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Prevacid is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of stomach and intestinal ulcers and to decrease the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Prevacid may be used alone or with other medications. Prevacid is a proton pump inhibitor.
Prevacid may cause serious side effects including:
Get medical help right away, if you have any of the symptoms listed above.
The most common side effects of Prevacid include:
Tell the doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.
These are not all the possible side effects of Prevacid. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
PREVACID
(lansoprazole) delayed-release orally disintegrating tablets
The active ingredient in PREVACID Delayed-Release Capsules and PREVACID SoluTab Delayed-Release Orally Disintegrating Tablets is lansoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, 2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridyl] methyl] sulfinyl] benzimidazole, a compound that inhibits gastric acid secretion. Its empirical formula is C16H14F3N3O2S with a molecular weight of 369.37. Lansoprazole has the following structure:
 |
Lansoprazole is a white to brownish-white odorless crystalline powder which melts with decomposition at approximately 166°C. Lansoprazole is freely soluble in dimethylformamide; soluble in methanol; sparingly soluble in ethanol; slightly soluble in ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and acetonitrile; very slightly soluble in ether; and practically insoluble in hexane and water.
Lansoprazole is stable when exposed to light for up to two months. The rate of degradation of the compound in aqueous solution increases with decreasing pH. The degradation half-life of the drug substance in aqueous solution at 25°C is approximately 0.5 hour at pH 5.0 and approximately 18 hours at pH 7.0.
PREVACID is supplied in delayed-release capsules and PREVACID SoluTab is supplied in delayed-release orally disintegrating tablets (SoluTab) for oral administration.
PREVACID is available in two dosage strengths: 15 and 30 mg of lansoprazole per capsule. Each delayed-release capsule contains enteric-coated granules consisting of 15 or 30 mg of lansoprazole (active ingredient) and the following inactive ingredients: sugar sphere, sucrose, methacrylic acid copolymer, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, magnesium carbonate, talc, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, polysorbate 80, hydroxypropyl cellulose, colloidal silicon dioxide, D&C Red No. 28, FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Green No. 31, and FD&C Red No. 40.
PREVACID SoluTab is available in two dosage strengths: 15 and 30 mg of lansoprazole per tablet. Each delayed-release orally disintegrating tablet contains enteric-coated microgranules consisting of 15 or 30 mg of lansoprazole (active ingredient) and the following inactive ingredients: mannitol, methacrylic acid, hydroxypropyl cellulose, lactose monohydrate-microcrystalline cellulose sphere, triethyl citrate, crospovidone, polyacrylate, magnesium carbonate, aspartame2, glyceryl monostearate, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, citric acid, titanium dioxide, talc, artificial strawberry flavor, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80 and ferric oxide.
1PREVACID 15 mg capsules only.
2Phenylketonurics: PREVACID SoluTab Contains Phenylalanine 2.5 mg per 15 mg Tablet and 5.1 mg per 30 mg Tablet.
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab are indicated in adults for short-term treatment (for four weeks) for healing and symptom relief of active duodenal ulcer [see Clinical Studies].
PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab/amoxicillin/clarithromycin
PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab in combination with amoxicillin plus clarithromycin as triple therapy is indicated in adults for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or one year history of a duodenal ulcer) to eradicate H. pylori. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence [see Clinical Studies].
Please refer to the full prescribing information for amoxicillin and clarithromycin.
PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab/amoxicillin
PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab in combination with amoxicillin as dual therapy is indicated in adults for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or one year history of a duodenal ulcer) who are either allergic or intolerant to clarithromycin or in whom resistance to clarithromycin is known or suspected (see the clarithromycin prescribing information, Microbiology section). Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence [see Clinical Studies].
Please refer to the full prescribing information for amoxicillin.
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab are indicated in adults to maintain healing of duodenal ulcers. Controlled studies do not extend beyond 12 months [see Clinical Studies].
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab are indicated in adults for short-term treatment (up to eight weeks) for healing and symptom relief of active benign gastric ulcer [see Clinical Studies].
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab are indicated in adults for the treatment of NSAID-associated gastric ulcer in patients who continue NSAID use. Controlled studies did not extend beyond eight weeks [see Clinical Studies].
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab are indicated in adults for reducing the risk of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers in patients with a history of a documented gastric ulcer who require the use of an NSAID. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 weeks [see Clinical Studies].
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab are indicated in adults and pediatric patients one year of age and older for the treatment of heartburn and other symptoms associated with GERD for up to eight weeks [see Clinical Studies].
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab are indicated for short-term treatment in adults and pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age (up to eight weeks) and pediatric patients one to 11 years of age (up to 12 weeks) for healing and symptom relief of all grades of EE.
For adults who do not heal with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab for eight weeks (5 to 10%), it may be helpful to give an additional eight weeks of treatment. If there is a recurrence of erosive esophagitis an additional eight week course of PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab may be considered [see Clinical Studies].
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab are indicated in adults to maintain healing of EE. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 months [see Clinical Studies].
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab are indicated in adults for the long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions, including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome [see Clinical Studies].
| Indication | Recommended Dose | Frequency |
| Duodenal Ulcers | ||
| Short-Term Treatment | 15 mg | Once daily for 4 weeks |
| Maintenance of Healed | 15 mg | Once daily |
| Eradication of H. pylori to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence* | ||
| Triple Therapy: | ||
| PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab | 30 mg | Twice daily for 10 or 14 days |
| Amoxicillin | 1 gram | Twice daily for 10 or 14 days |
| Clarithromycin | 500 mg | Twice daily for 10 or 14 days |
| Dual Therapy: | ||
| PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab | 30 mg | Three times daily for 14 days |
| Amoxicillin | 1 gram | Three times daily for 14 days |
| Benign Gastric Ulcer | ||
| Short-Term Treatment | 30 mg | Once daily for up to 8 weeks |
| NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer | ||
| Healing | 30 mg | Once daily for 8 weeks† |
| Risk Reduction | 15 mg | Once daily for up to 12 weeks† |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | ||
| Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD | 15 mg | Once daily for up to 8 weeks |
| Short-Term Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis | 30 mg | Once daily for up to 8 weeks‡ |
| Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis | 15 mg | Once daily¶ |
| Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome | 60 mg | Once daily§ |
|
*Please refer to the amoxicillin and clarithromycin full prescribing information, CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS sections, and for information regarding dosing in elderly and renally-impaired patients. †Controlled studies did not extend beyond indicated duration. ‡For patients who do not heal with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab for eight weeks (5 to 10%), it may be helpful to give an additional eight weeks of treatment. If there is a recurrence of erosive esophagitis, an additional eight week course of PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab may be considered. §Varies with individual patient. Recommended adult starting dose is 60 mg once daily. Doses should be adjusted to individual patient needs and should continue for as long as clinically indicated. Dosages up to 90 mg twice daily have been administered. Daily dose of greater than 120 mg should be administered in divided doses. Some patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have been treated continuously with PREVACID for more than four years. ¶Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 months. |
||
| Indication | Recommended Dose | Frequency |
| Pediatric (1 to 11 years of age) | ||
| Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD and Short-Term Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis | ||
| ≤30 kg | 15 mg | Once daily for up to 12 weeks* |
| >30 kg | 30 mg | Once daily for up to 12 weeks* |
| *The PREVACID dose was increased (up to 30 mg twice daily) in some pediatric patients after two or more weeks of treatment if they remained symptomatic. For pediatric patients unable to swallow an intact capsule please see Administration Options. | ||
| Indication | Recommended Dose | Frequency |
| Pediatric (12 to 17 years of age) | ||
| Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD | ||
| Non-erosive GERD | 15 mg | Once daily for up to 8 weeks |
| Erosive Esophagitis | 30 mg | Once daily for up to 8 weeks |
The recommended dosage is 15 mg orally daily in patients with severe liver impairment (Child-Pugh C) [see Use In Specific Populations].
Administration in Soft Foods (applesauce, ENSURE pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears):
Administration in Liquids (apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice):
Administration with Apple Juice Through a Nasogastric Tube (≥16 French)
Administration with Water in an Oral Syringe
Administration with Water via a NG Tube (≥8 French)
PREVACID delayed-release capsules:
PREVACID SoluTab delayed-release orally disintegrating tablets:
PREVACID delayed-release capsules, 15 mg, are opaque, pink and green with “TAP” and “PREVACID 15” imprinted on the capsules. The 30 mg delayed-release capsules are opaque, pink and black with “TAP” and “PREVACID 30” imprinted on the capsules. They are available as follows:
| NDC Number | Size |
| 64764-541-30 | Unit of use bottles of 30: 15 mg capsules |
| 64764-541-19 | Bottles of 1000: 15 mg capsules |
| 64764-541-11 | Unit dose package of 100: 15 mg capsules |
| 64764-046-13 | Bottles of 100: 30 mg capsules |
| 64764-046-19 | Bottles of 1000: 30 mg capsules |
| 64764-046-11 | Unit dose package of 100: 30 mg capsules |
PREVACID SoluTab delayed-release orally disintegrating tablets, 15 mg, are white to yellowish white, round uncoated tablets containing orange to dark brown speckles, with “15” debossed on one side of the tablet. The 30 mg are white to yellowish white, round uncoated tablets containing orange to dark brown speckles, with “30” debossed on one side of the tablet. The tablets are available as follows:
| NDC Number | Size |
| 64764-543-11 | Unit dose packages of 100: 15 mg tablets |
| 64764-544-11 | Unit dose packages of 100: 30 mg tablets |
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F)[see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Distributed by: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc., Deerfield, IL 60015. Revised: Apr 2018.
The following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Worldwide, over 10,000 patients have been treated with PREVACID in Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trials involving various dosages and durations of treatment. In general, PREVACID treatment has been well-tolerated in both short-term and long-term trials.
The following adverse reactions were reported by the treating physician to have a possible or probable relationship to drug in 1% or more of PREVACID-treated patients and occurred at a greater rate in PREVACID-treated patients than placebo-treated patients in Table 1.
Table 1. Incidence of Possibly or Probably Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled PREVACID Studies
| Body System/ Adverse Reaction |
PREVACID (N=2768) % |
Placebo (N=1023) % |
| Body as a Whole | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 2.1 | 1.2 |
| Digestive System | ||
| Constipation | 1.0 | 0.4 |
| Diarrhea | 3.8 | 2.3 |
| Nausea | 1.3 | 1.2 |
Headache was also seen at greater than 1% incidence but was more common on placebo. The incidence of diarrhea was similar between patients who received placebo and patients who received 15 and 30 mg of PREVACID, but higher in the patients who received 60 mg of PREVACID (2.9, 1.4, 4.2, and 7.4%, respectively).
