANODEX, healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive treatment with RYANODEX or an active comparator at doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 2.5 mg/kg.
Table 1 displays the most common adverse events in this study. These data are not an adequate basis for comparison of the types or frequencies of adverse event types between RYANODEX and the dantrolene sodium comparator.
Adverse events increased in frequency with increasing doses in the trial, but did not differ in frequency between the two treatment groups. RYANODEX-treated subjects were more likely to report immediate adverse events of flushing, dystonia, and dysphagia than those receiving the active comparator.
In all dose groups, hand grip strength declined after dosing. In general, the decline in hand grip strength was more pronounced and occurred more rapidly in the RYANODEX-treated subjects in the 1.0, 1.75, 2.0 and 2.25 mg/kg treatment groups. In the 2.5 mg/kg treatment group, the decline in hand grip strength both in amount and duration was similar between the two treatment groups.
Table 1: Adverse Events in Healthy Volunteers
| Number(%) of subjects | ||
| RYANODEX [N=30] |
Dantrolene Sodium Comparator [N=31] |
|
| Flushing | 8 (27) | 1 (3) |
| Somnolence | 5 (17) | 4 (13) |
| Dysphonia | 4 (13) | 1 (3) |
| Dysphagia | 3 (10) | 4 (13) |
| Nausea | 3 (10) | 3 (10) |
| Feeling abnormal | 3 (10) | 3 (10) |
| Headache | 1 (3) | 4 (13) |
| Vomiting | 1 (3) | 2 (6) |
| Vision blurred | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
| Pain in extremity | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
| Muscular Weakness/Asthenia | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
| Atrioventricular block | 1 (3) | 0 |
| Tachycardia | 1 (3) | 0 |
| Infusion site pain | 1 (3) | 0 |
| Dizziness | 1 (3) | 0 |
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of another formulation of dantrolene sodium for injection. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
There have been reports of pulmonary edema developing during the treatment of malignant hyperthermia crises with another dantrolene sodium dosage form. The contributory effect of the diluent volume and mannitol in these cases is not known.
There have been reports of thrombophlebitis following administration of intravenous dantrolene. Tissue necrosis secondary to extravasation has been reported [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
There have been reports of urticaria and erythema possibly associated with the administration of dantrolene sodium for injection. Anaphylaxis has been reported.
Injection site reactions including pain, erythema, and swelling, commonly due to extravasation, have been reported.
Cardiovascular collapse in association with marked hyperkalemia has been reported in patients receiving dantrolene in combination with calcium channel blockers. The concomitant use of RYANODEX and calcium channel blockers is not recommended during the treatment of malignant hyperthermia.
The concomitant administration of RYANODEX with muscle relaxants may potentiate the neuromuscular block.
The concomitant administration of RYANODEX with antipsychotic and antianxiety agents may potentiate their effects on the central nervous system [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
RYANODEX is associated with skeletal muscle weakness. The administration of RYANODEX in human volunteers has been associated with loss of grip strength and weakness in the legs. Patients should not be permitted to ambulate without assistance until they have normal strength and balance.
RYANODEX has been associated with dyspnea, respiratory muscle weakness, and decreased inspiratory capacity. Monitor patients for the adequacy of ventilation.
RYANODEX has been associated with dysphasia. Assess patients for difficulty swallowing and choking.
Somnolence and dizziness can occur following administration of RYANODEX and may persist up to 48-hours post-dose. Patients should not be permitted to ambulate without assistance until they have normal strength and balance. Patients must not operate an automobile or engage in other hazardous activities for 48-hours post-dose.
The concomitant use of sedative agents with RYANODEX may increase the risk of somnolence and dizziness.
Care must be taken to prevent extravasation of RYANODEX into the surrounding tissues due to the high pH of the reconstituted RYANODEX suspension and potential for tissue necrosis.
