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PYLARIFY contains fluorine 18 (F 18), radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen inhibitor imaging agent. Chemically piflufolastat F 18 is 2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-[18F]fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl)amino]-pentyl}ureido)-pentanedioic acid. The molecular weight is 441.4 and the structural formula is:
 |
The chiral purity of the unlabeled piflufolastat F 18 precursor is greater than 99% (S,S).
PYLARIFY is a sterile, non-pyrogenic, clear, colorless solution for intravenous injection. Each milliliter contains 37 to 2,960 MBq (1 to 80 mCi) piflufolastat F 18 with ≤0.01 μg/mCi of piflufolastat at calibration time and date, and ≤ 78.9 mg ethanol in 0.9% sodium chloride injection USP. The pH of the solution is 4.5 to 7.0.
PYLARIFY has a radiochemical purity of at least 95% up to 10 hours following end of synthesis, and specific activity of at least 1000 mCi/μmol at the time of administration.
PYLARIFY is radiolabeled with fluorine 18 (F 18), a cyclotron produced radionuclide that decays by positron emission to stable oxygen 18 with a half-life of 109.8 minutes. The principal photons useful for diagnostic imaging are the coincident pair of 511 keV gamma photons, resulting from the interaction of the emitted positron with an electron (Table 3).
Table 3: Principal Radiation Produced from Decay of Fluorine 18
| Radiation Energy (keV) | Abundance (%) | |
| Positron | 249.8 | 96.9 |
| Gamma | 511 | 193.5 |
The point source air-kerma coefficient for F 18 is 3.75 x 10-17 Gy m²/(Bq s). The first half-value thickness of lead (Pb) for F 18 gamma rays is approximately 6 mm. The relative reduction of radiation emitted by F 18 that results from various thicknesses of lead shielding is shown in Table 4. The use of 8 cm Pb decreases the radiation transmission (i.e. exposure) by a factor of about 10,000.
Table 4: Radiation Attenuation of 511 keV Gamma Rays by Lead Shielding
| Shield Thickness cm of Lead (Pb) | Coefficient of Attenuation |
| 0.6 | 0.5 |
| 2 | 0.1 |
| 4 | 0.01 |
| 6 | 0.001 |
| 8 | 0.0001 |
PYLARIFY is indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positive lesions in men with prostatecancer:
PYLARIFY is a radioactive drug. Only authorized persons qualified by training and experience should receive, use, and administer PYLARIFY.Handle PYLARIFY with appropriate safety measures to minimize radiation exposure during administration [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Usewaterproof gloves and effective radiation shielding, including syringe shields, when preparing and handling PYLARIFY.
The recommended amount of radioactivity to be administered for PET imaging is 333 MBq (9 mCi) with an acceptable range of 296 MBq to 370 MBq(8 mCi to 10 mCi) administered as a single bolus intravenous injection.
Instruct patients to drink water to ensure adequate hydration prior to administration of PYLARIFY and to continue drinking and voiding frequently forthe first few hours following administration to reduce radiation exposure [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
The recommended start time for image acquisition is 60 minutes after PYLARIFY injection. Starting image acquisition more than 90 minutes afterinjection may adversely impact imaging performance. Patients should void immediately prior to image acquisition. Position the patient supine witharms above the head. Image acquisition should start from mid-thigh and proceed to the skull vertex. Scan duration is 12 minutes to 40 minutesdepending on the number of bed positions (typically 6 to 8) and acquisition time per bed position (typically 2 minutes to 5 minutes).
PYLARIFY binds to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Based on the intensity of the signals, PET images obtained using PYLARIFYindicate the presence of PSMA in tissues. Lesions should be considered suspicious if uptake is greater than physiologic uptake in that tissue or greaterthan adjacent background if no physiologic uptake is expected. Tumors that do not express PSMA will not be visualized. Increased uptake in tumors isnot specific for prostate cancer [ see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Radiation absorbed dose estimates are shown in Table 1 for organs and tissues of adult male patients from intravenous administration of PYLARIFY.The radiation effective dose resulting from administration of 370 MBq (10 mCi) of PYLARIFY to an adult weighing 70 kg is estimated to be 4.3 mSv.The radiation doses for this administered dose to the critical organs, which are the kidneys, liver, and spleen, are 45.5 mGy, 13.7 mGy, and 10 mGyrespectively. When PET/CT is performed, exposure to radiation will increase by an amount dependent on the settings used in the CT acquisition.