The most commonly reported possibly or probably treatment-related adverse event during maintenance therapy was diarrhea.
In the risk reduction study of PREVACID for NSAID-associated gastric ulcers, the incidence of diarrhea for patients treated with PREVACID, misoprostol, and placebo was 5, 22, and 3%, respectively.
Another study for the same indication, where patients took either a COX-2 inhibitor or lansoprazole and naproxen, demonstrated that the safety profile was similar to the prior study. Additional reactions from this study not previously observed in other clinical trials with PREVACID included contusion, duodenitis, epigastric discomfort, esophageal disorder, fatigue, hunger, hiatal hernia, hoarseness, impaired gastric emptying, metaplasia, and renal impairment.
Additional adverse experiences occurring in less than 1% of patients or subjects who received PREVACID in domestic trials are shown below:
Body as a Whole – abdomen enlarged, allergic reaction, asthenia, back pain, candidiasis, carcinoma, chest pain (not otherwise specified), chills, edema, fever, flu syndrome, halitosis, infection (not otherwise specified), malaise, neck pain, neck rigidity, pain, pelvic pain
Cardiovascular System – angina, arrhythmia, bradycardia, cerebrovascular accident/cerebral infarction, hypertension/hypotension, migraine, myocardial infarction, palpitations, shock (circulatory failure), syncope, tachycardia, vasodilation
Digestive System – abnormal stools, anorexia, bezoar, cardiospasm, cholelithiasis, colitis, dry mouth, dyspepsia, dysphagia, enteritis, eructation, esophageal stenosis, esophageal ulcer, esophagitis, fecal discoloration, flatulence, gastric nodules/fundic gland polyps, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal anomaly, gastrointestinal disorder, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, glossitis, gum hemorrhage, hematemesis, increased appetite, increased salivation, melena, mouth ulceration, nausea and vomiting, nausea and vomiting and diarrhea, gastrointestinal moniliasis, rectal disorder, rectal hemorrhage, stomatitis, tenesmus, thirst, tongue disorder, ulcerative colitis, ulcerative stomatitis
Endocrine System – diabetes mellitus, goiter, hypothyroidism
Hemic and Lymphatic System – anemia, hemolysis, lymphadenopathy
Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders – avitaminosis, gout, dehydration, hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, peripheral edema, weight gain/loss
Musculoskeletal System – arthralgia, arthritis, bone disorder, joint disorder, leg cramps, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, myasthenia, ptosis, synovitis
Nervous System – abnormal dreams, agitation, amnesia, anxiety, apathy, confusion, convulsion, dementia, depersonalization, depression, diplopia, dizziness, emotional lability, hallucinations, hemiplegia, hostility aggravated, hyperkinesia, hypertonia, hypesthesia, insomnia, libido decreased/increased, nervousness, neurosis, paresthesia, sleep disorder, somnolence, thinking abnormality, tremor, vertigo
Respiratory System – asthma, bronchitis, cough increased, dyspnea, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hiccup, laryngeal neoplasia, lung fibrosis, pharyngitis, pleural disorder, pneumonia, respiratory disorder, upper respiratory inflammation/infection, rhinitis, sinusitis, stridor
Skin and Appendages – acne, alopecia, contact dermatitis, dry skin, fixed eruption, hair disorder, maculopapular rash, nail disorder, pruritus, rash, skin carcinoma, skin disorder, sweating, urticaria
Special Senses – abnormal vision, amblyopia, blepharitis, blurred vision, cataract, conjunctivitis, deafness, dry eyes, ear/eye disorder, eye pain, glaucoma, otitis media, parosmia, photophobia, retinal degeneration/disorder, taste loss, taste perversion, tinnitus, visual field defect
Urogenital System – abnormal menses, breast enlargement, breast pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrhea, dysuria, gynecomastia, impotence, kidney calculus, kidney pain, leukorrhea, menorrhagia, menstrual disorder, penis disorder, polyuria, testis disorder, urethral pain, urinary frequency, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, urinary urgency, urination impaired, vaginitis
Additional adverse experiences have been reported since PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab have been marketed. The majority of these cases are foreign-sourced and a relationship to PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab has not been established. Because these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. These events are listed below by COSTART body system.
Body as a Whole – anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, systemic lupus erythematosus;
Digestive System – hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, vomiting;
Hemic and Lymphatic System – agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura;
Infections and Infestations – Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea;
Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders – hypomagnesemia; Musculoskeletal System – bone fracture, myositis;
Skin and Appendages – severe dermatologic reactions including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (some fatal), cutaneous lupus erythematosus;
Special Senses – speech disorder;
Urogenital System – interstitial nephritis, urinary retention.
In clinical trials using combination therapy with PREVACID plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and PREVACID plus amoxicillin, no adverse reactions peculiar to these drug combinations were observed. Adverse reactions that have occurred have been limited to those that had been previously reported with PREVACID, amoxicillin, or clarithromycin.
PREVACID/amoxicillin/clarithromycin
The most frequently reported adverse reactions for patients who received triple therapy for 14 days were diarrhea (7%), headache (6%), and taste perversion (5%). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of reported adverse reactions between the 10 and 14 day triple therapy regimens. No treatment-emergent adverse reactions were observed at significantly higher rates with triple therapy than with any dual therapy regimen.
PREVACID/amoxicillin The most frequently reported adverse reactions for patients who received PREVACID three times daily plus amoxicillin three times daily dual therapy were diarrhea (8%) and headache (7%). No treatment-emergent adverse reactions were observed at significantly higher rates with PREVACID three times daily plus amoxicillin three times daily dual therapy than with PREVACID alone.
For information about adverse reactions with antibacterial agents (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) indicated in combination with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab, refer to the Adverse Reactions section of their prescribing information.
The following changes in laboratory parameters in patients who received PREVACID were reported as adverse reactions:
Abnormal liver function tests, increased SGOT (AST), increased SGPT (ALT), increased creatinine, increased alkaline phosphatase, increased globulins, increased GGTP, increased/decreased/abnormal WBC, abnormal AG ratio, abnormal RBC, bilirubinemia, blood potassium increased, blood urea increased, crystal urine present, eosinophilia, hemoglobin decreased, hyperlipemia, increased/decreased electrolytes, increased/decreased cholesterol, increased glucocorticoids, increased LDH, increased/decreased/abnormal platelets, increased gastrin levels and positive fecal occult blood. Urine abnormalities such as albuminuria, glycosuria, and hematuria were also reported. Additional isolated laboratory abnormalities were reported.
In the placebo-controlled studies, when SGOT (AST) and SGPT (ALT) were evaluated, 0.4% (4/978) and 0.4% (11/2677) patients, who received placebo and PREVACID, respectively, had enzyme elevations greater than three times the upper limit of normal range at the final treatment visit. None of these patients who received PREVACID reported jaundice at any time during the study.
In clinical trials using combination therapy with PREVACID plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and PREVACID plus amoxicillin, no increased laboratory abnormalities particular to these drug combinations were observed.
For information about laboratory value changes with antibacterial agents (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) indicated in combination with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab, refer to the Adverse Reactions section of their prescribing information.
Tables 2 and 3 include drugs with clinically important drug interactions and interaction with diagnostics when administered concomitantly with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab and instructions for preventing or managing them.
Consult the labeling of concomitantly used drugs to obtain further information about interactions with PPIs.
Table 2. Clinically Relevant Interactions Affecting Drugs Co-Administered with PREVACID orPREVACID SoluTab and Interactions with Diagnostics
| Antiretrovirals | |
| Clinical Impact: | The effect of PPIs on antiretroviral drugs is variable. The clinical importance and the mechanisms behind these interactions are not always known.
|
| Intervention: | Rilpivirine-containing products: Concomitant use with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. See prescribing information. Atazanavir: See prescribing information for atazanavir for dosing information. Nelfinavir: Avoid concomitant use with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab. See prescribing information for nelfinavir. Saquinavir:See the prescribing information for saquinavir and monitor for potential saquinavir toxicities. Other antiretrovirals: See prescribing information. |
| Warfarin | |
| Clinical Impact: | Increased INR and prothrombin time in patients receiving PPIs and warfarin concomitantly. Increases in INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding and even death. |
| Intervention: | Monitor INR and prothrombin time. Dose adjustment of warfarin may be needed to maintain target INR range. See prescribing information for warfarin. |
| Methotrexate | |
| Clinical Impact: | Concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high dose) may elevate and prolong serum concentrations of methotrexate and/or its metabolite hydroxymethotrexate, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities. No formal drug interaction studies of high-dose methotrexate with PPIs have been conducted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. |
| Intervention: | A temporary withdrawal of PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab may be considered in some patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. |
| Digoxin | |
| Clinical Impact: | Potential for increased exposure of digoxin. |
| Intervention: | Monitor digoxin concentrations. Dose adjustment of digoxin may be needed to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations. See prescribing information for digoxin. |
| Theophylline | |
| Clinical Impact: | Increased clearance of theophylline [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. |
| Intervention: | Individual patients may require additional titration of their theophylline dosage when PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab is started or stopped to ensure clinically effective blood concentrations. |
| Drugs Dependent on Gastric pH for Absorption (e.g., iron salts, erlotinib, dasatinib, nilotinib,mycophenolate mofetil, ketoconazole/itraconazole) | |
| Clinical Impact: | Lansoprazole can reduce the absorption of other drugs due to its effect on reducing intragastric acidity. |
| Intervention: | Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF): Co-administration of PPIs in healthy subjects and in transplant patients receiving MMF has been reported to reduce the exposure to the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), possibly due to a decrease in MMF solubility at an increased gastric pH. The clinical relevance of reduced MPA exposure on organ rejection has not been established in transplant patients receiving PREVACID and MMF. Use PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab with caution in transplant patients receiving MMF. See the prescribing information for other drugs dependent on gastric pH for absorption. |
| Combination Therapy with Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin | |
| Clinical Impact: | Concomitant administration of clarithromycin with other drugs can lead to serious adverse reactions, including potentially fatal arrhythmias, and are contraindicated. Amoxicillin also has drug interactions. |
| Intervention: |
|
| Tacrolimus | |
| Clinical Impact: | Potentially increased exposure of tacrolimus, especially in transplant patients who are intermediate or poor metabolizers of CYP2C19. |
| Intervention: | Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations. Dose adjustment of tacrolimus may be needed to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations. See prescribing information for tacrolimus. |
| Interactions with Investigations of Neuroendocrine Tumors | |
| Clinical Impact: | CgA levels increase secondary to PPI-induced decreases in gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. |
| Intervention: | Temporarily stop PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab treatment at least 14 days before assessing CgA levels and consider repeating the test if initial CgA levels are high. If serial tests are performed (e.g., for monitoring), the same commercial laboratory should be used for testing, as reference ranges between tests may vary. |
| Interaction with Secretin Stimulation Test | |
| Clinical Impact: | Hyper-response in gastrin secretion in response to secretin stimulation test, falsely suggesting gastrinoma. |
| Intervention: | Temporarily stop PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab treatment at least 28 days before assessing to allow gastrin levels to return to baseline [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. |
| False Positive Urine Tests for THC | |
| Clinical Impact: | There have been reports of false positive urine screening tests for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in patients receiving PPIs. |
| Intervention: | An alternative confirmatory method should be considered to verify positive results. |
Table 3. Clinically Relevant Interactions Affecting PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab When Co-Administered with Other Drugs
| CYP2C19 OR CYP3A4 Inducers | |
| Clinical Impact: | Decreased exposure of lansoprazole when used concomitantly with strong inducers [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. |
| Intervention: | St John’s Wort, rifampin: Avoid concomitant use with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab. Ritonavir-containing products: See prescribing information. |
| CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 Inhibitors | |
| Clinical Impact: | Increased exposure of lansoprazole is expected when used concomitantly with strong inhibitors [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. |
| Intervention: | Voriconazole: See prescribing information. |
| Sucralfate | |
| Clinical Impact: | Decreased and delayed absorption of lansoprazole [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. |
| Intervention: | Take PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab at least 30 minutes prior to sucralfate [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. |
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
In adults, symptomatic response to therapy with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab does not preclude the presence of gastric malignancy. Consider additional follow-up and diagnostic testing in adult patients who have a suboptimal response or an early symptomatic relapse after completing treatment with a PPI. In older patients, also consider an endoscopy.