Sprague-Dawley female rats fed dantrolene sodium for 18 months at dosage levels of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day showed an increased incidence of benign and malignant mammary tumors compared with concurrent controls. At the highest dose level (approximately the same as the maximum recommended daily human dose on a mg/m² basis), there was an increase in the incidence of benign hepatic lymphatic neoplasms. In a 30-month study in Sprague-Dawley rats fed dantrolene sodium, the highest dose level (approximately the same as the maximum recommended daily human dose on a mg/m² basis) produced a decrease in the time of onset of mammary neoplasms. Female rats at the highest dose level showed an increased incidence of hepatic lymphangiomas and hepatic angiosarcomas.
The only drug-related effect seen in a 30-month study in Fischer-344 rats was a dose-related reduction in the time of onset of mammary and testicular tumors. A 24-month study in HaM/ICR mice revealed no evidence of carcinogenic activity.
The significance of carcinogenicity data relative to use of RYANODEX in humans is unknown.
Dantrolene sodium has produced positive results in the Ames S. Typhimurium bacterial mutagenesis assay in the presence and absence of a liver activating system.
Dantrolene sodium administered to male and female rats at dose levels up to 45 mg/kg/day (approximately 1.4 times the maximum recommended daily human dose on a mg/m² basis) showed no adverse effects on fertility or general reproductive performance.
Adequate and well controlled studies have not been conducted with RYANODEX in pregnant women. However, animal reproduction studies have been conducted with dantrolene sodium. In these studies, dantrolene sodium administered to rats and rabbits produced embryolethality (rabbits) and decreased pup survival (rats) at doses seven times the human oral dose. RYANODEX should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
In one uncontrolled study, 100 mg per day of prophylactic oral dantrolene sodium was administered to term pregnant patients awaiting labor and delivery. Dantrolene readily crossed the placenta, with maternal and fetal whole blood levels approximately equal at delivery; neonatal levels then fell approximately 50% per day for 2 days before declining sharply. No neonatal respiratory and neuromuscular side effects were observed in this study.
Dantrolene is present in human milk. In one case report, low dantrolene concentrations (less than 2 micrograms per milliliter) were measured in the breast milk of a lactating woman during repeat intravenous dantrolene administration over 3 days. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions of respiratory depression and muscle weakness in nursing infants from dantrolene, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
The safety and efficacy of RYANODEX in the treatment and prevention of malignant hyperthermia in pediatric patients is based on clinical experience with other intravenous dantrolene sodium products, which suggests adult weight-based doses are appropriate for pediatric patients.
Clinical studies of RYANODEX did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Overdosage symptoms include, but are not limited to, muscular weakness and alterations in the state of consciousness (e.g., lethargy, coma), vomiting, diarrhea, and crystalluria.
Employ general supportive measures for acute overdosage of RYANODEX.
Administer intravenous fluids in fairly large quantities to avert the possibility of crystalluria. Maintain an adequate airway and keep artificial resuscitation equipment available. Institute electrocardiographic monitoring and carefully observe the patient. The value of dialysis in RYANODEX overdosage is not known.
None
In isolated nerve-muscle preparation, dantrolene has been shown to produce relaxation by affecting the contractile response of the muscle at a site beyond the myoneural junction. In skeletal muscle, dantrolene dissociates the excitation-contraction coupling, probably by interfering with the release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
In the anesthetic-induced malignant hyperthermia syndrome, evidence points to an intrinsic abnormality of skeletal muscle tissue. In affected humans, it has been postulated that “triggering agents” (e.g., general anesthetics and depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents) produce a change within the cell which results in an elevated myoplasmic calcium. This elevated myoplasmic calcium activates acute cellular catabolic processes that cascade to the malignant hyperthermia crisis.
The addition of dantrolene to the “triggered” malignant hyperthermic muscle cell may reestablish a normal level of ionized calcium in the myoplasm. Inhibition of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by dantrolene reestablishes the myoplasmic calcium equilibrium, increasing the percentage of bound calcium. In this way, physiologic, metabolic, and biochemical changes associated with the malignant hyperthermia crisis may be reversed or attenuated.