Table 1. Estimated Radiation Absorbed Doses in Organs/Tissues in Adults who Received PYLARIFY
| Organ/Tissue | Mean Absorbed dose per Unit Administered Activity (mGy/MBq) |
|
| Mean | Standard Deviation | |
| Adrenal glands | 0.0131 | 0.0013 |
| Brain | 0.0021 | 0.0003 |
| Breasts | 0.0058 | 0.0007 |
| Gallbladder wall | 0.0141 | 0.0012 |
| Lower large intestine wall | 0.0073 | 0.001 |
| Small intestine | 0.0089 | 0.0009 |
| Stomach wall | 0.0092 | 0.0008 |
| Upper large intestine wall | 0.0091 | 0.0009 |
| Heart wall | 0.0171 | 0.0022 |
| Kidneys | 0.123 | 0.0434 |
| Liver | 0.037 | 0.0058 |
| Lungs | 0.0102 | 0.0016 |
| Muscle | 0.0069 | 0.0008 |
| Pancreas | 0.0124 | 0.0011 |
| Red bone marrow | 0.0071 | 0.0007 |
| Osteogenic cells | 0.0099 | 0.0012 |
| Skin | 0.0052 | 0.0006 |
| Spleen | 0.0271 | 0.0115 |
| Testes | 0.0059 | 0.0008 |
| Thymus gland | 0.007 | 0.0008 |
| Thyroid | 0.0062 | 0.0009 |
| Urinary bladder wall | 0.0072 | 0.001 |
| Effective dose | 0.0116 (mSv/MBq) | 0.0022 (mSv/MBq) |
Injection: clear, colorless solution in a multiple-dose vial containing 37 MBq/mL to 2,960 MBq/mL (1 mCi/mL to 80 mCi/mL) of piflufolastat F 18 atcalibration date and time.
PYLARIFY injection is supplied in a 50 mL multiple-dose glass vial (NDC# 71258-022-01) containing a clear, colorless solution at a strength of 37MBq/mL to 2,960 MBq/mL (1 mCi/mL to 80 mCi/mL) piflufolastat F 18 at calibration time and date.
Store PYLARIFY at controlled room temperature (USP) 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). PYLARIFY does not contain a preservative. Store PYLARIFYin the original container with radiation shielding. The expiration date and time are provided on the container label. Use PYLARIFY within 10 hoursfrom the time of end of synthesis.
This preparation is approved for use by persons under license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or the relevant regulatory authority of anAgreement State.
Manufactured for: Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 331 Treble Cove Road, Billerica, MA 01862. Revised: May 2021.
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directlycompared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The safety of PYLARIFY was evaluated in 593 patients, each receiving one dose of PYLARIFY. The average injected activity was 340 ± 26 MBq (9.2± 0.7 mCi).
The adverse reactions reported in >0.5% of patients within the studies are shown in Table 2. In addition, a hypersensitivity reaction was reported in onepatient (0.2%) with a history of allergic reaction.
Table 2. Adverse Reactions with a Frequency >0.5% in Patients Who Received PYLARIFY (n = 593)
| Adverse Reaction | n (%) |
| Headache | 13 (2%) |
| Dysgeusia | 10 (2%) |
| Fatigue | 7 (1%) |
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and other therapies targeting the androgen pathway, such as androgen receptor antagonists, may result in changesin uptake of PYLARIFY in prostate cancer. The effect of these therapies on performance of PYLARIFY PET has not been established.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
Imaging interpretation errors can occur with PYLARIFY imaging. A negative image does not rule out the presence of prostate cancer and a positive image does not confirm the presence of prostate cancer. The performance of PYLARIFY for imaging of patients with biochemical evidence of recurrence of prostate cancer seems to be affected by serum PSA levels [see Clinical Studies]. The performance of PYLARIFY for imaging of metastatic pelvic lymph nodes prior to initial definitive therapy seems to be affected by risk factors such as Gleason score and tumor stage [see Clinical Studies]. PYLARIFY uptake is not specific for prostate cancer and may occur with other types of cancer as well as non-malignant processes and in normal tissues. Clinical correlation, which may include histopathological evaluation of the suspected prostate cancer site, is recommended.