Acute interstitial nephritis has been observed in patients taking PPIs including PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab. Acute interstitial nephritis may occur at any point during PPI therapy and is generally attributed to an idiopathic hypersensitivity reaction. Discontinue PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab if acute interstitial nephritis develops [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Published observational studies suggest that PPI therapy like PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab may be associated with an increased risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), especially in hospitalized patients. This diagnosis should be considered for diarrhea that does not improve [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated.
CDAD has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents. For more information specific to antibacterial agents (clarithromycin and amoxicillin) indicated for use in combination with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab, refer to Warnings and Precautions section of their prescribing information.
Several published observational studies suggest that PPI therapy may be associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis-related fractures of the hip, wrist or spine. The risk of fracture was increased in patients who received high-dose, defined as multiple daily doses, and long-term PPI therapy (a year or longer). Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated. Patients at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures should be managed according to established treatment guidelines [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been reported in patients taking PPIs, including lansoprazole. These events have occurred as both new onset and an exacerbation of existing autoimmune disease. The majority of PPI-induced lupus erythematosus cases were CLE.
The most common form of CLE reported in patients treated with PPIs was subacute CLE (SCLE) and occurred within weeks to years after continuous drug therapy in patients ranging from infants to the elderly. Generally, histological findings were observed without organ involvement.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is less commonly reported than CLE in patients receiving PPIs. PPI-associated SLE is usually milder than non-drug induced SLE. Onset of SLE typically occurred within days to years after initiating treatment primarily in patients ranging from young adults to the elderly. The majority of patients presented with rash; however, arthralgia and cytopenia were also reported.
Avoid administration of PPIs for longer than medically indicated. If signs or symptoms consistent with CLE or SLE are noted in patients receiving PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab, discontinue the drug and refer the patient to the appropriate specialist for evaluation. Most patients improve with discontinuation of the PPI alone in four to 12 weeks. Serological testing (e.g., ANA) may be positive and elevated serological test results may take longer to resolve than clinical manifestations.
Daily treatment with any acid-suppressing medications over a long period of time (e.g., longer than three years) may lead to malabsorption of cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) caused by hypo-or achlorhydria. Rare reports of cyanocobalamin deficiency occurring with acid-suppressing therapy have been reported in the literature. This diagnosis should be considered if clinical symptoms consistent with cyanocobalamin deficiency are observed in patients treated with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab.
Hypomagnesemia, symptomatic and asymptomatic, has been reported rarely in patients treated with PPIs for at least three months, in most cases after a year of therapy. Serious adverse events include tetany, arrhythmias, and seizures. In most patients, treatment of hypomagnesemia required magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.
For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with medications such as digoxin or drugs that may cause hypomagnesemia (e.g., diuretics), healthcare professionals may consider monitoring magnesium levels prior to initiation of PPI treatment and periodically [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Serum chromogranin A (CgA) levels increase secondary to drug-induced decreases in gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors. Healthcare providers should temporarily stop lansoprazole treatment at least 14 days before assessing CgA levels and consider repeating the test if initial CgA levels are high. If serial tests are performed (e.g., for monitoring), the same commercial laboratory should be used for testing, as reference ranges between tests may vary [see DRUG INTERACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Literature suggests that concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high dose) may elevate and prolong serum levels of methotrexate and/or its metabolite, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities. In high-dose methotrexate administration, a temporary withdrawal of the PPI may be considered in some patients [see DRUG INTERACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Phenylalanine can be harmful to patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). PREVACID SoluTab contains phenylalanine, a component of aspartame. Each 15 mg tablet contains 2.5 mg and each 30 mg tablet contains 5.1 mg of phenylalanine. Before prescribing PREVACID SoluTab to a patient with PKU, consider the combined daily amount of phenylalanine from all sources, including PREVACID SoluTab.
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).
Advise patients to:
To call their healthcare provider if they experience signs and/or symptoms associated with acute interstitial nephritis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To immediately call their healthcare provider if they experience diarrhea that does not improve [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To report any fractures, especially of the hip, wrist or spine, to their healthcare provider [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To immediately call their healthcare provider for any new or worsening of symptoms associated with cutaneous or systemic lupus erythematosus [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To report any clinical symptoms that may be associated with cyanocobalamin deficiency to their healthcare provider, if they have been receiving PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab for longer than three years [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To report any clinical symptoms that may be associated with hypomagnesemia to their healthcare provider, if they have been receiving PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab for at least three months [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients to report to their healthcare provider if they are taking rilpivirine-containing products [see CONTRAINDICATIONS] or high-dose methotrexate [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
PREVACID Capsules
PREVACID SoluTab
In two 24 month carcinogenicity studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of five to 150 mg/kg/day, about one to 40 times the exposure on a body surface (mg/m²) basis of a 50 kg person of average height [1.46 m² body surface area (BSA)] given the recommended human dose of 30 mg/day. Lansoprazole produced dose-related gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and ECL cell carcinoids in both male and female rats. It also increased the incidence of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric epithelium in both sexes. In male rats, lansoprazole produced a dose-related increase of testicular interstitial cell adenomas. The incidence of these adenomas in rats receiving doses of 15 to 150 mg/kg/day (four to 40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the low background incidence (range = 1.4 to 10%) for this strain of rat.
In a 24 month carcinogenicity study, CD-1 mice were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 15 to 600 mg/kg/day, two to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA. Lansoprazole produced a dose-related increased incidence of gastric ECL cell hyperplasia. It also produced an increased incidence of liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma plus carcinoma). The tumor incidences in male mice treated with 300 and 600 mg/kg/day (40 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) and female mice treated with 150 to 600 mg/kg/day (20 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the ranges of background incidences in historical controls for this strain of mice. Lansoprazole treatment produced adenoma of rete testis in male mice receiving 75 to 600 mg/kg/day (10 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA).
A 26 week p53 (+/-) transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was not positive.
Lansoprazole was positive in the Ames test and the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assay. Lansoprazole was not genotoxic in the ex vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test, the in vivo mouse micronucleus test, or the rat bone marrow cell chromosomal aberration test.
Lansoprazole at oral doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.
Pregnancy Category B. Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant rats at oral doses up to 40 times the recommended human dose and in pregnant rabbits at oral doses up to 16 times the recommended human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to lansoprazole. There are, however, no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed [see Nonclinical Toxicology].
See full prescribing information for clarithromycin before using in pregnant women.
Lansoprazole or its metabolites are excreted in the milk of rats. It is not known whether lansoprazole is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from lansoprazole, and because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for lansoprazole in rat carcinogenicity studies, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue lansoprazole, taking into account the importance of lansoprazole to the mother.
The safety and effectiveness of PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab have been established in pediatric patients one to 17 years of age for short-term treatment of symptomatic GERD and erosive esophagitis, however, lansoprazole was not effective in patients with symptomatic GERD one month to less than one year of age in a multi-center, double-blind, placebo controlled study.
The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged less than 28 days and one to 11 months. Compared to healthy adults receiving 30 mg, neonates had higher exposure (mean weight-based normalized AUC values 2.04 and 1.88 fold higher at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day, respectively). Infants aged ≤ 10 weeks had clearance and exposure values that were similar to neonates. Infants aged greater than 10 weeks who received 1 mg/kg/day had mean AUC values that were similar to adults who received a 30 mg dose.
Lansoprazole was not found to be effective in a U.S. and Polish four week multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of 162 patients between one month and less than 12 months of age with symptomatic GERD based on a medical history of crying/fussing/irritability associated with feedings who had not responded to conservative GERD management (i.e., non-pharmacologic intervention) for seven to 14 days.
Patients received lansoprazole as a suspension daily (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/day in infants ≤ 10 weeks of age or 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg/day in infants greater than 10 weeks or placebo) for up to four weeks of double-blind treatment.
The primary efficacy endpoint was assessed by greater than 50% reduction from baseline in either the percent of feedings with a crying/fussing/irritability episode or the duration (minutes) of a crying/fussing/irritability episode within one hour after feeding.
There was no difference in the percentage of responders between the lansoprazole pediatric suspension group and placebo group (54% in both groups).
There were no adverse events reported in pediatric clinical studies (one month to less than 12 months of age) that were not previously observed in adults.
Based on the results of the Phase 3 efficacy study, lansoprazole was not shown to be effective. Therefore, these results do not support the use of lansoprazole in treating symptomatic GERD in infants.
In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multi-center study, 66 pediatric patients (one to 11 years of age) with GERD were assigned, based on body weight, to receive an initial dose of either PREVACID 15 mg daily if ≤ 30 kg or PREVACID 30 mg daily if greater than 30 kg administered for eight to 12 weeks. The PREVACID dose was increased (up to 30 mg twice daily) in 24 of 66 pediatric patients after two or more weeks of treatment if they remained symptomatic. At baseline 85% of patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interview), 58% had non-erosive GERD and 42% had erosive esophagitis (assessed by endoscopy).