The administration of intravenous dantrolene to human volunteers was associated with loss of grip strength and weakness in the legs, as well as subjective CNS complaints [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
The pharmacokinetics of RYANODEX was investigated in healthy volunteers following single-dose administration as an intravenous push over 60 seconds (dose range of 1 to 2.5 mg/kg), via a peripheral catheter. There was a dose-proportional increase in plasma exposure of dantrolene and its metabolite, 5-hydroxydantrolene. Table 2 presents pharmacokinetic parameters of dantrolene after administration of single RYANODEX dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Time to peak dantrolene concentration was observed at the first time point collected (i.e. median Tmax is 1 minute post-dose). The mean half-life (t½ ) for dantrolene was independent of the RYANODEX dose administered and ranged from 8.5 hours to 11.4 hours over the 1 to 2.5 mg/kg dose range.
Table 2: Pharmacokinetic Parameters
for Dantrolene in Healthy Volunteers (Mean ± Standard Deviation)
| RYANODEX dose1 | C (μg/mL) | AUC0_inf (μg*h/mL) | Half-life (hrs) | Clearance (L/hr) | Volume of distribution (L) |
| 2.5 mg/kg | 9.0 ± 4.6 | 77.7 ± 23.2 | 10.8 ± 2.2 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 36.4 ± 11.7 |
| 1n=15; single dose | |||||
When prophylactic intravenous dantrolene infusion was administered, whole blood dantrolene concentrations remained at a near steady state level for 3 or more hours after the infusion was completed.
Based on assays of whole blood and plasma, slightly greater amounts of dantrolene are associated with red blood cells than with the plasma fraction of blood. Significant amounts of dantrolene are bound to plasma proteins, mostly albumin, and this binding is readily reversible. Binding to plasma protein is not significantly altered by diazepam, diphenylhydantoin, or phenylbutazone. Binding to plasma proteins is reduced by warfarin and clofibrate and increased by tolbutamide.
Information concerning the passage of dantrolene across the blood-brain barrier is not available.
Dantrolene is found in measurable amounts in blood and urine. Its major metabolites in body fluids are 5-hydroxy dantrolene and an acetylamino metabolite of dantrolene. Another metabolite with an unknown structure appears related to the latter. Dantrolene may also undergo hydrolysis and subsequent oxidation forming nitrophenylfuroic acid. Following RYANODEX 2.5 mg/kg dose administration in healthy volunteers, mean peak plasma concentration for the primary metabolite, 5-hydroxydantrolene, was 640 ng/mL, and was achieved by approximately 24 hours post-dose, with an average metabolite-to-parent exposure ratio of 0.27 (AUC0-inf = 21.2 μg*h/mL). Median t½ for 5-hydroxydantrolene was 10 hours, the clearance was estimated to be 8.9 L/hr and the terminal phase volume of distribution was 144 L.
Dantrolene is metabolized by the liver, and it is possible that its metabolism may be enhanced by drugs known to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes. However, neither phenobarbital nor diazepam appears to affect dantrolene metabolism.
Inform patients, their families, or their caregivers of the following:
Muscle weakness (i.e. decrease in grip strength and weakness of leg muscles, especially walking down stairs) is likely to occur with the use of RYANODEX. Patients should be provided assistance with standing and walking until their strength has returned to normal [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Caution is indicated at meals on the day of administration because difficulty swallowing and choking have occurred with the use of dantrolene sodium products in general; dysphagia has been reported with the use of RYANODEX [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
The use of RYANODEX has been associated with dizziness and somnolence. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Symptoms such as “lightheadedness” may occur. Since some of these symptoms may persist for up to 48 hours, patients must not operate an automobile or engage in other hazardous activity during this time [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
