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What is and how is it used?
Rukobia is a prescription medicine that is used with other antiretroviral medicines to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection in adults who:
HIV-1 is the virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
It is not known if Rukobia is safe and effective in children.
What are the possible side effects of Rukobia?
Rukobia can cause serious side effects including:
Tell your healthcare provider right away if you feel dizzy, lightheaded, feel changes in your heartbeat, or you faint (lose consciousness).
The most common side effect of Rukobia is nausea.
These are not all of the possible side effects of Rukobia.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Fostemsavir tromethamine is a prodrug of temsavir, an HIV-1 gp120-directed attachment inhibitor.
The chemical name of fostemsavir tromethamine is (3-((4-benzoyl-1-piperazinyl)(oxo)acetyl)-4methoxy- 7-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-1-yl)methyl dihydrogen phosphate, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (1:1). The empirical formula is C25H26N7O8P•C4H11NO3. The molecular weight is 704.6 g/mol (583.5 as free acid). It has the following structural formula:
 |
Fostemsavir tromethamine is a white powder and is soluble to greater than 250 mg/mL in aqueous solutions with a pH greater than 3.7.
Rukobia extended-release tablets are for oral administration. Each film-coated tablet contains 600 mg of fostemsavir (equivalent to 725 mg fostemsavir tromethamine), and the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, and magnesium stearate. The tablet film-coating contains the inactive ingredients iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide.
RUKOBIA, in combination with other antiretroviral(s), is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in heavily treatment-experienced adults with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection failing their current antiretroviral regimen due to resistance, intolerance, or safety considerations [see Clinical Studies].
The recommended dosage of RUKOBIA is one 600-mg tablet taken orally twice daily with or without food [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Swallow tablets whole. Do not chew, crush, or split tablets.
Each RUKOBIA extended-release tablet contains 600 mg of fostemsavir (equivalent to 725 mg of fostemsavir tromethamine). The tablets are beige, oval, film-coated, biconvex tablets, debossed with “SV 1V7” on one side.
RUKOBIA extended-release tablets, 600 mg, are beige, oval, film-coated, biconvex tablets debossed with “SV 1V7” on one side.
Bottle of 60 tablets with child-resistant closure. NDC 49702-250-18.
Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].
RUKOBIA extended-release tablets may have a slight vinegar-like odor.
Manufactured by: GlaxoSmithKline Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Revised: Jul 2020
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
A total of 620 subjects with HIV-1 infection received at least one dose of RUKOBIA as part of a controlled clinical trial.
The primary safety assessment of RUKOBIA is based on 96 weeks of data from a Phase 3 partially randomized, international, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (BRIGHTE) conducted in 371 heavily treatment-experienced adult subjects [see Clinical Studies]. In the randomized cohort, 203 subjects received at least one dose of blinded RUKOBIA 600 mg twice daily and 69 subjects received placebo in addition to their current failing regimen for 8 days of functional monotherapy. Beyond Day 8, all randomized subjects except one received open-label RUKOBIA 600 mg twice daily plus an optimized background therapy (OBT). In the nonrandomized cohort, 99 subjects received open-label RUKOBIA 600 mg twice daily plus OBT from Day 1 onward.
A total of 370 subjects (271 randomized and 99 nonrandomized) received at least 1 dose of RUKOBIA 600 mg twice daily in the BRIGHTE trial. Overall, most (81%) of the adverse reactions reported with RUKOBIA were mild or moderate in severity. The proportion of subjects who discontinued treatment with RUKOBIA due to an adverse event was 7% at Week 96 (randomized: 5% and nonrandomized: 12%). The most common adverse events leading to discontinuation were related to infections (3% of subjects receiving RUKOBIA). Serious drug reactions occurred in 3% of subjects and included 3 cases of severe immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Data from the randomized cohort form the basis of the safety assessment of RUKOBIA because the presence of significant comorbid illness in the nonrandomized cohort (associated with advanced HIV infection) may confound the assessment of causality. Adverse reactions (all grades) reported in ≥2% of subjects in the randomized cohort in the Week 96 analysis are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Adverse Reactionsa (Grades 1 to 4) Reported in ≥2% of Subjects Receiving RUKOBIA plus OBT in the BRIGHTE Trial, Randomized Cohort (Week 96 Analysis)
| Adverse Reaction | RUKOBIA plus OBT (n = 271)b |
| Nausea | 10% |
| Diarrhea | 4% |
| Headache | 4% |
| Abdominal painc | 3% |
| Dyspepsia | 3% |
| Fatigued | 3% |
| Rashe | 3% |
| Sleep disturbancef | 3% |
| Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome | 2% |
| Somnolence | 2% |
| Vomiting | 2% |
| a Frequencies of adverse reactions are based on all treatment-emergent adverse events attributed to study drug by the investigator. b Of the 272 subjects enrolled in the randomized cohort, 1 subject who received placebo withdrew from the trial prior to receiving RUKOBIA in the open-label phase of the trial. c Includes pooled terms: abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, and abdominal pain upper. d Includes pooled terms: fatigue and asthenia. e Includes pooled terms: rash, rash generalized, rash maculo-papular, rash pruritic, and dermatitis allergic. f Includes pooled terms: insomnia, sleep deficit, sleep disorder, abnormal dreams. | |
Adverse reactions in the nonrandomized cohort were similar to those observed in the randomized cohort. The most common adverse reactions reported in nonrandomized subjects were fatigue (7%), nausea (6%), and diarrhea (6%).
The following adverse reactions occurred in <2% of subjects receiving RUKOBIA in the randomized cohort of the BRIGHTE trial. These events have been included based on the assessment of potential causal relationship and were also reported in the nonrandomized cohort.
Cardiac Disorders: Electrocardiogram QT prolonged. All reports were asymptomatic.
Musculoskeletal Disorders: Myalgia.
Nervous System Disorders: Dizziness, dysgeusia, neuropathy peripheral (includes pooled terms:neuropathy peripheral and peripheral sensory neuropathy).
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Pruritus.