Monitor patients for hypersensitivity reactions, particularly patients with a history of allergy to other drugs and foods. Reactions may not be immediate. Always have trained staff and resuscitation equipment available.
Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals, including PYLARIFY, expose patients to radiation [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Radiation exposure is associated with a dose-dependent increased risk of cancer. Ensure safe handling and preparation procedures to protect patients and health care workers from unintentional radiation exposure. Advise patients to hydrate before and after administration and to void frequently after administration [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Animal studies to assess the carcinogenicity or mutagenic potential of piflufolastat have not been conducted. However, piflufolastat has the potential to be mutagenic because of the F 18 radioisotope.
No animal studies with piflufolastat have been performed to evaluate the potential impairment of fertility in males or females.
PYLARIFY is not indicated for use in females. There is no information on the risk of adverse developmental outcomes in pregnant women or animals with the use of piflufolastat F 18. All radiopharmaceuticals, including PYLARIFY, have the potential to cause fetal harm depending on the fetal stage of development and the magnitude of the radiation dose.
PYLARIFY is not indicated for use in females. There is no information on the presence of piflufolastat F 18 in human milk, the effect on the breastfed infant, or the effect on milk production.
The safety and effectiveness of PYLARIFY in pediatric patients have not been established.
Of the 593 patients in completed clinical studies of PYLARIFY, 355 (60%) were ≥65 years old, while 76 (12.8%) were ≥75 years old. The efficacy and safety of PYLARIFY appear similar in adult and geriatric patients with prostate cancer, although the number of patients in the trials was not large enough to allow definitive comparison.
In the event of an overdose of PYLARIFY, reduce the radiation absorbed dose to the patient where possible by increasing the elimination of the drug from the body using hydration and frequent bladder voiding. A diuretic might also be considered. If possible, an estimate of the radiation effective dose administered to the patient should be made.
None.
Piflufolastat F 18 binds to cells that express PSMA, including malignant prostate cancer cells, which usually overexpress PSMA. Fluorine-18 (F 18) isa β+ emitting radionuclide that enables positron emission tomography.
The relationship between piflufolastat F 18 plasma concentrations and image interpretation has not been studied.
Following intravenous administration of piflufolastat F 18, blood levels decline in a biphasic fashion. The distribution half-life is 0.17 ± 0.044 hoursand the elimination half-life is 3.47 ± 0.49 hours.
Piflufolastat F 18 distributes to the kidneys (16.5% of administered activity), liver (9.3%), and lung (2.9%), within 60 minutes of intravenousadministration.
Elimination is by urinary excretion. In the first 8 hours post-injection, approximately 50% of administered radioactivity is excreted in the urine.
The safety and efficacy of PYLARIFY were evaluated in two prospective, open-label, multi-center clinical studies in men with prostate cancer:OSPREY (NCT02981368) and CONDOR (NCT03739684).
OSPREY enrolled a cohort of 268 men with biopsy-proven prostate cancer who were considered candidates for radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphnode dissection. These patients were all considered to have high risk disease based on criteria such as Gleason score, PSA level, and tumor stage. Eachpatient received a single PYLARIFY PET/CT from mid-thigh to skull vertex.
Three central readers independently interpreted each PET scan for the presence of abnormal PYLARIFY uptake in pelvic lymph nodes in multiplesubregions, including the common iliac lymph nodes. The readers were blinded to all clinical information. While readers also recorded the presence ofPYLARIFY PET-positive lesions in the prostate gland and outside the pelvis, those results were not included in the primary efficacy analysis.