After eight to 12 weeks of PREVACID treatment, the intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated an approximate 50% reduction in frequency and severity of GERD symptoms.
Twenty one of 27 erosive esophagitis patients were healed at eight weeks and 100% of patients were healed at 12 weeks by endoscopy (Table 4).
Table 4: GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive
Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 1 to 11
| GERD | Final Visit* % (n/N) |
| Symptomatic GERD | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms† | 76% (47/62‡) |
| Erosive Esophagitis | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms† | 81% (22/27) |
| Healing Rate | 100% (27/27) |
| *At Week 8 or Week 12 †Symptoms assessed by patients diary kept by caregiver. ‡No data were available for four pediatric patients. |
|
In a study of 66 pediatric patients in the age group one year to 11 years old after treatment with PREVACID given orally in doses of 15 mg daily to 30 mg twice daily, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies. Median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 89% from 51 pg/mL at baseline to 97 pg/mL [interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of 71 to 130 pg/mL] at the final visit.
The pediatric safety of PREVACID capsules has been assessed in 66 pediatric patients aged one to 11 years of age. Of the 66 patients with GERD 85% (56/66) took PREVACID for eight weeks and 15% (10/66) took it for 12 weeks.
The most frequently reported (two or more patients) treatment-related adverse reactions in patients one to 11 years of age (N=66) were constipation (5%) and headache (3%).
In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multi-center study, 87 adolescent patients (12 to 17 years of age) with symptomatic GERD were treated with PREVACID for eight to 12 weeks. Baseline upper endoscopies classified these patients into two groups: 64 (74%) non-erosive GERD and 23 (26%) erosive esophagitis (EE). The non-erosive GERD patients received PREVACID 15 mg daily for eight weeks and the EE patients received PREVACID 30 mg daily for eight to 12 weeks. At baseline, 89% of these patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interviews). During eight weeks of PREVACID treatment, adolescent patients experienced a 63% reduction in frequency and a 69% reduction in severity of GERD symptoms based on diary results.
Twenty one of 22 (95.5%) adolescent erosive esophagitis patients were healed after eight weeks of PREVACID treatment. One patient remained unhealed after 12 weeks of treatment (Table 5).
Table 5: GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive
Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 12 to 17
| GERD | Final Visit % (n/N) |
| Symptomatic GERD (All Patients) | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 73.2% (60/82)† |
| Non-erosive GERD | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 71.2% (42/59)† |
| Erosive Esophagitis | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 78 3% (18/23) |
| Healing Rate‡ | 95.5% (21/22)‡ |
| *Symptoms assessed by patient
diary (parents/caregivers as necessary). †No data available for five patients. ‡Data from one healed patient was excluded from this analysis due to timing of final endoscopy. |
|
In these 87 adolescent patients, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies, median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 42% from 45 pg/mL at baseline to 64 pg/mL [interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of 44 to 88 pg/mL] at the final visit. (Normal serum gastrin levels are 25 to 111 pg/mL.)
The safety of PREVACID capsules has been assessed in these 87 adolescent patients. Of the 87 adolescent patients with GERD, 6% (5/87) took PREVACID for less than six weeks, 93% (81/87) for six to 10 weeks, and 1% (1/87) for greater than 10 weeks.
The most frequently reported (at least 3%) treatment-related adverse reactions in these patients were headache (7%), abdominal pain (5%), nausea (3%) and dizziness (3%). Treatment-related dizziness, reported in this prescribing information as occurring in less than 1% of adult patients, was reported in this study by three adolescent patients with non-erosive GERD, who had dizziness concurrently with other reactions (such as migraine, dyspnea, and vomiting).
Of the total number of patients (n=21,486) in clinical studies of PREVACID, 16% of patients were aged 65 years and over, while 4% were 75 years and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients and other reported clinical experience has not identified significant differences in responses between geriatric and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
In patients with various degrees of chronic hepatic impairment the exposure to lansoprazole was increased compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. No dosage adjustment for PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab is necessary for patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment. The recommended dosage is 15 mg orally daily in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Lansoprazole is not removed from the circulation by hemodialysis. In one reported overdose, a patient consumed 600 mg of PREVACID with no adverse reaction. Oral lansoprazole doses up to 5000 mg/kg in rats [approximately 1300 times the 30 mg human dose based on body surface area (BSA)] and in mice (about 675.7 times the 30 mg human dose based on BSA) did not produce deaths or any clinical signs.
In the event of over-exposure, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.
If over-exposure occurs, call your poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 for current information on the management of poisoning or over-exposure.
Lansoprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted benzimidazoles, that suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton) pump within the parietal cell, lansoprazole has been characterized as a gastric acid-pump inhibitor, in that it blocks the final step of acid production. This effect is dose-related and leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus. Lansoprazole does not exhibit anticholinergic or histamine type-2 antagonist activity.
After oral administration, lansoprazole was shown to significantly decrease the basal acid output and significantly increase the mean gastric pH and percent of time the gastric pH was greater than three and greater than four. Lansoprazole also significantly reduced meal-stimulated gastric acid output and secretion volume, as well as pentagastrin-stimulated acid output. In patients with hypersecretion of acid, lansoprazole significantly reduced basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Lansoprazole inhibited the normal increases in secretion volume, acidity and acid output induced by insulin.
The intragastric pH results of a five day, pharmacodynamic, crossover study of 15 and 30 mg of once daily lansoprazole are presented in Table 6:
Table 6. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Single and Multiple DailyPREVACID Dosing
| PREVACID | |||||
| Parameter | Baseline Value | 15 mg | 30 mg | ||
| Day 1 | Day 5 | Day 1 | Day 5 | ||
| Mean 24 Hour pH | 2.1 | 2.7* | 4.0* | 3.6† | 4.9† |
| Mean Nighttime pH | 1.9 | 2.4 | 3.0* | 2.6 | 3.8† |
| % Time Gastric pH>3 | 18 | 33* | 59* | 51† | 72† |
| % Time Gastric pH>4 | 12 | 22* | 49* | 41† | 66† |
| NOTE: An intragastric pH of greater than four reflects a reduction in gastric acid by 99%. *(p<0.05) vs baseline only. †(p<0.05) vs baseline and lansoprazole 15 mg. |
|||||
After the initial dose in this study, increased gastric pH was seen within one to two hours with 30 mg of lansoprazole and two to three hours with 15 mg of lansoprazole. After multiple daily dosing, increased gastric pH was seen within the first hour post-dosing with 30 mg of lansoprazole and within one to two hours post-dosing with 15 mg of lansoprazole.
Acid suppression may enhance the effect of antimicrobials in eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The percentage of time gastric pH was elevated above five and six was evaluated in a crossover study of PREVACID given daily, twice daily and three times daily (Table 7).
Table 7. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Five Days of Twice Daily and Three Times Daily Dosing
| PREVACID | ||||
| Parameter | 30 mg daily |
15 mg twice daily |
30 mg twice daily |
30 mg three times daily |
| % Time Gastric pH>5 | 43 | 47 | 59* | 77† |
| % Time Gastric pH>6 | 20 | 23 | 28 | 45† |
| *(p<0.05) vs PREVACID 30 mg daily †(p<0.05) vs PREVACID 30 mg daily, 15 and 30 mg twice daily. |
||||
The inhibition of gastric acid secretion as measured by intragastric pH gradually returned to normal over two to four days after multiple doses. There was no indication of rebound gastric acidity.
During lifetime exposure of rats with up to 150 mg/kg/day of lansoprazole dosed seven days per week, marked hypergastrinemia was observed followed by ECL cell proliferation and formation of carcinoid tumors, especially in female rats. Gastric biopsy specimens from the body of the stomach from approximately 150 patients treated continuously with lansoprazole for at least one year did not show evidence of ECL cell effects similar to those seen in rat studies. Longer term data are needed to rule out the possibility of an increased risk of the development of gastric tumors in patients receiving long-term therapy with lansoprazole [see Nonclinical Toxicology].
Lansoprazole did not significantly affect mucosal blood flow in the fundus of the stomach. Due to the normal physiologic effect caused by the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, a decrease of about 17% in blood flow in the antrum, pylorus, and duodenal bulb was seen. Lansoprazole significantly slowed the gastric emptying of digestible solids. Lansoprazole increased serum pepsinogen levels and decreased pepsin activity under basal conditions and in response to meal stimulation or insulin injection. As with other agents that elevate intragastric pH, increases in gastric pH were associated with increases in nitrate-reducing bacteria and elevation of nitrite concentration in gastric juice in patients with gastric ulcer. No significant increase in nitrosamine concentrations was observed.
In over 2100 patients, median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 50 to 100% from baseline but remained within normal range after treatment with 15 to 60 mg of oral lansoprazole. These elevations reached a plateau within two months of therapy and returned to pre-treatment levels within four weeks after discontinuation of therapy.
Increased gastrin causes enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and increased serum CgA levels. The increased CgA levels may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Human studies for up to one year have not detected any clinically significant effects on the endocrine system. Hormones studied include testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), prolactin, cortisol, estradiol, insulin, aldosterone, parathormone, glucagon, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and somatotropic hormone (STH). Lansoprazole in oral doses of 15 to 60 mg for up to one year had no clinically significant effect on sexual function. In addition, lansoprazole in oral doses of 15 to 60 mg for two to eight weeks had no clinically significant effect on thyroid function. In 24 month carcinogenicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats with daily lansoprazole dosages up to 150 mg/kg, proliferative changes in the Leydig cells of the testes, including benign neoplasm, were increased compared to control rats.
No systemic effects of lansoprazole on the central nervous system, lymphoid, hematopoietic, renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, or respiratory systems have been found in humans. Among 56 patients who had extensive baseline eye evaluations, no visual toxicity was observed after lansoprazole treatment (up to 180 mg/day) for up to 58 months. After lifetime lansoprazole exposure in rats, focal pancreatic atrophy, diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia in the thymus, and spontaneous retinal atrophy were seen.
PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab contain an enteric-coated granule formulation of lansoprazole (because lansoprazole is acid-labile), so that absorption of lansoprazole begins only after the granules leave the stomach. The mean peak plasma levels of lansoprazole occur at approximately 1.7 hours. After a single-dose administration of 15 to 60 mg of oral lansoprazole, the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of lansoprazole and the area under the plasma concentration curves (AUCs) of lansoprazole were approximately proportional to the administered dose. Lansoprazole does not accumulate and its pharmacokinetics are unaltered by multiple dosing. The absolute bioavailability is over 80%. In healthy subjects, the mean (±SD) plasma half-life was 1.5 (±1.0) hours. Both the Cmax and AUC are diminished by about 50 to 70% if lansoprazole is given 30 minutes after food, compared to the fasting condition. There is no significant food effect if lansoprazole is given before meals.
Lansoprazole is 97% bound to plasma proteins. Plasma protein binding is constant over the concentration range of 0.05 to 5 mcg/mL.
Metabolism
Lansoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver. Two metabolites have been identified in measurable quantities in plasma (the hydroxylated sulfinyl and sulfone derivatives of lansoprazole). These metabolites have very little or no antisecretory activity. Lansoprazole is thought to be transformed into two active species which inhibit acid secretion by blocking the proton pump [(H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system] at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. The two active species are not present in the systemic circulation. The plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole is less than two hours while the acid inhibitory effect lasts more than 24 hours. Therefore, the plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole does not reflect its duration of suppression of gastric acid secretion.
Excretion
Following single-dose oral administration of PREVACID, virtually no unchanged lansoprazole was excreted in the urine. In one study, after a single oral dose of 14C-lansoprazole, approximately one-third of the administered radiation was excreted in the urine and two-thirds was recovered in the feces. This implies a significant biliary excretion of the lansoprazole metabolites.
One to 17 years of age
The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged one to 11 years and 12 to 17 years in two separate clinical studies. In children aged one to 11 years, lansoprazole was dosed 15 mg daily for subjects weighing ≤30 kg and 30 mg daily for subjects weighing greater than 30 kg. Mean Cmax and AUC values observed on Day 5 of dosing were similar between the two dose groups and were not affected by weight or age within each weight-adjusted dose group used in the study. In adolescent subjects aged 12 to 17 years, subjects were randomized to receive lansoprazole at 15 or 30 mg daily. Mean Cmax and AUC values of lansoprazole were not affected by body weight or age; and nearly dose-proportional increases in mean Cmax and AUC values were observed between the two dose groups in the study. Overall, lansoprazole pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients aged one to 17 years were similar to those observed in healthy adult subjects.
The clearance of lansoprazole is decreased in the elderly, with elimination half-life increased approximately 50 to 100%. Because the mean half-life in the elderly remains between 1.9 to 2.9 hours, repeated once daily dosing does not result in accumulation of lansoprazole. Peak plasma levels were not increased in the elderly [see Use In Specific Populations].
In a study comparing 12 male and six female human subjects who received lansoprazole, no sex-related differences were found in pharmacokinetics and intragastric pH results.
The pooled mean pharmacokinetic parameters of PREVACID from twelve U.S. studies (N=513) were compared to the mean pharmacokinetic parameters from two Asian studies (N=20). The mean AUCs of PREVACID in Asian subjects were approximately twice those seen in pooled U.S. data; however, the inter-individual variability was high. The Cmax values were comparable.
In patients with severe renal impairment, plasma protein binding decreased by 1 to 1.5% after administration of 60 mg of lansoprazole. Patients with renal impairment had a shortened elimination half-life and decreased total AUC (free and bound). The AUC for free lansoprazole in plasma, however, was not related to the degree of renal impairment; and the Cmax and Tmax (time to reach the maximum concentration) were not different than the Cmax and Tmax from subjects with normal renal function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were not clinically different in patients with mild, moderate or severe renal impairment compared to healthy subjects with normal renal function.
In patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment there was an approximate 3-fold increase in mean AUC compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function following multiple oral doses of 30 mg PREVACID for seven days. The corresponding mean plasma half-life of lansoprazole was prolonged from 1.5 to four hours (Child-Pugh A) or five hours (Child-Pugh B).
In patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, there was an approximate 6-and 5-fold increase in AUC, respectively, compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function following a single oral dose of 30 mg PREVACID [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Use In Specific Populations].
Cytochrome P450 Interactions:
Lansoprazole is metabolized through the cytochrome P450 system, specifically through the CYP3A and CYP2C19 isozymes. Studies have shown that PREVACID does not have clinically significant interactions with other drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system, such as warfarin, antipyrine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, phenytoin, propranolol, prednisone, diazepam, or clarithromycin in healthy subjects. These compounds are metabolized through various cytochrome P450 isozymes including CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A.
Theophylline:
When PREVACID was administered concomitantly with theophylline (CYP1A2, CYP3A), a minor increase (10%) in the clearance of theophylline was seen. Because of the small magnitude and the direction of the effect on theophylline clearance, this interaction is unlikely to be of clinical concern [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate:
In an open-label, single-arm, eight day, pharmacokinetic study of 28 adult rheumatoid arthritis patients (who required the chronic use of 7.5 to 15 mg of methotrexate given weekly), administration of seven days of naproxen 500 mg twice daily and PREVACID 30 mg daily had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate. While this study was not designed to assess the safety of this combination of drugs, no major adverse reactions were noted. However, this study was conducted with low doses of methotrexate. A drug interaction study with high doses of methotrexate has not been conducted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Amoxicillin:
PREVACID has also been shown to have no clinically significant interaction with amoxicillin.
Sucralfate:
In a single-dose crossover study examining PREVACID 30 mg administered alone and concomitantly with sucralfate 1 gram, absorption of lansoprazole was delayed and the bioavailability was reduced by 17% when administered concomitantly with sucralfate [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Antacids:
In clinical trials, antacids were administered concomitantly with PREVACID and there was no evidence of a change in the efficacy of PREVACID.
Clopidogrel:
Clopidogrel is metabolized to its active metabolite in part by CYP2C19. A study of healthy subjects who were CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers, receiving once daily administration of clopidogrel 75 mg alone or concomitantly with PREVACID 30 mg (n=40), for nine days was conducted. The mean AUC of the active metabolite of clopidogrel was reduced by approximately 14% (mean AUC ratio was 86%, with 90% CI of 80 to 92%) when PREVACID was co-administered compared to administration of clopidogrel alone.
Pharmacodynamic parameters were also measured and demonstrated that the change in inhibition of platelet aggregation (induced by 5 mcM ADP) was related to the change in the exposure to clopidogrel active metabolite. The effect on exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel and on clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition is not considered clinically important.
Because lansoprazole is metabolized by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, inducers and inhibitors of these enzymes may potentially alter exposure of lansoprazole.
Lansoprazole, clarithromycin and/or amoxicillin have been shown to be active against most strains of Helicobacter pylori in vitro and in clinical infections [see INDICATIONS].
Clarithromycin pre-treatment resistance (≥2.0 mcg/mL) was 9.5% (91/960) by E-test and 11.3% (12/106) by agar dilution in the dual and triple therapy clinical trials (M93-125, M93-130, M93-131, M95-392, and M95399).
Amoxicillin pre-treatment susceptible isolates (≤0.25 mcg/mL) occurred in 97.8% (936/957) and 98.0% (98/100) of the patients in the dual and triple therapy clinical trials by E-test and agar dilution, respectively. Twenty one of 957 patients (2.2%) by E-test, and two of 100 patients (2.0%) by agar dilution, had amoxicillin pre-treatment MICs of greater than 0.25 mcg/mL. One patient on the 14 day triple therapy regimen had an unconfirmed pre-treatment amoxicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of greater than 256 mcg/mL by E-test and the patient was eradicated of H. pylori (Table 8).
Table 8. Clarithromycin Susceptibility Test Results and Clinical/Bacteriological Outcomes*
| Clarithromycin Pre-treatment Results | Clarithromycin Post-treatment Results | |||||
| H. pylori negative eradicated | H. pylori positive – not eradicated Post-treatment susceptibility results | |||||
| S† | I† | R† | No MIC | |||
| Triple Therapy 14 Day (lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) (M95-399, M93-131, M95-392) | ||||||
| Susceptible† | 112 | 105 | 7 | |||
| Intermediate† | 3 | 3 | ||||
| Resistant† | 17 | 6 | 7 | 4 | ||
| Triple Therapy 10 Day (lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) (M95-399) | ||||||
| Susceptible† | 42 | 40 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Intermediate† | ||||||
| Resistant† | 4 | 1 | 3 | |||
| *Includes only patients with pre-treatment clarithromycin susceptibility test results †Susceptible (S) MIC ≤0.25 mcg/mL, Intermediate (I) MIC 0.5 to 1.0 mcg/mL, Resistant (R) MIC ≥2 mcg/mL |
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Patients not eradicated of H. pylori following lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin triple therapy will likely have clarithromycin resistant H. pylori. Therefore, for those patients who fail therapy, clarithromycin susceptibility testing should be done when possible. Patients with clarithromycin resistant H. pylori should not be treated with lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin triple therapy or with regimens which include clarithromycin as the sole antimicrobial agent.
Amoxicillin Susceptibility Test Results and Clinical/Bacteriological Outcomes:
In the dual and triple therapy clinical trials, 82.6% (195/236) of the patients that had pre-treatment amoxicillin susceptible MICs (≤0.25 mcg/mL) were eradicated of H. pylori. Of those with pre-treatment amoxicillin MICs of greater than 0.25 mcg/mL, three of six had the H. pylori eradicated. A total of 30% (21/70) of the patients failed lansoprazole 30 mg three times daily/amoxicillin 1 g three times daily dual therapy and a total of 12.8% (22/172) of the patients failed the 10 and 14 day triple therapy regimens. Post-treatment susceptibility results were not obtained on 11 of the patients who failed therapy. Nine of the 11 patients with amoxicillin post-treatment MICs that failed the triple therapy regimen also had clarithromycin resistant H. pylori isolates.
Susceptibility Test for Helicobacter pylori:
For susceptibility testing information about Helicobacter pylori, see Microbiology section in prescribing information for clarithromycin and amoxicillin.
In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response (15, 30, and 60 mg of PREVACID once daily) study of 284 patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer, the percentage of patients healed after two and four weeks was significantly higher with all doses of PREVACID than with placebo. There was no evidence of a greater or earlier response with the two higher doses compared with PREVACID 15 mg. Based on this study and the second study described below, the recommended dose of PREVACID in duodenal ulcer is 15 mg per day (Table 9).
Table 9. Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates
| Week | PREVACID | Placebo (N=72) |
||
| 15 mg daily (N=68) |
30 mg daily (N=74) |
60 mg daily (N=70) |
||
| 2 | 42.4%* | 35.6%* | 39.1%* | 11.3% |
| 4 | 89.4%* | 91.7%* | 89.9%* | 46.1% |
| *(p≤0.001) vs placebo. | ||||
PREVACID 15 mg was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving day and nighttime abdominal pain and in decreasing the amount of antacid taken per day.