Selected laboratory abnormalities (Grades 3 to 4) with a worsening grade from baseline and representing the worst-grade toxicity in ≥2% of subjects in the randomized cohort of the BRIGHTE trial are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Selected Laboratory Abnormalities (Grades 3 to 4) Reported in ≥ 2% of Subjects in the Randomized Cohort Receiving RUKOBIA plus OBT in the BRIGHTE Trial (Week 96 Analysis)
| Laboratory Parameter Preferred Term | RUKOBIA plus OBT (n = 271a) |
| ALT (>5.0 x ULN) | 5% |
| AST (>5.0 x ULN) | 4% |
| Direct bilirubin (>ULN)b | 7% |
| Bilirubin ( ≥2.6 x ULN) | 3% |
| Cholesterol (≥300 mg/dL)b | 5% |
| Creatinine (>1.8 x ULN or 1.5 x baseline) | 19% |
| Creatine kinase (≥10 x ULN) | 2% |
| Hemoglobin (<9.0 g/dL) | 6% |
| Hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL) | 4% |
| Lipase (>3.0 x ULN) | 5% |
| LDL cholesterol (≥190 mg/dL) | 4% |
| Neutrophils (≤599 cells/mm3 ) | 4% |
| Triglycerides (>500 mg/dL) | 5% |
| Urate (>12 mg/dL) | 3% |
| ULN = Upper limit of normal. a Percentages were calculated based on the number of subjects with post-baseline toxicity grades for each laboratory parameter (n = 221 for cholesterol and triglycerides, n = 216 for LDL cholesterol, and n = 268 for all other parameters). b Grade 3 only (no Grade 4 values reported). | |
The incidence of selected laboratory abnormalities (Grades 3 to 4) in the nonrandomized cohort were overall consistent with those of the randomized cohort, with the exception of direct bilirubin (14% versus 7%), bilirubin (6% versus 3%), lipase (10% versus 5%), triglycerides (10% versus 5%), neutrophils (7% versus 4%), and leukocytes (6% versus 1%), respectively.
Clinically relevant increases in serum creatinine have primarily occurred in patients with identifiable risk factors for reduced renal function, including preexisting medical history of renal disease and/or concomitant medications known to cause increases in creatinine. A causal association between RUKOBIA and elevation in serum creatinine has not been established.
Increases in direct (conjugated) bilirubin have been observed following treatment with RUKOBIA (Table 2). Cases of clinical significance were uncommon and were confounded by the presence of intercurrent serious comorbid events (e.g., sepsis, cholangiocarcinoma, or other complications of viral hepatitis co-infection). In the remaining cases, elevations in direct bilirubin (without clinical jaundice) were typically transient, occurred without increases in liver transaminases, and resolved on continued RUKOBIA.
A total of 29 subjects with Hepatitis B and/or Hepatitis C co-infection were enrolled in the BRIGHTE trial (randomized and nonrandomized cohorts combined). Grade 3 and 4 elevations in ALT and AST occurred in 14% of these subjects compared with 3% (ALT) and 2% (AST) of subjects without viral hepatitis co-infection. Some of these elevations in transaminases were consistent with hepatitis B reactivation particularly in the setting where anti-hepatitis therapy was withdrawn [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Temsavir may increase plasma concentrations of grazoprevir or voxilaprevir to a clinically relevant extent due to organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1/3 inhibition [see Established And Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions].
When RUKOBIA was coadministered with oral contraceptives, temsavir increased concentrations of ethinyl estradiol (Table 3) [see Established And Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Coadministration of RUKOBIA with rifampin, a strong CYP3A4 inducer, significantly decreases temsavir plasma concentrations. The use of RUKOBIA with drugs that are strong inducers of CYP3A4 can significantly decrease temsavir plasma concentrations which may lead to loss of virologic response [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, Established And Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Information regarding potential drug interactions with RUKOBIA is provided in Table 3. These recommendations are based on either drug interaction trials or predicted interactions due to the expected magnitude of interaction and potential for serious adverse events or loss of efficacy [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Table 3. Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactionsa
| Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name | Effect on Concentration of Temsavir and/or Concomitant Drug | Clinical Comment |
| Androgen receptor inhibitor: Enzalutamide | ↓Temsavir | Coadministration is contraindicated due to potential for loss of therapeutic effect to RUKOBIA [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. |
| Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine Phenytoin | ↓Temsavir | |
| Antimycobacterial: Rifampinb | ↓Temsavir | |
| Antineoplastic: Mitotane | ↓Temsavir | |
| Herbal product: St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) | ↓Temsavir | |
| Hepatitis C virus direct-acting antivirals: Grazoprevir Voxilaprevir | ↑Grazoprevir ↑Voxilaprevir | Coadministration may increase exposures of grazoprevir or voxilaprevir; however, the magnitude of increase in exposure is unknown. Increased exposures of grazoprevir may increase the risk of ALT elevations. Use an alternative HCV regimen if possible. |
| Oral contraceptive: Ethinyl estradiolb | ↑Ethinyl estradiol | Ethinyl estradiol daily dose should not exceed 30 mcg. Caution is advised particularly in patients with additional risk factors for thromboembolic events. |
| Statins: Rosuvastatinb Atorvastatin Fluvastatin Pitavastatin Simvastatin | ↑Rosuvastatin ↑Atorvastatin ↑Fluvastatin ↑Pitavastatin ↑Simvastatin | Use the lowest possible starting dose for statins and monitor for statinassociated adverse events. |
| ↑ = Increase, ↓ = Decrease. a This table is not all inclusive. b See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY for magnitude of interaction. | ||
Coadministration of RUKOBIA with a drug with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes may increase the risk of Torsade de Pointes [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Use RUKOBIA with caution when coadministered with drugs with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes.
Based on drug interaction study results, the following drugs can be coadministered with RUKOBIA without a dose adjustment: atazanavir/ritonavir, buprenorphine/naloxone, cobicistat, darunavir/cobicistat, darunavir/ritonavir with and without etravirine, etravirine, famotidine, maraviroc, methadone, norethindrone, raltegravir, ritonavir, rifabutin with and without ritonavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including RUKOBIA [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune systems respond may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia [PCP], or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.
Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves’ disease, polymyositis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and autoimmune hepatitis) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution; however, the time to onset is more variable and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.
RUKOBIA at 2,400 mg twice daily, 4 times the recommended daily dose, has been shown to significantly prolong the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram [see DRUG INTERACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. RUKOBIA should be used with caution in patients with a history of QTc interval prolongation, when coadministered with a drug with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes, or in patients with relevant pre-existing cardiac disease. Elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-induced QT interval prolongation.
Monitoring of liver chemistries is recommended in patients with hepatitis B and/or C co-infection. Elevations in hepatic transaminases were observed in a greater proportion of subjects with HBV and/or HCV co-infection compared with those with HIV mono-infection. Some of these elevations in transaminases were consistent with hepatitis B reactivation, particularly in the setting where anti-hepatitis therapy was withdrawn [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Particular diligence should be applied in initiating or maintaining effective hepatitis B therapy (referring to treatment guidelines) when starting RUKOBIA in patients co-infected with hepatitis B.
The concomitant use of RUKOBIA and certain other drugs may result in known or potentially significant drug interactions, some of which may lead to [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, QTc Prolongation With Higher Than Recommended Dosages, DRUG INTERACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]:
See Table 3 for steps to prevent or manage these possible and known significant drug interactions, including dosing recommendations. Consider the potential for drug interactions prior to and during therapy with RUKOBIA, review concomitant medications during therapy with RUKOBIA, and monitor for the adverse reactions associated with the concomitant drugs.
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION).