A total of 252 patients (94%) underwent standard-of-care prostatectomy and template pelvic lymph node dissection and had sufficient histopathologydata for evaluation of the pelvic lymph nodes. Surgical specimens were separated into three regions: left hemipelvis, right hemipelvis, and other. Foreach patient, PYLARIFY PET results and histopathology results obtained from dissected pelvic lymph nodes were compared by surgical region. PETresults in locations that were not dissected were excluded from analysis.
For the 252 evaluable patients, the mean age was 64 years (range 46 to 84 years), and 87% were white. The median serum PSA was 9.3 ng/mL. Thetotal Gleason score was 7 for 19%, 8 for 46%, and 9 for 34% of the patients, with the remainder of the patients having Gleason scores of 6 or 10.
Table 5 shows PYLARIFY PET performance by reader through comparison to pelvic lymph node histopathology at the patient-level with regionmatching, such that at least one true positive region defines a true positive patient. Approximately 24% of the evaluable patients had pelvic lymph nodemetastases based on histopathology (95% confidence interval: 19%, 29%).
Table 5: Patient-Level, Region-Matched Performance of PYLARIFY PET for Detection of Pelvic Lymph NodeMetastasis in OSPREY (n=252)
| Reader 1 | Reader 2 | Reader 3 | |
| True Positive | 23 | 17 | 23 |
| False Positive | 7 | 4 | 9 |
| False Negative | 36 | 43 | 37 |
| True Negative | 186 | 188 | 183 |
| Sensitivity, % (95% CI) | 39 (27, 51) | 28 (17, 40) | 38 (26, 51) |
| Specificity, % (95% CI) | 96 (94, 99) | 98 (95, 99) | 95 (92, 98) |
| PPV, % (95% CI) | 77 (62, 92) | 81 (59, 93) | 72 (56, 87) |
| NPV, % (95% CI) | 84 (79, 89) | 81 (76, 86) | 83 (78, 88) |
| Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval, PPV = positive predictive value, NPV = negative predictive value | |||
In exploratory analyses, there were numerical trends towards more true positive results among patients with total Gleason score of 8 or higher andamong patients with tumor stage of T2c or higher relative to those patients with lower Gleason score or tumor stage.
CONDOR enrolled 208 patients with biochemical evidence of recurrent prostate cancer, defined by serum PSA of at least 0.2 ng/mL after radicalprostatectomy (with confirmatory PSA level also at least 0.2 ng/mL) or by an increase in serum PSA of at least 2 ng/mL above the nadir after other therapies. The mean age was 68 years (range 43 to 91 years),and 90% of patients were white. The median serum PSA was 0.82 ng/mL. Prior treatment included radical prostatectomy in 85% of the patients.
All enrolled patients had conventional imaging evaluation (for most patients, CT or MRI) within 60 days prior to receiving PYLARIFY PET, and thisevaluation was negative or equivocal for prostate cancer. All patients received a single PYLARIFY PET/CT from mid-thigh to skull vertex withoptional imaging of the lower extremities.
Three central readers independently evaluated each PYLARIFY PET scan for the presence and location of positive lesions. Location of each lesion wascategorized in one of 19 subregions that were grouped into 5 regions (prostate/prostate bed, pelvic lymph nodes, other lymph nodes, soft tissue, bone).The readers were blinded to all clinical information.
Depending on the reader, a total of 123 to 137 patients (59% to 66%) had at least one lesion that was identified as PYLARIFY PET-positive (Table 6,TP + FP + PET-Positive Without Reference Standard). The region most commonly observed to have a PYLARIFY PET-positive finding was pelviclymph nodes (40% to 42% of all PET-positive regions) and the least common region was soft tissue (6% to 7%).
Depending on the reader, 99 to 104 patients with a PYLARIFY PET-positive region had location-matched composite reference standard informationavailable (Evaluable Set, Table 6, TP + FP) that consisted of histopathology, imaging (CT, MRI, ultrasound, fluciclovine PET, choline PET, or bonescan) obtained within 60 days of the PYLARIFY PET scan, or response of serum PSA level to targeted radiotherapy. Reference standard informationfor PET-negative regions was not systematically collected in this study.