In a second U.S. multi-center study, also double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-comparison (15 and 30 mg of PREVACID once daily), and including a comparison with ranitidine, in 280 patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer, the percentage of patients healed after four weeks was significantly higher with both doses of PREVACID than with placebo. There was no evidence of a greater or earlier response with the higher dose of PREVACID. Although the 15 mg dose of PREVACID was superior to ranitidine at four weeks, the lack of significant difference at two weeks and the absence of a difference between 30 mg of PREVACID and ranitidine leaves the comparative effectiveness of the two agents undetermined (Table 10) [see INDICATIONS].
Table 10. Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates
| Week | PREVACID | Ranitidine | Placebo (N=41) |
|
| 15 mg daily (N=80) |
30 mg daily (N=77) |
300 mg h.s. (N=82) |
||
| 2 | 35.0% | 44.2% | 30.5% | 34.2% |
| 4 | 92.3%* | 80.3%† | 70.5%† | 47.5% |
| *(p≤0.05) vs placebo and ranitidine. †(p≤0.05) vs placebo. |
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Randomized, double-blind clinical studies performed in the U.S. in patients with H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease (defined as an active ulcer or history of an ulcer within one year) evaluated the efficacy of PREVACID in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin as triple 14 day therapy or in combination with amoxicillin as dual 14 day therapy for the eradication of H. pylori. Based on the results of these studies, the safety and efficacy of two different eradication regimens were established:
Triple therapy: PREVACID 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily
Dual therapy: PREVACID 30 mg three times daily/amoxicillin 1 g three times daily
All treatments were for 14 days. H. pylori eradication was defined as two negative tests (culture and histology) at four to six weeks following the end of treatment.
Triple therapy was shown to be more effective than all possible dual therapy combinations. Dual therapy was shown to be more effective than both monotherapies. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence.
A randomized, double-blind clinical study performed in the U.S. in patients with H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease (defined as an active ulcer or history of an ulcer within one year) compared the efficacy of PREVACID triple therapy for 10 and 14 days. This study established that the 10 day triple therapy was equivalent to the 14 day triple therapy in eradicating H. pylori (Tables 11 and 12) [see INDICATIONS].
Table 11. H. pylori Eradication Rates – Triple Therapy (PREVACID/amoxicillin/clarithromycin) Percent of Patients Cured [95% Confidence Interval] (Number of patients)
| Study | Duration | Triple Therapy Evaluable Analysis* | Triple Therapy Intent-to-Treat Analysis† |
| M93-131 | 14 days | 92‡ [80.0-97.7] (N=48) |
86‡ [73.3-93.5] (N=55) |
| M95-392 | 14 days | 86§ [75.7-93.6] (N=66) |
83§ [72.0-90.8] (N=70) |
| M95-399¶ | 14 days | 85 [77.0-91.0] (N=113) |
82 [73.9-88.1] (N=126) |
| 10 days | 84 [76.0-89.8] (N=123) |
81 [73.9-87.6] (N=135) |
|
| *Based on evaluable patients with confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year) and H. pylori infection at baseline defined as at least two of three positive endoscopic tests from CLOtest, histology and/or culture. Patients were included in the analysis if they completed the study. Additionally, if patients dropped out of the study due to an adverse event related to the study drug, they were included in the evaluable analysis as failures of therapy. †Patients were included in the analysis if they had documented H. pylori infection at baseline as defined above and had a confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year). All dropouts were included as failures of therapy. ‡(p<0.05) vs PREVACID/amoxicillin and PREVACID/clarithromycin dual therapy. §(p<0.05) vs clarithromycin/amoxicillin dual therapy. ¶The 95% confidence interval for the difference in eradication rates, 10 day minus 14 day is (-10.5, 8.1) in the evaluable analysis and (-9.7, 9.1) in the intent-to-treat analysis. |
|||
Table 12. H. pylori Eradication Rates – 14 Day Dual Therapy (PREVACID/amoxicillin) Percent of Patients Cured [95% Confidence Interval] (Number of patients)
| Study | Dual Therapy Evaluable Analysis* | Dual Therapy Intent-to-Treat Analysis† |
| M93-131 | 77‡ [62.5-87.2] (N=51) |
70‡ [56.8-81.2] (N=60) |
| M93-125 | 66§ [51.9-77.5] (N=58) |
61§ [48.5-72.9] (N=67) |
| *Based on evaluable patients with confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year) and H. pylori infection at baseline defined as at least two of three positive endoscopic tests from CLOtest, histology and/or culture. Patients were included in the analysis if they completed the study. Additionally, if patients dropped out of the study due to an adverse event related to the study drug, they were included in the analysis as failures of therapy. †Patients were included in the analysis if they had documented H. pylori infection at baseline as defined above and had a confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year). All dropouts were included as failures of therapy. ‡(p<0.05) vs PREVACID alone. §(p<0.05) vs PREVACID alone or amoxicillin alone. |
||
PREVACID has been shown to prevent the recurrence of duodenal ulcers. Two independent, double-blind, multi-center, controlled trials were conducted in patients with endoscopically confirmed healed duodenal ulcers. Patients remained healed significantly longer and the number of recurrences of duodenal ulcers was significantly less in patients treated with PREVACID than in patients treated with placebo over a 12 month period (Table 13) [see INDICATIONS].
Table 13. Endoscopic Remission Rates
| Trial | Drug | No. of Pts. | Percent in Endoscopic Remission | ||
| 0-3 mo. | 0-6 mo. | 0-12 mo. | |||
| #1 | PREVACID 15 mg daily | 86 | 90%* | 87%* | 84%* |
| Placebo | 83 | 49% | 41% | 39% | |
| #2 | PREVACID 30 mg daily | 18 | 94%* | 94%* | 85%* |
| PREVACID 15 mg daily | 15 | 87%* | 79%* | 70%* | |
| Placebo | 15 | 33% | 0% | 0% | |
| %=Life Table Estimate *(p≤0.001) vs placebo. |
|||||
In trial #2, no significant difference was noted between PREVACID 15 and 30 mg in maintaining remission.
In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 253 patients with endoscopically documented gastric ulcer, the percentage of patients healed at four and eight weeks was significantly higher with PREVACID 15 and 30 mg once a day than with placebo (Table 14) [see INDICATIONS].
Table 14. Gastric Ulcer Healing Rates
| Week | PREVACID | Placebo (N=64) |
||
| 15 mg daily (N=65) |
30 mg daily (N=63) |
60 mg daily (N=61) |
||
| 4 | 64.6%* | 58.1%* | 53.3%* | 37.5% |
| 8 | 92.2%* | 96.8%* | 93.2%* | 76.7% |
| *(p≤0.05) vs placebo. | ||||
Patients treated with any PREVACID dose reported significantly less day and night abdominal pain along with fewer days of antacid use and fewer antacid tablets used per day than the placebo group.
Independent substantiation of the effectiveness of PREVACID 30 mg was provided by a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data.
In two U.S. and Canadian multi-center, double-blind, active-controlled studies in patients with endoscopically confirmed NSAID-associated gastric ulcer who continued their NSAID use, the percentage of patients healed after eight weeks was statistically significantly higher with 30 mg of PREVACID than with the active control. A total of 711 patients were enrolled in the study, and 701 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 88 years (median age 59 years), with 67% female patients and 33% male patients. Race was distributed as follows: 87% Caucasian, 8% Black, 5% Other. There was no statistically significant difference between PREVACID 30 mg daily and the active control on symptom relief (i.e., abdominal pain) (Table 15) [see INDICATIONS].
Table 15. NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer Healing Rates*
| Study #1 | ||
| PREVACID 30 mg daily |
Active Control† | |
| Week 4 | 60% (53/88)‡ | 28% (23/83) |
| Week 8 | 79% (62/79)‡ | 55% (41/74) |
| Study #2 | ||
| PREVACID 30 mg daily |
Active Control† | |
| Week 4 | 53% (40/75) | 38% (31/82) |
| Week 8 | 77% (47/61)‡ | 50% (33/66) |
| *Actual observed ulcer(s) healed at time points ±2 days †Dose for healing of gastric ulcer. ‡(p≤0.05) vs the active control. |
||
In one large U.S., multi-center, double-blind, placebo-and misoprostol-controlled (misoprostol blinded only to the endoscopist) study in patients who required chronic use of an NSAID and who had a history of an endoscopically documented gastric ulcer, the proportion of patients remaining free from gastric ulcer at four, eight, and 12 weeks was significantly higher with 15 or 30 mg of PREVACID than placebo. A total of 537 patients were enrolled in the study, and 535 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 23 to 89 years (median age 60 years), with 65% female patients and 35% male patients. Race was distributed as follows: 90% Caucasian, 6% Black, 4% Other. The 30 mg dose of PREVACID demonstrated no additional benefit in risk reduction of the NSAID-associated gastric ulcer than the 15 mg dose (Table 16) [see INDICATIONS].
Table 16. Proportion of Patients Remaining Free of Gastric Ulcers*
| Week | PREVACID 15 mg daily (N=121) | PREVACID 30 mg daily (N=116) | Misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily (N=106) | Placebo (N=112) |
| 4 | 90% | 92% | 96% | 66% |
| 8 | 86% | 88% | 95% | 60% |
| 12 | 80% | 82% | 93% | 51% |
| *% = Life Table Estimate (p<0.001) PREVACID 15 mg daily vs placebo; PREVACID 30 mg daily vs placebo; and misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily vs placebo. (p<0.05) Misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily vs PREVACID 15 mg daily; and misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily vs PREVACID 30 mg daily. |
||||
In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 214 patients with frequent GERD symptoms, but no esophageal erosions by endoscopy, significantly greater relief of heartburn associated with GERD was observed with the administration of lansoprazole 15 mg once daily up to eight weeks than with placebo. No significant additional benefit from lansoprazole 30 mg once daily was observed.
The intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated significant reduction in frequency and severity of day and night heartburn. Data for frequency and severity for the eight week treatment period are presented in Table 17 and in Figures 1 and 2:
Table 17. Frequency of Heartburn
| Variable | Placebo (n=43) |
PREVACID 15 mg (n=80) |
PREVACID 30 mg (n=86) |
| Median | |||
| % of Days without Heartburn | |||
| Week 1 | 0% | 71%* | 46%* |
| Week 4 | 11% | 81%* | 76%* |
| Week 8 | 13% | 84%* | 82%* |
| % of Nights without Heartburn | |||
| Week 1 | 17% | 86%* | 57%* |
| Week 4 | 25% | 89%* | 73%* |
| Week 8 | 36% | 92%* | 80%* |
| *(p<0.01) vs placebo. | |||
Figure 1. Mean Severity of Day Heartburn By Study Day For Evaluable Patients (3=Severe, 2=Moderate, 1=Mild, 0=None)
 |
Figure 2. Mean Severity of Heartburn By Study Day For Evaluable Patients (3=Severe, 2=Moderate, 1=Mild, 0=None)
 |
In two U.S., multi-center double-blind, ranitidine-controlled studies of 925 total patients with frequent GERD symptoms, but no esophageal erosions by endoscopy, lansoprazole 15 mg was superior to ranitidine 150 mg (twice daily) in decreasing the frequency and severity of day and night heartburn associated with GERD for the eight week treatment period. No significant additional benefit from lansoprazole 30 mg once daily was observed [see INDICATIONS].
In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 269 patients entering with an endoscopic diagnosis of esophagitis with mucosal grading of two or more and grades three and four signifying erosive disease, the percentages of patients with healing are presented in Table 18:
Table 18. Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates
| Week | PREVACID | Placebo (N=63) |
||
| 15 mg daily (N=69) |
30 mg daily (N=65) |
60 mg daily (N=72) |
||
| 4 | 67.6%* | 81.3%*† | 80.6%*† | 32.8% |
| 6 | 87.7%* | 95.4%* | 94.3%* | 52.5% |
| 8 | 90.9%* | 95.4%* | 94.4%* | 52.5% |
| *(p≤0.001) vs placebo. †(p≤0.05) vs PREVACID 15 mg. |
||||
In this study, all PREVACID groups reported significantly greater relief of heartburn and less day and night abdominal pain along with fewer days of antacid use and fewer antacid tablets taken per day than the placebo group. Although all doses were effective, the earlier healing in the higher two doses suggests 30 mg daily as the recommended dose.
PREVACID was also compared in a U.S. multi-center, double-blind study to a low dose of ranitidine in 242 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis. PREVACID at a dose of 30 mg was significantly more effective than ranitidine 150 mg twice daily as shown below (Table 19).
Table 19. Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates
| Week | PREVACID 30 mg daily (N=115) |
Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (N=127) |
| 2 | 66.7%* | 38.7% |
| 4 | 82.5%* | 52.0% |
| 6 | 93.0%* | 67.8% |
| 8 | 92.1%* | 69.9% |
| *(p≤0.001) vs ranitidine. | ||
In addition, patients treated with PREVACID reported less day and nighttime heartburn and took less antacid tablets for fewer days than patients taking ranitidine 150 mg twice daily.
Although this study demonstrates effectiveness of PREVACID in healing erosive esophagitis, it does not represent an adequate comparison with ranitidine because the recommended ranitidine dose for esophagitis is 150 mg four times daily, twice the dose used in this study.
In the two trials described and in several smaller studies involving patients with moderate to severe erosive esophagitis, PREVACID produced healing rates similar to those shown above.
In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, active-controlled study, 30 mg of PREVACID was compared with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in 151 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis that was poorly responsive to a minimum of 12 weeks of treatment with at least one H2-receptor antagonist given at the dose indicated for symptom relief or greater, namely, cimetidine 800 mg/day, ranitidine 300 mg/day, famotidine 40 mg/day or nizatidine 300 mg/day. PREVACID 30 mg was more effective than ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in healing reflux esophagitis, and the percentage of patients with healing were as follows. This study does not constitute a comparison of the effectiveness of histamine H2-receptor antagonists with PREVACID, as all patients had demonstrated unresponsiveness to the histamine H2-receptor antagonist mode of treatment. It does indicate, however, that PREVACID may be useful in patients failing on a histamine H2-receptor antagonist (Table 20) [see INDICATIONS].
Table 20. Reflux Esophagitis Healing Rates in Patients Poorly Responsive to Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonist Therapy
| Week | PREVACID 30 mg daily (N=100) |
Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (N=51) |
| 4 | 74.7%* | 42.6% |
| 8 | 83.7%* | 32.0% |
| *(p≤0.001) vs ranitidine. | ||
Two independent, double-blind, multi-center, controlled trials were conducted in patients with endoscopically confirmed healed esophagitis. Patients remained in remission significantly longer and the number of recurrences of erosive esophagitis was significantly less in patients treated with PREVACID than in patients treated with placebo over a 12 month period (Table 21).
Table 21. Endoscopic Remission Rates
| Percent in Endoscopic Remission | |||||
| Trial | Drug | No. of Pts. | 0-3 mo. | 0-6 mo. | 0-12 mo. |
| #1 | PREVACID 15 mg daily | 59 | 83%* | 81%* | 79%* |
| PREVACID 30 mg daily | 56 | 93%* | 93%* | 90%* | |
| Placebo | 55 | 31% | 27% | 24% | |
| #2 | PREVACID 15 mg daily | 50 | 74%* | 72%* | 67%* |
| PREVACID 30 mg daily | 49 | 75%* | 72%* | 55%* | |
| Placebo | 47 | 16% | 13% | 13% | |
| %=Life Table Estimate *(p≤0.001) vs placebo. |
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Regardless of initial grade of erosive esophagitis, PREVACID 15 and 30 mg were similar in maintaining remission.
In a U.S., randomized, double-blind study, PREVACID 15 mg daily (n=100) was compared with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (n=106), at the recommended dosage, in patients with endoscopically-proven healed erosive esophagitis over a 12 month period. Treatment with PREVACID resulted in patients remaining healed (Grade 0 lesions) of erosive esophagitis for significantly longer periods of time than those treated with ranitidine (p<0.001). In addition, PREVACID was significantly more effective than ranitidine in providing complete relief of both daytime and nighttime heartburn. Patients treated with PREVACID remained asymptomatic for a significantly longer period of time than patients treated with ranitidine [see INDICATIONS].
In open studies of 57 patients with pathological hypersecretory conditions, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) with or without multiple endocrine adenomas, PREVACID significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion and controlled associated symptoms of diarrhea, anorexia and pain. Doses ranging from 15 mg every other day to 180 mg per day maintained basal acid secretion below 10 mEq/hr in patients without prior gastric surgery and below 5 mEq/hr in patients with prior gastric surgery.
Initial doses were titrated to the individual patient need, and adjustments were necessary with time in some patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. PREVACID was well-tolerated at these high-dose levels for prolonged periods (greater than four years in some patients). In most ZES patients, serum gastrin levels were not modified by PREVACID. However, in some patients, serum gastrin increased to levels greater than those present prior to initiation of lansoprazole therapy [see INDICATIONS].
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
In adults, symptomatic response to therapy with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab does not preclude the presence of gastric malignancy. Consider additional follow-up and diagnostic testing in adult patients who have a suboptimal response or an early symptomatic relapse after completing treatment with a PPI. In older patients, also consider an endoscopy.
Acute interstitial nephritis has been observed in patients taking PPIs including PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab. Acute interstitial nephritis may occur at any point during PPI therapy and is generally attributed to an idiopathic hypersensitivity reaction. Discontinue PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab if acute interstitial nephritis develops [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Published observational studies suggest that PPI therapy like PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab may be associated with an increased risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), especially in hospitalized patients. This diagnosis should be considered for diarrhea that does not improve [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated.
CDAD has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents. For more information specific to antibacterial agents (clarithromycin and amoxicillin) indicated for use in combination with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab, refer to Warnings and Precautions section of their prescribing information.
Several published observational studies suggest that PPI therapy may be associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis-related fractures of the hip, wrist or spine. The risk of fracture was increased in patients who received high-dose, defined as multiple daily doses, and long-term PPI therapy (a year or longer). Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated.
Patients at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures should be managed according to established treatment guidelines [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been reported in patients taking PPIs, including lansoprazole. These events have occurred as both new onset and an exacerbation of existing autoimmune disease. The majority of PPI-induced lupus erythematosus cases were CLE.
The most common form of CLE reported in patients treated with PPIs was subacute CLE (SCLE) and occurred within weeks to years after continuous drug therapy in patients ranging from infants to the elderly. Generally, histological findings were observed without organ involvement.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is less commonly reported than CLE in patients receiving PPIs. PPI-associated SLE is usually milder than non-drug induced SLE. Onset of SLE typically occurred within days to years after initiating treatment primarily in patients ranging from young adults to the elderly. The majority of patients presented with rash; however, arthralgia and cytopenia were also reported.
Avoid administration of PPIs for longer than medically indicated. If signs or symptoms consistent with CLE or SLE are noted in patients receiving PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab, discontinue the drug and refer the patient to the appropriate specialist for evaluation. Most patients improve with discontinuation of the PPI alone in four to 12 weeks. Serological testing (e.g., ANA) may be positive and elevated serological test results may take longer to resolve than clinical manifestations.
Daily treatment with any acid-suppressing medications over a long period of time (e.g., longer than three years) may lead to malabsorption of cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) caused by hypo-or achlorhydria. Rare reports of cyanocobalamin deficiency occurring with acid-suppressing therapy have been reported in the literature. This diagnosis should be considered if clinical symptoms consistent with cyanocobalamin deficiency are observed in patients treated with PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab.
Hypomagnesemia, symptomatic and asymptomatic, has been reported rarely in patients treated with PPIs for at least three months, in most cases after a year of therapy. Serious adverse events include tetany, arrhythmias, and seizures. In most patients, treatment of hypomagnesemia required magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.
For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with medications such as digoxin or drugs that may cause hypomagnesemia (e.g., diuretics), healthcare professionals may consider monitoring magnesium levels prior to initiation of PPI treatment and periodically [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Serum chromogranin A (CgA) levels increase secondary to drug-induced decreases in gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors. Healthcare providers should temporarily stop lansoprazole treatment at least 14 days before assessing CgA levels and consider repeating the test if initial CgA levels are high. If serial tests are performed (e.g., for monitoring), the same commercial laboratory should be used for testing, as reference ranges between tests may vary [see DRUG INTERACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Literature suggests that concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high dose) may elevate and prolong serum levels of methotrexate and/or its metabolite, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities. In high-dose methotrexate administration, a temporary withdrawal of the PPI may be considered in some patients [see DRUG INTERACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Phenylalanine can be harmful to patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). PREVACID SoluTab contains phenylalanine, a component of aspartame. Each 15 mg tablet contains 2.5 mg and each 30 mg tablet contains 5.1 mg of phenylalanine. Before prescribing PREVACID SoluTab to a patient with PKU, consider the combined daily amount of phenylalanine from all sources, including PREVACID SoluTab.