Inform patients that if they have had a hypersensitivity reaction to RUKOBIA or any of its components, they should not take RUKOBIA [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Advise patients to inform their healthcare provider immediately of any signs and symptoms of infection, as inflammation from previous infection may occur soon after combination antiretroviral therapy, including when RUKOBIA is started [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that RUKOBIA may produce changes in their electrocardiogram (i.e., QT prolongation). Instruct patients to consult their healthcare provider if they experience symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, abnormal heart rhythm, or loss of consciousness [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that it is recommended to have laboratory testing and to take medications for HBV or HCV as prescribed [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
RUKOBIA may interact with other drugs; therefore, advise patients to report to their healthcare provider the use of any other prescription or nonprescription medication or herbal products, including St. John’s wort [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Inform patients that there is an antiretroviral pregnancy registry to monitor fetal outcomes in those exposed to RUKOBIA during pregnancy [see Use In Specific Populations].
Instruct mothers with HIV-1 infection not to breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk [see Use In Specific Populations].
RUKOBIA tablets may have a slight vinegar-like odor [see HOW SUPPLIED].
Advise patients to avoid missing doses as it can result in development of resistance. Instruct patients that if they miss a dose of RUKOBIA, to take it as soon as they remember. Advise patients not to double their next dose or take more than the prescribed dose [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
In a 2-year carcinogenicity study conducted in rats and a 26-week carcinogenicity study conducted in transgenic mice, fostemsavir produced no statistically significant increases in tumors over controls. The maximum daily exposures in rats were approximately 5 times (males) and 16 times (females) greater than those in humans at the MRHD.
Fostemsavir was not genotoxic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test in Salmonella and E. coli), a chromosome aberration test in human lymphocytes, and rat bone marrow micronucleus test.
Oral administration of fostemsavir had no adverse effects on male or female fertility in rats at exposures approximately 10 times (males) and 186 times (females) of those in humans at the MRHD. At higher exposures (>80 times those in humans at the MRHD) in male rats, decreases in prostate gland/seminal vesicle weights, sperm density/motility, and increased abnormal sperm were observed.
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in individuals exposed to RUKOBIA during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263.
There are insufficient human data on the use of RUKOBIA during pregnancy to adequately assess a drug-associated risk of birth defects and miscarriage. In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of fostemsavir to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis resulted in no adverse developmental effects at clinically relevant temsavir exposures (see Data).
The background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. The background rate for major birth defects in a U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is 2.7%. The estimated background rate of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies in the U.S. general population is 15% to 20%.
Animal Data
Fostemsavir was administered orally to pregnant rats (50, 200, 600 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day) during Gestation Days 6 to 15 (rat) and 7 to 19 (rabbit). No fetal abnormalities were observed at temsavir exposures of approximately 180 (rat) and 30 (rabbit) times those in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD). In rabbits, increased embryonic death associated with maternal toxicity was observed at temsavir exposures approximately 60 times those in humans at the MRHD. In a separate rat study conducted at drug exposures approximately 200 times those in humans at the MRHD, fetal abnormalities (cleft palate, open eyes, shortened snout, microstomia, misaligned mouth/jaw, and protruding tongue) and reductions in fetal body weights occurred in the presence of maternal toxicity.
In a rat pre-and postnatal development study, fostemsavir was administered orally at doses of 10, 50, or 300 mg/kg/day from Gestation Day 6 through Lactation Day 20. Reduced neonatal survival (7 to 14 days after birth) in the absence of other adverse fetal or neonatal effects was observed at maternal temsavir exposures approximately 130 times those in humans at the MRHD. No adverse fetal or neonatal effects were observed at maternal temsavir exposures approximately 35 times those in humans at the MRHD.
In a distribution study in pregnant rats, fostemsavir-related drug materials (i.e., temsavir and/or temsavir-derived metabolites) crossed the placenta and were detectable in fetal tissue.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that HIV-1–infected mothers in the United States not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1 infection.
It is not known whether RUKOBIA is present in human breast milk, affects human milk production, or has effects on the breastfed infant. When administered to lactating rats, fostemsavir-related drug was present in rat milk (see Data).
Because of the potential for (1) HIV-1 transmission (in HIV-negative infants), (2) developing viral resistance (in HIV-positive infants), and (3) adverse reactions in a breastfed infant similar to those seen in adults, instruct mothers not to breastfeed if they are receiving RUKOBIA.
In a distribution study, fostemsavir-related drug materials (i.e., temsavir and/or temsavir-derived metabolites) were excreted in rat milk following a single dose of fostemsavir administered to lactating rats 7 to 9 days postpartum. In the pre-and postnatal development study in rats, temsavir was present in milk at concentrations similar to those measured in maternal plasma, as determined 11 days postpartum. In addition, lactational exposure was associated with reduced offspring survival at maternal temsavir exposures not thought to be clinically relevant.
The safety and effectiveness of RUKOBIA have not been established in pediatric patients.
Clinical trials of RUKOBIA did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, caution should be exercised in administration of RUKOBIA in elderly patients reflecting greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-induced QT interval prolongation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
No dosage adjustment is required for patients with renal impairment or those on hemodialysis [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
No dosage adjustment is required in patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Score A, B, or C) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
There is no known specific treatment for overdose with RUKOBIA. If overdose occurs, the patient should be monitored and standard supportive treatment applied as required, including monitoring of vital signs and ECG (QT interval), as well as observation of the clinical status of the patient. As fostemsavir is highly bound to plasma proteins, it is unlikely that it will be significantly removed by dialysis.
RUKOBIA is contraindicated in patients:
RUKOBIA is an HIV-1 antiretroviral agent [see Microbiology].
At therapeutic doses, RUKOBIA does not prolong the QT interval to any clinically relevant extent. At 4 times the recommended dose, the mean (upper 90% confidence interval) QTcF increase was 11.2 milliseconds (13.3 milliseconds). The observed increase in QTcF was temsavir concentration-dependent [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
In the Phase 3 trial evaluating the recommended dosing regimen of RUKOBIA (600 mg twice daily) in subjects with multidrug resistant HIV-1 infection on their failing regimen, no relationship was observed between plasma temsavir Ctrough and change in plasma HIV-1 RNA from Day 1 to Day 8.
Fostemsavir is a prodrug of temsavir, its active moiety. Fostemsavir was generally not detectable in plasma following oral administration. However, temsavir was readily absorbed (Table 4). Following oral administration, increases in plasma temsavir exposure (Cmax and AUCtau) appeared dose proportional or slightly greater than dose proportional, over the range of 600 mg to 1,800 mg of RUKOBIA. The pharmacokinetics of temsavir following administration of RUKOBIA are similar between healthy and HIV-1–infected subjects.
The pharmacokinetic properties of temsavir following administration of RUKOBIA are provided in Table 4. The multiple-dose pharmacokinetic parameters are provided in Table 5.