Table 6 shows patient-level performance results of PYLARIFY PET by reader, including location -matched positive predictive value [true positive /(true positive + false positive)], also known as Correct Localization Rate (CLR). For these results, a patient was considered true positive if they had atleast one matching location positive on both PYLARIFY PET and the composite reference standard. In addition to calculating location-matchedpositive predictive value in the Evaluable Set (CLR), an exploratory analysis of positive predictive value in all scanned patients (Imputed CLR) wasperformed in which PYLARIFY PET-positive patients who lacked reference standard information were imputed using an estimated likelihood that atleast one PET-positive lesion was reference standard positive, based on patient-specific factors.
Table 6: Patient-Level Performance of PYLARIFY PET in CONDOR (n=208)
| Reader 1 | Reader 2 | Reader 3 | |
| True Positive (TP) | 89 | 87 | 84 |
| False Positive (FP) | 15 | 13 | 15 |
| PET-Positive WithoutReference Standard | 33 | 24 | 24 |
| PET-Negative | 71 | 84 | 85 |
| CLR % (95% CI) | 86 (79, 92) | 87 (80, 94) | 85 (78, 92) |
| Imputed CLR % (95% CI) | 78 (71, 85) | 81 (74, 88) | 79 (72, 86) |
| Abbreviations: TP = true positive, FP = false positive, CLR = location-matched positive predictive value in the Evaluable Set[TP/(TP + FP)], Imputed CLR = location-matched positive predictive value in all scanned patients using an imputation approachbased on patient-specific factors for PET-Positive Without Reference Standard, CI = confidence interval | |||
An exploratory analysis of region-level positive predictive value using only PET-positive regions that had sufficient composite reference standardinformation to determine true positive or false positive status demonstrated results of 67% to 70% with the lower bound of the 95% confidence intervalranging from 59% to 63%.
The percentage of patients categorized as true positive in a location-matched analysis out of all patients scanned with PYLARIFY was an additionalexploratory endpoint. Using the same imputation approach for PET-positive patients who lacked reference standard information as in Table 6 above,this value was 47% to 51%, with the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval ranging from 40% to 45%.
Table 7 shows patient-level PYLARIFY PET results from the majority read stratified by serum PSA level. Percent PET positivity was calculated as theproportion of patients with a positive PYLARIFY PET out of all patients scanned. Percent PET positivity includes patients determined to be either truepositive or false positive as well as those in whom such determination was not made due to lack of composite reference standard information. Thelikelihood of a patient having at least one PYLARIFY PET-positive lesion generally increased with higher serum PSA level.
Table 7: Patient-Level PYLARIFY PET Results and Percent PET Positivity* Stratified by Serum PSA Level in theCONDOR Study Using Majority Result Among Three Readers (n=199)†
| PSA (ng/mL) | PET positive patients | PET negative patients | Percent PET positivity, (95%CI) | |||
| Total | TP | FP | Without reference standard | |||
| With reference standard | ||||||
| <0.5 | 24 | 11 | 4 | 9 | 45 | 35 (24, 46) |
| 15 | ||||||
| ≥0.5 and <1 | 18 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 18 | 50 (34, 66) |
| 15 | ||||||
| ≥1 and <2 | 21 | 15 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 68 (51, 84) |
| 18 | ||||||
| ≥2 | 57 | 50 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 90 (83, 98) |
| 53 | ||||||
| Total | 120 | 88 | 13 | 19 | 79 | 60 (54, 67) |
| 101 | ||||||
| Abbreviations: TP = true positive, FP = false positive, CI = confidence interval * Percent PET positivity = PET positive patients/total patients scanned. PET positive patients include true positive and false positive patientsas well as those who did not have reference standard information. † Six patients were excluded from this table due to lack of baseline PSA level. Three patients were excluded from this table due to lack ofmajority result among the categories true positive, false positive, PET positive without reference standard, and PET negative. |
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Instruct patients to drink a sufficient amount of water to ensure adequate hydration before their PET study and urge them to drink and urinate as often as possible during the first hours following the administration of PYLARIFY, in order to reduce radiation exposure [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