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).
Advise patients to:
To call their healthcare provider if they experience signs and/or symptoms associated with acute interstitial nephritis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To immediately call their healthcare provider if they experience diarrhea that does not improve [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To report any fractures, especially of the hip, wrist or spine, to their healthcare provider [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To immediately call their healthcare provider for any new or worsening of symptoms associated with cutaneous or systemic lupus erythematosus [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To report any clinical symptoms that may be associated with cyanocobalamin deficiency to their healthcare provider, if they have been receiving PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab for longer than three years [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To report any clinical symptoms that may be associated with hypomagnesemia to their healthcare provider, if they have been receiving PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab for at least three months [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients to report to their healthcare provider if they are taking rilpivirine-containing products [see CONTRAINDICATIONS] or high-dose methotrexate [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
PREVACID Capsules
PREVACID SoluTab
In two 24 month carcinogenicity studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 5 to 150 mg/kg/day, about one to 40 times the exposure on a body surface (mg/m2) basis of a 50 kg person of average height [1.46 m2 body surface area (BSA)] given the recommended human dose of 30 mg/day. Lansoprazole produced dose-related gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and ECL cell carcinoids in both male and female rats. It also increased the incidence of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric epithelium in both sexes. In male rats, lansoprazole produced a dose-related increase of testicular interstitial cell adenomas. The incidence of these adenomas in rats receiving doses of 15 to 150 mg/kg/day (four to 40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the low background incidence (range = 1.4 to 10%) for this strain of rat.
In a 24 month carcinogenicity study, CD-1 mice were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 15 to 600 mg/kg/day, two to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA. Lansoprazole produced a dose-related increased incidence of gastric ECL cell hyperplasia. It also produced an increased incidence of liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma plus carcinoma). The tumor incidences in male mice treated with 300 and 600 mg/kg/day (40 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) and female mice treated with 150 to 600 mg/kg/day (20 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the ranges of background incidences in historical controls for this strain of mice. Lansoprazole treatment produced adenoma of rete testis in male mice receiving 75 to 600 mg/kg/day (10 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA).
A 26 week p53 (+/-) transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was not positive.
Lansoprazole was positive in the Ames test and the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assay. Lansoprazole was not genotoxic in the ex vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test, the in vivo mouse micronucleus test, or the rat bone marrow cell chromosomal aberration test.
Lansoprazole at oral doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.
Available data from published observational studies overall do not indicate an association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with lansoprazole treatment (see Data).
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations are unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
If PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab is administered with clarithromycin, the pregnancy information for clarithromycin also applies to the combination regimen. Refer to the prescribing information for clarithromycin for more information on use in pregnancy.
Human Data
Available data from published observational studies failed to demonstrate an association of adverse pregnancy-related outcomes and lansoprazole use. Methodological limitations of these observational studies cannot definitely establish or exclude any drug-associated risk during pregnancy. In a prospective study by the European Network of Teratology Information Services, outcomes from a group of 62 pregnant women administered median daily doses of 30 mg of lansoprazole were compared to a control group of 868 pregnant women who did not take any PPIs. There was no difference in the rate of major malformations between women exposed to PPIs and the control group, corresponding to a Relative Risk (RR)=1.04, [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.25-4.21]. In a population-based retrospective cohort study covering all live births in Denmark from 1996 to 2008, there was no significant increase in major birth defects during analysis of first trimester exposure to lansoprazole in 794 live births. A meta-analysis that compared 1,530 pregnant women exposed to PPIs in at least the first trimester with 133,410 unexposed pregnant women showed no significant increases in risk for congenital malformations or spontaneous abortion with exposure to PPIs (for major malformations Odds Ratio (OR)=1.12, [95% CI 0.86-1.45] and for spontaneous abortions OR=1.29, [95% CI 0.84-1.97]).
Animal Data
No adverse effects on embryo-fetal development occurred in studies performed in pregnant rats at oral lansoprazole doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (40 times the recommended human dose [30 mg/day] based on body surface area) administered during organogenesis and pregnant rabbits at oral lansoprazole doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (16 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) administered during organogenesis.
There is no information regarding the presence of lansoprazole in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. However, lansoprazole and its metabolites are present in rat milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab or from the underlying maternal condition.
The safety and effectiveness of PREVACID and PREVACID SoluTab have been established in pediatric patients one to 17 years of age for short-term treatment of symptomatic GERD and erosive esophagitis, however, lansoprazole was not effective in patients with symptomatic GERD one month to less than one year of age in a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged less than 28 days and one to 11 months. Compared to healthy adults receiving 30 mg, neonates had higher exposure (mean weight-based normalized AUC values 2.04 and 1.88 fold higher at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day, respectively). Infants aged ≤10 weeks had clearance and exposure values that were similar to neonates. Infants aged greater than 10 weeks who received 1 mg/kg/day had mean AUC values that were similar to adults who received a 30 mg dose.
Lansoprazole was not found to be effective in a U.S. and Polish four week multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of 162 patients between one month and less than 12 months of age with symptomatic GERD based on a medical history of crying/fussing/irritability associated with feedings who had not responded to conservative GERD management (i.e., non-pharmacologic intervention) for seven to 14 days. Patients received lansoprazole as a suspension daily (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/day in infants ≤10 weeks of age or 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg/day in infants greater than 10 weeks or placebo) for up to four weeks of double-blind treatment.
The primary efficacy endpoint was assessed by greater than 50% reduction from baseline in either the percent of feedings with a crying/fussing/irritability episode or the duration (minutes) of a crying/fussing/irritability episode within one hour after feeding.
There was no difference in the percentage of responders between the lansoprazole pediatric suspension group and placebo group (54% in both groups).
There were no adverse events reported in pediatric clinical studies (one month to less than 12 months of age) that were not previously observed in adults.
Based on the results of the Phase 3 efficacy study, lansoprazole was not shown to be effective. Therefore, these results do not support the use of lansoprazole in treating symptomatic GERD in infants.
In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multi-center study, 66 pediatric patients (one to 11 years of age) with GERD were assigned, based on body weight, to receive an initial dose of either PREVACID 15 mg daily if ≤30 kg or PREVACID 30 mg daily if greater than 30 kg administered for eight to 12 weeks. The PREVACID dose was increased (up to 30 mg twice daily) in 24 of 66 pediatric patients after two or more weeks of treatment if they remained symptomatic. At baseline 85% of patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interview), 58% had non-erosive GERD and 42% had erosive esophagitis (assessed by endoscopy).
After eight to 12 weeks of PREVACID treatment, the intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated an approximate 50% reduction in frequency and severity of GERD symptoms.
Twenty one of 27 erosive esophagitis patients were healed at eight weeks and 100% of patients were healed at 12 weeks by endoscopy (Table 4).
Table 4. GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 1 to 11
| GERD | Final Visit* % (n/N) |
| Symptomatic GERD | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms† | 76% (47/62‡) |
| Erosive Esophagitis | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms† | 81% (22/27) |
| Healing Rate | 100% (27/27) |
| *At Week 8 or Week 12 †Symptoms assessed by patients diary kept by caregiver. ‡No data were available for four pediatric patients. |
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In a study of 66 pediatric patients in the age group one year to 11 years old after treatment with PREVACID given orally in doses of 15 mg daily to 30 mg twice daily, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies. Median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 89% from 51 pg/mL at baseline to 97 pg/mL [interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of 71 to 130 pg/mL] at the final visit.
The pediatric safety of PREVACID capsules has been assessed in 66 pediatric patients aged one to 11 years of age. Of the 66 patients with GERD 85% (56/66) took PREVACID for eight weeks and 15% (10/66) took it for 12 weeks.
The most frequently reported (two or more patients) treatment-related adverse reactions in patients one to 11 years of age (N=66) were constipation (5%) and headache (3%).
In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multi-center study, 87 adolescent patients (12 to 17 years of age) with symptomatic GERD were treated with PREVACID for eight to 12 weeks. Baseline upper endoscopies classified these patients into two groups: 64 (74%) non-erosive GERD and 23 (26%) erosive esophagitis (EE). The non-erosive GERD patients received PREVACID 15 mg daily for eight weeks and the EE patients received PREVACID 30 mg daily for eight to 12 weeks. At baseline, 89% of these patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interviews). During eight weeks of PREVACID treatment, adolescent patients experienced a 63% reduction in frequency and a 69% reduction in severity of GERD symptoms based on diary results.
Twenty one of 22 (95.5%) adolescent erosive esophagitis patients were healed after eight weeks of PREVACID treatment. One patient remained unhealed after 12 weeks of treatment (Table 5).
Table 5. GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 12 to 17
| GERD | Final Visit* % (n/N) |
| Symptomatic GERD (All Patients) | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 73.2% (60/82)† |
| Non-erosive GERD | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 71.2% (42/59)† |
| Erosive Esophagitis | |
| Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 78.3% (18/23) |
| Healing Rate‡ | 95.5% (21/22)‡ |
| *Symptoms assessed by patient diary (parents/caregivers as necessary). †No data available for five patients. ‡Data from one healed patient was excluded from this analysis due to timing of final endoscopy. |
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In these 87 adolescent patients, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies, median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 42% from 45 pg/mL at baseline to 64 pg/mL [interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of 44 to 88 pg/mL] at the final visit. (Normal serum gastrin levels are 25 to 111 pg/mL.)
The safety of PREVACID capsules has been assessed in these 87 adolescent patients. Of the 87 adolescent patients with GERD, 6% (5/87) took PREVACID for less than six weeks, 93% (81/87) for six to 10 weeks, and 1% (1/87) for greater than 10 weeks.
The most frequently reported (at least 3%) treatment-related adverse reactions in these patients were headache (7%), abdominal pain (5%), nausea (3%) and dizziness (3%). Treatment-related dizziness, reported in this prescribing information as occurring in less than 1% of adult patients, was reported in this study by three adolescent patients with non-erosive GERD, who had dizziness concurrently with other reactions (such as migraine, dyspnea, and vomiting).
Of the total number of patients (n=21,486) in clinical studies of PREVACID, 16% of patients were aged 65 years and over, while 4% were 75 years and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients and other reported clinical experience has not identified significant differences in responses between geriatric and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
In patients with various degrees of chronic hepatic impairment the exposure to lansoprazole was increased compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. No dosage adjustment for PREVACID or PREVACID SoluTab is necessary for patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment. The recommended dosage is 15 mg orally daily in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