Table 4. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Temsavir
| Absorption | |
| % Absolute bioavailabilitya | 26.9 |
| Tmax (h) | 2.0 |
| Effect of standard meal (relative to fasting)b | AUC ratio =1.10 (0.95, 1.26) |
| Effect of high-fat meal (relative to fasting)b | AUC ratio =1.81 (1.54, 2.12) |
| Distribution | |
| % Plasma protein binding | 88.4 (primarily to HSA) |
| Blood-to-plasma ratio | 0.74 |
| Steady-state volume of distribution (Vss, L)c | 29.5 |
| Elimination | |
| Major route of elimination | Metabolism |
| Clearance (CL and CL/F d, L/h) | 17.9 and 66.4 |
| Half-life (h) | 11 |
| Metabolism | |
| Metabolic pathwayse | Hydrolysis (esterases) [36.1% of oral dose] Oxidation (CYP3A4) [21.2% of oral dose] UGT [<1% of oral dose] |
| Excretion | |
| % of dose excreted in urine (unchanged drug)f | 51 (<2) |
| % of dose excreted in feces (unchanged drug)f | 33 (1.1) |
| HSA = Human Serum Albumin; UGT = Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferases. a Dosing in absolute bioavailability study: single-dose administration of fostemsavir extended-release tablet 600 mg followed by single IV infusion of [13C] temsavir 100 mcg. b Geometric mean ratio (fed/fasted) in pharmacokinetic parameters and (90% confidence interval). Standard meal = ~423 kcal, 36% fat, 47% carbohydrates, and 17% protein. Highcalorie/ high-fat meal = ~985 kcal, 60% fat, 28% carbohydrates, and 12% protein. c Volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) following IV administration. d Apparent clearance. e In vitro studies have shown that temsavir is biotransformed into 2 predominant circulating inactive metabolites: BMS-646915 (hydrolysis metabolite) and BMS-930644 (N-dealkylated metabolite). f Dosing in mass balance study: single-dose administration of [14C] fostemsavir oral solution 300 mg containing 100 microCi (3.7 MBq) of total radioactivity. | |
Table 5. Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Temsavir
| Parameter Mean (CV%) | Temsavira |
| Cmax (ng/mL) | 1,770 (39.9) |
| AUCtau (ng.h/mL) | 12,900 (46.4) |
| Ctrough or C12 (ng/mL) | 478 (81.5) |
| CV = Coefficient of Variation; Cmax = Maximum concentration; AUC = Area under the time concentration curve; C12 = Concentration at 12 hours. a Based on population pharmacokinetic analyses in heavily treatment-experienced adult subjects with HIV-1 infection receiving 600 mg of RUKOBIA twice daily with or without food in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. | |
No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of temsavir were observed based on age, sex, race/ethnicity (white, black/African American, Asian, or other). The effect of hepatitis B and/or C virus co-infection on the pharmacokinetics of temsavir is unknown.
The pharmacokinetics of temsavir has not been studied in pediatric subjects and data are limited in subjects aged 65 years or older.
Population pharmacokinetic analyses of subjects with HIV-1 infection aged up to 73 years from studies with RUKOBIA indicated age had no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of temsavir [see Use In Specific Populations].
No clinically relevant differences in total and unbound temsavir pharmacokinetics were observed in patients with mild to severe renal impairment. No clinically relevant differences in temsavir pharmacokinetics were observed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis compared with the same patients with ESRD off hemodialysis. Temsavir was not readily cleared by hemodialysis with approximately 12.3% of the administered dose removed during the 4-hour hemodialysis session [see Use In Specific Populations].
No clinically relevant differences in total and unbound temsavir pharmacokinetics were observed in patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Score A, B, or C) [see Use In Specific Populations].
Temsavir is a substrate of CYP3A, esterases, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Drugs that induce or inhibit CYP3A, P-gp, and BCRP may affect temsavir plasma concentrations. Coadministration of fostemsavir with drugs that are strong CYP3A inducers result in decreased concentrations of temsavir. Coadministration of fostemsavir with drugs that are moderate CYP3A inducers and/or strong CYP3A, P-gp and/or BCRP inhibitors are not likely to have a clinically relevant effect on the plasma concentrations of temsavir.
Temsavir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Additionally, temsavir and 2 metabolites (Table 4) are inhibitors of BCRP. Thus, temsavir is expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates of OATP1B1/3 and/or BCRP [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
At clinically relevant concentrations, significant interactions are not expected when RUKOBIA is coadministered with substrates of CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2E1, 2D6, and 3A4; UGT1A1, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, 2B7; P-gp; multidrug resistance protein (MRP)2; bile salt export pump (BSEP); sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP); multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)1/2K; organic anion transporters (OAT)1 and OAT3; organic cation transporters (OCT)1 and OCT2 based on in vitro and clinical drug interaction results (Table 6).
Drug interaction studies were performed with RUKOBIA and other drugs likely to be coadministered for pharmacokinetic interactions. The effects of temsavir on the pharmacokinetics of coadministered drugs are summarized in Table 6 and the effects of coadministration of other drugs on the pharmacokinetics of temsavir are summarized in Table 7.
Dosing recommendations as a result of established and other potentially significant drug-drug interactions with RUKOBIA are provided in Table 3 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Table 6. Effect of Fostemsavira on the Pharmacokinetics of Coadministered Drugs
| Coadministered Drug(s) and Dose(s) | Dose of RUKOBIA | n | Geometric Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Coadministered Drugs with/without RUKOBIA No Effect = 1.00 | |||
| Cmax | AUC | Ctau | ||||
| Atazanavir + | 300 mg once daily/ | 600 mg twice daily | 18 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 1.19 |
| Ritonavir | 100 mg once daily | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.10) | 1.22 (1.12, 1.32) | ||
| Darunavir + | 600 mg twice daily/ | 600 mg twice daily | 13 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) |
| Ritonavir | 100 mg twice daily | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) | 1.19 (1.06, 1.35) | ||
| Darunavir + | 600 mg twice daily/ | 600 mg twice daily | 13 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) |
| Ritonavir | 100 mg twice daily/ | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.17) | ||
| Etravirine | 200 mg twice daily | 1.18 (1.10, 1.27) | 1.28 (1.20, 1.36) | 1.28 (1.18, 1.39) | ||
| Etravirine | 200 mg twice daily | 600 mg twice daily | 14 | 1.11 (1.04, 1.19) | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | 1.14 (1.08, 1.21) |
| Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate | 300 mg once daily | 600 mg twice daily | 18 | 1.18 (1.12, 1.25) | 1.19 (1.12, 1.25) | 1.28 (1.20, 1.38) |
| Rosuvastatin | 10-mg single dose | 600 mg twice daily | 18 | 1.78 (1.52, 2.09) | 1.69 (1.44, 1.99) | NA |
| Ethinyl estradiol/ | 0.030 mg once daily/ | 600 mg twice daily | 26 | 1.39 (1.28, 1.51) | 1.40 (1.29, 1.51) | NA |
| Norethindrone | 1.5 mg once daily | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | NA | ||
| Maraviroc | 300 mg twice daily | 600 mg twice daily | 13 | 1.01 (0.84, 1.20) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.44) | 1.37 (1.26, 1.48) |
| Methadone R(-) Methadone | 40 to 120 mg once daily | 600 mg twice daily | 16 | 1.15 (1.11, 1.20) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) |
| S(+) Methadone | 1.15 (1.10, 1.19) | 1.15 (1.09, 1.21) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | |||
| Total Methadone | 1.15 (1.11, 1.19) | 1.14 (1.09, 1.20) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18) | |||
| Buprenorphine/ Naloxone | 8/2 to 24/6 mg once daily | 600 mg twice daily | 16 | |||
| Buprenorphine | 1.24 (1.06, 1.46) | 1.30 (1.17, 1.45) | 1.39 (1.18, 1.63) | |||
| Norbuprenorphine | 1.24 (1.03, 1.51) | 1.39 (1.16, 1.67) | 1.36 (1.10, 1.69) | |||
| CI = Confidence Interval; n = Maximum number of subjects with data; NA = Not available. AUC = AUCtau for repeat-dose studies and AUC(0-inf) for single-dose study. a Temsavir is the active moiety. | ||||||
Table 7. Effect of Coadministered Drugs on the Pharmacokinetics of Temsavira Following Coadministration with Fostemsavir
| Coadministered Drug(s) and Dose(s) | Dose of RUKOBIA | n | Geometric Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Temsavir Pharmacokinetic Parameters with/without Coadministered Drugs No Effect = 1.00 | |||
| Cmax | AUC | Ctau | ||||
| Atazanavir + | 300 mg once daily/ | 600 mg twice daily | 36 | 1.68 (1.58, 1.79) | 1.54 (1.44, 1.65) | 1.57 (1.28, 1.91) |
| Ritonavir | 100 mg once daily | |||||
| Darunavir + | 600 mg twice daily/ | 600 mg twice daily | 14 | 1.52 (1.28, 1.82) | 1.63 (1.42, 1.88) | 1.88 (1.09, 3.22) |
| Ritonavir | 100 mg twice daily/ | |||||
| Darunavir + | 600 mg twice daily/ | 600 mg twice daily | 18 | 1.53 (1.32, 1.77) | 1.34 (1.17, 1.53) | 1.33 (0.98, 1.81) |
| Ritonavir + | 100 mg twice daily/ | |||||
| Etravirine | 200 mg twice daily | |||||
| Etravirine | 200 mg twice daily | 600 mg twice daily | 14 | 0.52 (0.45, 0.59) | 0.50 (0.44, 0.57) | 0.48 (0.32, 0.72) |
| Ritonavir | 100 mg once daily | 600 mg twice daily | 18 | 1.53 (1.31, 1.79) | 1.45 (1.29, 1.61) | 1.44 (1.00, 2.08) |
| Raltegravir + | 400 mg twice daily/ | 1,200 mg once daily | 17 | 1.23 (0.92, 1.64) | 1.07 (0.84, 1.34) | 1.17 (0.59, 2.32) |
| Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate | 300 mg once daily | |||||
| Rifabutin + | 150 mg once daily/ | 600 mg twice daily | 23 | 1.50 (1.38, 1.64) | 1.66 (1.52, 1.81) | 2.58 (1.95, 3.42) |
| Ritonavir | 100 mg once daily | |||||
| Rifabutin | 300 mg once daily | 600 mg twice daily | 22 | 0.73 (0.65, 0.83) | 0.70 (0.64, 0.76) | 0.59 (0.46, 0.77) |
| Rifampin | 600 mg once daily | 1,200-mg single dose | 15 | 0.24 (0.21, 0.28) | 0.18 (0.16, 0.2) | NA |
| Cobicistat | 150 mg once daily | 600 mg twice daily | 16 | 1.71 (1.54, 1.90) | 1.93 (1.75, 2.12) | 2.36 (2.03, 2.75) |
| Darunavir + | 800 mg once daily/ | 600 mg twice daily | 15 | 1.79 (1.62, 1.98) | 1.97 (1.78, 2.18) | 2.24 (1.75, 2.88) |
| Cobicistat | 150 mg once daily | |||||
| Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate | 300 mg once daily | 600 mg twice daily | 18 | 0.99 (0.86, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.13 (0.77, 1.66) |
| Maraviroc | 300 mg twice daily | 600 mg twice daily | 14 | 1.13 (0.96, 1.32) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.23) | 0.90 (0.69, 1.17) |
| Famotidine | 40-mg single dose | 600-mg single dose | 24 | 1.01 (0.85, 1.21) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.25) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.28) |
| CI = Confidence Interval; n = Maximum number of subjects with data; NA = Not available. AUC = AUCtau for repeat-dose studies and AUC(0-inf) for single-dose study. Ctau = C12 for single-dose study. a Temsavir is the active moiety. | ||||||
Fostemsavir is a prodrug without significant biochemical or antiviral activity that is hydrolyzed to the active moiety, temsavir, which is an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor. Temsavir binds directly to the gp120 subunit within the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp160 and selectively inhibits the interaction between the virus and cellular CD4 receptors, thereby preventing attachment. Additionally, temsavir can inhibit gp120-dependent post-attachment steps required for viral entry into host cells. Temsavir inhibited the binding of soluble CD4 to surface immobilized gp120 with an IC50 value of 14 nM using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Temsavir exhibited antiviral activity against 3 CCR5-tropic laboratory strains of subtype B HIV-1, with EC50 values ranging from 0.4 to 1.7 nM. The range of susceptibility to temsavir was broader for CXCR4-tropic laboratory strains with 2 strains having EC50 values of 0.7 and 2.2 nM and 3 strains having EC50 values of 14.8, 16.2, and >2,000 nM. Antiviral activity of temsavir against HIV-1 subtype B clinical isolates varied depending on tropism with median EC50 values against the CCR5-tropic viruses, CXCR4-tropic viruses, and dual/mixed viruses of 3.7 nM (n = 9; range: 0.3 to 345 nM), 40.9 nM (n = 4; range: 0.6 to >2,000 nM), and 0.8 nM (n = 2; range: 0.3 to 1.3), respectively, showing a broad range of EC50 values for temsavir across the different tropic strains.
Analysis of data from 1,337 clinical samples from the fostemsavir clinical development program (881 subtype B samples, 156 subtype C samples, 43 subtype A samples, 17 subtype A1 samples, 48 subtype F1 samples, 29 subtype BF1 samples, 19 subtype BF samples, 5 CRF01_AE samples, and 139 other) showed temsavir susceptibility is highly variable across subtypes with a wide range in EC50 values from 0.018 nM to >5,000 nM. The majority of subtype B isolates (84%, 740/881) had EC50 values below 10 nM, with 6% of isolates having EC50 values >100 nM. Of all isolates from all subtypes tested, 9% exhibited EC50 values >100 nM. Subtypes BF, F1 and BF1 had higher proportions (21% to 38%) of isolates with EC50 values >100 nM, and all 5 of 5 subtype AE isolates had EC50 values >100 nM. From an additional panel of clinical isolates with non-B subtypes, temsavir EC50 values were greater than the upper limits of the concentrations tested (>1,800 nM) in all subtype E (AE; 3 of 3), Group O (2 of 2), and HIV-2 (1 of 1) isolates, and some subtype D (1 of 4) and subtype G (1 of 3) isolates.
Temsavir showed reduced antiviral activity against 14 different subtype AE isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) assays and the Phenosense Entry assay indicating that subtype AE (or E) viruses are inherently less sensitive to temsavir. Genotyping of subtype AE viruses identified polymorphisms at amino acid positions S375H and M475I in gp120, which have been associated with reduced susceptibility to fostemsavir. Subtype AE is a predominant subtype in Southeast Asia, but it is not found in high frequencies elsewhere throughout the world.
There were 2 subjects with subtype AE virus at screening in the randomized cohort of the clinical trial. One subject (EC50 fold change >4,747-fold and gp120 substitutions at S375H and M475I at baseline) did not respond to RUKOBIA at Day 8. A second subject (EC50 fold change 298-fold and gp120 substitution at S375N at baseline) received placebo during functional monotherapy. Both subjects were virologically suppressed at Week 96 while receiving OBT (with dolutegravir) plus RUKOBIA.
The antiviral activity of temsavir was not antagonistic in cell culture when combined with the CD4-directed post-attachment HIV-1 inhibitor ibalizumab, the CCR5 co-receptor antagonist maraviroc, the gp41 fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide, integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) (dolutegravir, raltegravir), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine, rilpivirine), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) (abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, zidovudine), or protease inhibitors (PIs) (amprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir). In addition, temsavir antiviral activity was not antagonistic in cell culture with the anti-HBV drug entecavir and the anti-HCV drug ribavirin.
HIV-1 variants with reduced susceptibility to temsavir were selected following 14 to 49 days passage in cell culture of NL4-3, LAI, and BaL viruses in a T-cell line. Selected viruses exhibited 18-to 159-fold decreased temsavir susceptibility and genotypic analysis identified the following emerging amino acid substitutions in gp120: L116P/Q, L175P, A204D, V255I, A281V, M426L, M434I, and M475I (S375 substitutions were identified based on in vivo data with a related attachment inhibitor). In general, most substitutions mapped to the conserved regions (C1, C2, C4, and C5) of the gp120 envelope, confirming temsavir targets the viral envelope protein during infection.
Single-substitution recombinant viruses at these amino acid positions were engineered into the HIV-1 LAI viral background and the resultant recombinants demonstrated reduced susceptibility to temsavir (L116P [>340-fold], A204D [>340-fold], S375M [47-fold], S375V [5.5-fold], S375Y [>10,000-fold], M426L [81-fold], M426V [3.3-fold], M434I [11-fold], M434T [15-fold], M475I [5-fold], M475L [17-fold], and M475V [9.5-fold]).
Temsavir remained active against laboratory-derived CD4-independent viruses and temsavirresistant viruses showed no evidence of a CD4-independent phenotype. Therefore, treatment with RUKOBIA is unlikely to promote resistance to temsavir via generation of CD4-independent virus.
The effect of the gp120 resistance-associated polymorphisms (RAPs) on response to fostemsavir functional monotherapy at Day 8 was assessed in an as-treated analysis by censoring the subjects who had a >0.4 log10 decline in HIV-1 RNA from screening to baseline or <400 copies/mL at screening (n = 47 subjects were censored). The presence of gp120 RAPs at key sites S375, M426, M434, or M475 was associated with a lower overall decline in HIV-1 RNA and fewer subjects achieving >0.5 log10 decline in HIV-1 RNA compared with subjects with no changes at these sites (Table 8). However, the presence of the gp120 RAPs did not preclude some subjects from achieving a response of >0.5 log10 copies/mL at Day 8. Baseline gp120 RAPs most associated with decreased response of <0.5 log10 copies/mL at Day 8 were S375M, M426L, and M475V (Table 8). There was no difference in response rates and median decline in viral load for subjects with more than one gp120 RAP.
Table 8. Outcome of Randomized Fostemsavir Cohort by Presence of Screening gp120 RAPs (As-Treated Analysisa)
| Envelope RAPs | Response Rate at Day 8 (>0.5 log10 decline) n = 151 | Median Log10 Decline in Viral Load: Baseline to Day 8 n = 151 |
| Overall | 107/151 (71%) | 1.05 |
| No gp120 RAPs (at predefined sites) | 70/83 (84%) | 1.11 |
| Predefined gp120 RAPs: | ||
| S375I/M/N/T, M426L, M434I, or M475I/V | 37/68 (54%) | 0.66 |
| S375M | 1/5 (20%) | 0.32 |
| M426L | 6/17 (35%) | 0.19 |
| M434I | 3/6 (50%) | 0.66 |
| M475V | 0/1 (0%) | 0 |
| 1 gp120 RAP | 38/62 (61%) | 1.03 |
| 2 or 3 gp120 RAPs | 18/26 (69%) | 1.09 |
| a Removed subjects who had <400 copies/mL at screening or >0.4 log10 decline from screening to baseline. | ||
The fold change in susceptibility to temsavir for subject isolates at screening was highly variable ranging from 0.06 to 6,651. The effect of screening fostemsavir phenotype on response of >0.5 log10 decline at Day 8 was assessed in the as-treated analysis. The majority of these subjects (55%, 83/151) had a screening temsavir EC50 fold change normalized to a reference virus of <2-fold. The response rate for fostemsavir phenotypes ≤2 was 80% (66/83) (Table 9). Response rates for fostemsavir phenotypic fold changes of >2 to 200 were moderately decreased to 69% (29/42). Phenotypic fold changes of >200 resulted in lower response rates to fostemsavir (29%, 5/17). Five subjects, despite having >200-fold decreased fostemsavir susceptibility and the presence of screening gp120 RAPs, had over 1 log10 declines in HIV-1 RNA at Day 8. Lack of resistance to background drugs or higher fostemsavir concentrations do not explain the >1 log10 response of these 5 subjects.
Table 9. Response Rate of Randomized Fostemsavir Cohort (>0.5 Log10 Decline Day 8) by Screening Phenotype
| Fostemsavir Phenotypic Fold Change | Response Rate at Day 8 (>0.5 log10 decline) As-Treated Analysisa n = 151 |
| Not Reported | 9 |
| 0 -2 | 66/83 (80%) |
| >2 -10 | 17/25 (68%) |
| 10 -200 (Range 11 -104) | 12/17 (71%) |
| >200 (Range 234 -6,651) | 5/17 (29%) |
| a Removed subjects who had <400 copies/mL at screening or >0.4 log10 decline from screening to baseline. | |
The percentage of subjects who experienced virologic failure through the Week 96 analysis was 25% (69/272) in the randomized cohort (including 25% [51/203] among subjects who received blinded fostemsavir functional monotherapy and 26% [18/69] among subjects who received blinded placebo during the 8-day double-blind period) (Table 10). Virologic failure = confirmed ≥400 copies/mL after prior confirmed suppression to <400 copies/mL, ≥400 copies/mL at last available prior to discontinuation, or >1 log10 copies/mL increase in HIV-1 RNA at any time above nadir level (≥40 copies/mL). Overall, 51% (27/53) of evaluable subjects with virologic failure in the randomized cohorts had treatment-emergent gp120 genotypic substitutions at 4 key sites (S375, M426, M434, and M475) (Table 10).
The median temsavir EC50 fold change at failure in randomized evaluable subject isolates with emergent gp120 substitutions at positions 375, 426, 434, or 475 (n = 26) was 1,755-fold. In randomized evaluable subject isolates with no emergent gp120 substitutions at those positions (n = 27), the median temsavir EC50 fold change at failure was 3.6-fold.
Thirty percent (21/69) of the virologic failures in the randomized groups combined had genotypic or phenotypic resistance to at least one drug in the OBT at screening, and 48% (31/64) of the virologic failures with post-baseline data had emergent resistance to at least one drug in the OBT.
Rates of virologic failure were higher in the nonrandomized cohort at 51% (50/99) (Table 10). While the proportion of virologic failures with gp120 RAPs at screening was similar between subjects in the randomized and nonrandomized cohorts, the proportion of subjects with emergent gp120 resistance-associated substitutions at the time of failure was higher among nonrandomized subjects (Table 10). The median temsavir EC50 fold change at failure in nonrandomized evaluable subject isolates with emergent substitutions at positions 375, 426, 434, or 475 (n = 33) was 4,216-fold and was 767-fold among failure subject isolates without emergent resistance associated substitutions (n = 12). Consistent with the nonrandomized group of subjects having fewer antiretroviral options, 90% (45/50) of the virologic failures in this group had genotypic or phenotypic resistance to at least one drug in the OBT at screening, and 55% (27/49) of the virologic failures with post-baseline data in the nonrandomized group had emergent resistance to at least one drug in the OBT.
Table 10. Virologic Failures in BRIGHTE Trial
| Randomized Cohort Total | Nonrandomized Cohort Total | |
| Number of virologic failures | 69/272 (25%) | 50/99 (51%) |
| With gp120 RAPs at screening (of those with genotypic data) | 42/68 (62%) | 26/48 (54%) |
| Virologic failures with post-baseline data | 53 | 45 |
| With emergent gp120 RAS | 27/53 (51%) | 33/45 (73%) |
| S375N | 18/53 (34%) | 21/45 (47%) |
| M426L/I | 17/53 (32%) | 23/45 (51%) |
| M434I/L | 5/53 (9%) | 5/45 (11%) |
| M475I/L/V | 8/53 (15%) | 5/45 (11%) |
| RAPs = Resistance-associated polymorphisms; RAS = Resistance-associated substitutions. | ||
Both the CD4-directed post-attachment inhibitor ibalizumab and the gp120-directed attachment inhibitor fostemsavir develop resistance in gp120. Five of 7 viruses resistant to ibalizumab retained susceptibility to temsavir while the other 2 viruses had reduced susceptibility to both temsavir (>1,400-fold decreased susceptibility) and ibaluzimab. Resistance to the CCR5 coreceptor antagonist maraviroc can also develop in the gp120 envelope. Some CCR5-tropic maraviroc-resistant viruses showed reduced susceptibility to temsavir. Viruses resistant to the gp41 fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide retained susceptibility to temsavir.
Temsavir retained wild-type activity against viruses resistant to the INSTI raltegravir; the NNRTI rilpivirine; the NRTIs abacavir, lamivudine, tenofovir, zidovudine; and the PIs atazanavir and darunavir.
Additionally, ibalizumab, maraviroc, enfuvirtide, the INSTI raltegravir, NNRTIs (efavirenz, rilpivirine), NRTIs (abacavir, tenofovir), and PIs (atazanavir, darunavir) retained activity against site-directed mutants with reduced temsavir susceptibility (S375M, M426L, or M426L plus M475I) or against clinical envelopes that had decreased baseline susceptibility to temsavir.
The efficacy of RUKOBIA in heavily treatment-experienced adult subjects with HIV-1 infection is based on 96-week data from a Phase 3, partially-randomized, international, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (BRIGHTE [NCT02362503]).
The BRIGHTE trial was conducted in 371 heavily treatment-experienced subjects with multi-class HIV-1 resistance. All subjects were required to have a viral load ≥400 copies/mL and ≤2 classes of antiretroviral medications remaining at baseline due to resistance, intolerability, contraindication, or other safety concerns. Subjects were enrolled in either a randomized or nonrandomized cohort defined as follows:
Overall, the majority of subjects were male (78%), white (70%), and the median age was 49 years (range: 17 to 73 years). At baseline, the median HIV-1 RNA was 4.6 log10 copies/mL and the median CD4+ cell count was 80 cells/mm3 (100 and 41 cells/mm3 for randomized and nonrandomized subjects, respectively). Seventy-five percent (75%) of all treated subjects had a CD4+ cell count <200 cells/mm3 at baseline (with 30% <20 cells/mm3). Overall, 86% had a history of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and 8% had a history of hepatitis B and/or C virus co-infection at baseline. Seventy one percent (71%) of subjects had been treated for HIV for >15 years; 85% had been exposed to ≥5 different HIV treatment regimens upon entry into the trial.
Fifty-two percent (52%) of subjects in the randomized cohort had 1 fully active agent within their initial failing background regimen, 42% had 2, and 6% had no fully active agent. Within the nonrandomized cohort, 81% of subjects had no fully active agent(s) in their original regimen and 19% had 1 fully active agent, including 15% (n = 15) who received ibalizumab, which was an investigational agent at the time of the BRIGHTE trial start-up.
The primary efficacy endpoint was the adjusted mean decline in HIV-1 RNA from Day 1 to Day 8 with RUKOBIA versus placebo in the randomized cohort. The results of the primary endpoint analysis demonstrated superiority of RUKOBIA compared with placebo, as shown in Table 11.
Table 11. Plasma HIV-1 RNA Log10 (copies/mL) Change from Day 1 to Day 8 (Randomized Cohort) in BRIGHTE Trial – ITT-E Population
| RUKOBIA 600 mg Twice Daily (n = 201a) | Placebo (n = 69) | |
| Adjusted Meanb (95% CI) | -0.791 (-0.885, -0.698) | -0.166 (-0.326, -0.007) |
| Differencec (95% CI) | -0.625 (-0.810, -0.441)d | - |
| a Two subjects who received RUKOBIA with missing Day 1 HIV-1 RNA values were not included in the analysis. b Mean adjusted by Day 1 log10 HIV-1 RNA. c Difference: RUKOBIA minus placebo. d P-value <0.0001 for the adjusted and unadjusted mean difference of viral load change from baseline for RUKOBIA compared with placebo. | ||
At Day 8, 65% (131/203) and 46% (93/203) of subjects who received RUKOBIA had a reduction in viral load from baseline >0.5 log10 copies/mL and >1 log10 copies/mL, respectively, compared with 19% (13/69) and 10% (7/69) of subjects, respectively, in the placebo group.
By subgroup analysis, randomized subjects who received RUKOBIA with baseline HIV-1 RNA >1,000 copies/mL achieved a mean decline in viral load of 0.86 log10 copies/mL at Day 8 compared with 0.20 log10 copies/mL in subjects treated with blinded placebo. Subjects with baseline HIV-1 RNA ≤1,000 copies/mL achieved a mean decline in viral load of 0.22 log10 copies/mL at Day 8 compared with a mean increase of 0.10 log10 copies/mL in subjects treated with blinded placebo.
Virologic outcomes by ITT-E Snapshot Analysis at Weeks 24 and 96 in the BRIGHTE trial are shown in Table 12 and Table 13 for the randomized cohort. There was considerable variability in the number of antiretrovirals (fully active and otherwise) included in OBT regimens. The majority of subjects (84%) received dolutegravir as a component of OBT, of which approximately half (51% overall) also received darunavir with ritonavir or cobicistat. Virologic outcomes by ITT-E Snapshot Analysis at Week 48 were consistent with those observed at Week 24.
Table 12. Virologic Outcomes (HIV-1 RNA <40 copies/mL) at Weeks 24 and 96 with RUKOBIA (600 mg Twice Daily) plus OBT (Randomized Cohort) in BRIGHTE Trial (ITT-E Population, Snapshot Algorithm)
| RUKOBIA 600 mg Twice Daily plus OBT | ||
| Week 24 (n = 272) | Week 96 (n = 272) | |
| HIV-1 RNA <40 copies/mL | 53% | 60% |
| HIV- 1 RNA ≥40 copies/mL | 40% | 30% |
| Data in window not <40 copies/mL | 32% | 12% |
| Discontinued for lack of efficacy | <1% | 4% |
| Discontinued for other reasons while not suppressed | 1% | 6% |
| Change in antiretroviral treatment regimen | 6% | 8% |
| No virologic data | 7% | 10% |
| Reasons: | ||
| Discontinued study/study drug due to adverse event or death | 4% | 6% |
| Discontinued study/study drug for other reasons | 2% | 3% |
| Missing data during window but on study | 1% | 2% |
Table 13. Virologic Outcomes (HIV-1 RNA <40 copies/mL) by Baseline Covariates at Weeks 24 and 96 with RUKOBIA (600 mg Twice Daily) plus OBT (Randomized Cohort) in BRIGHTE Trial (ITT-E Population, Snapshot Algorithm)
| RUKOBIA 600 mg Twice Daily plus OBT | ||
| Week 24 (n = 272) | Week 96 (n = 272) | |
| Baseline plasma viral load (copies/mL) | ||
| <100,000 | 60% (116/192) | 65% (124/192) |
| ≥100,000 | 35% (28/80) | 49% (39/80) |
| Baseline CD4+ (cells/mm3) | ||
| <20 | 32% (23/72) | 46% (33/72) |
| 20 to <50 | 48% (12/25) | 56% (14/25) |
| 50 to <200 | 58% (59/102) | 61% (62/102) |
| ≥200 | 68% (50/73) | 74% (54/73) |
| Number of fully active and available antiretroviral classes in initial background regimen | ||
| 0a | 31% (5/16) | 19% (3/16) |
| 1 | 56% (80/142) | 65% (92/142) |
| 2 | 52% (59/114) | 60% (68/114) |
| Use of DTG and DRVb as a component of OBT | ||
| DTG and DRV | 58% (68/117) | 64% (75/117) |
| With DTG, without DRV | 54% (61/112) | 63% (71/112) |
| Without DTG, with DRV | 29% (5/17) | 47% (8/17) |
| Without DTG/DRV | 38% (10/26) | 35% (9/26) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 52% (104/200) | 59% (118/200) |
| Female | 56% (40/72) | 63% (45/72) |
| Race | ||
| White | 49% (90/185) | 56% (103/185) |
| Black or African-American/Others | 62% (54/87) | 69% (60/87) |
| Age (years) | ||
| <50 | 50% (81/162) | 59% (96/162) |
| ≥50 | 57% (63/110) | 61% (67/110) |
| DTG = Dolutegravir, DRV = Darunavir. a Includes subjects who never initiated OBT, were incorrectly assigned to the randomized cohort, or had 1 or more active antiretroviral agents available at screening but did not use these as part of the initial OBT. b Darunavir was coadministered with ritonavir or cobicistat. | ||
In the randomized cohort, HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/mL was achieved in 68% and 64% of subjects at Weeks 24 and 96, respectively (ITT-E, Snapshot algorithm). Mean changes in CD4+ cell count from baseline increased over time: 90 cells/mm3 at Week 24 and 205 cells/mm3 at Week 96. Based on a sub-analysis in the randomized cohort, subjects with the lowest baseline CD4+ cell counts (<20 cells/mm3) had a similar increase in CD4+ cell count over time compared with subjects with higher baseline CD4+ cell count (>200 to <500 cells/mm3).
In the nonrandomized cohort, HIV-1 RNA <40 copies/mL was achieved in 37% of subjects at Weeks 24 and 96. At these timepoints, the proportion of subjects with HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/mL was 42% and 39%, respectively (ITT-E, Snapshot algorithm). Mean changes in CD4+ cell count from baseline increased over time: 41 cells/mm3 at Week 24 and 119 cells/mm3 at Week 96.
RUKOBIA
(rue-KOH-bee-ah)
(fostemsavir) extended-release tablets
What is RUKOBIA?
RUKOBIA is a prescription medicine that is used with other antiretroviral medicines to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection in adults who:
HIV-1 is the virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
It is not known if RUKOBIA is safe and effective in children.
Do not take RUKOBIA if you:
Before taking RUKOBIA, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:
Pregnancy Exposure Registry. There is a pregnancy exposure registry for women who take antiretroviral medicines, including RUKOBIA, during pregnancy. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about how you can take part in this registry.
Talk with your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby during treatment with RUKOBIA.
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-thecounter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Some medicines interact with RUKOBIA.
Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take birth control pills (oral contraceptives) that contain ethinyl estradiol. The amount of ethinyl estradiol can become increased in your blood during treatment with RUKOBIA. Talk to your healthcare provider about which oral contraceptives may be right for you during treatment with RUKOBIA.
Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.
How should I take RUKOBIA?
What are the possible side effects of RUKOBIA?
RUKOBIA can cause serious side effects including:
Tell your healthcare provider right away if you feel dizzy, lightheaded, feel changes in your heartbeat, or you faint (lose consciousness).
The most common side effect of RUKOBIA is nausea.
These are not all of the possible side effects of RUKOBIA.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I store RUKOBIA?
Keep RUKOBIA and all medicines out of the reach of children.
General information about the safe and effective use of RUKOBIA.
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use RUKOBIA for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give RUKOBIA to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacists or healthcare provider for information about RUKOBIA that is written for health professionals.
What are the ingredients in RUKOBIA?
Active ingredient: fostemsavir.
Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, and magnesium stearate.
The tablet film-coating contains: iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide.
This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
