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The chemical name for the active ingredient in nebivolol tablets is (1RS,1'RS)-1,1'-[(2RS,2'SR)-bis(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)]-2,2'-iminodiethanolhydrochloride. Nebivolol is a racemate composed of d-Nebivolol and l-Nebivolol with the stereochemical designations of [SRRR]-nebivolol and [RSSS]-nebivolol,respectively. Nebivolol's molecular formula is (C22H25F2NO4•HCl) with the following structural formula:
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Nebivolol hydrochloride is a white to off white powder that is sparingly soluble in methanol.
Nebivolol as tablets for oral administration contains nebivolol hydrochloride equivalent to 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg of nebivolol base. In addition, nebivololtablets contains the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate,microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, polysorbate 80 and sodium lauryl sulfate. Additionally, the 2.5 mg and 5 mg tablets contain FD&C yellow no. 6aluminium lake and the 10 mg tablets contain FD&C blue #2.
Nebivolol tablets are indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure [see Clinical Studies].
Nebivolol tablets may be used alone or incombination with other antihypertensive agents [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen incontrolled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes, including the class to which this drug principally belongs. There are nocontrolled trials demonstrating risk reduction with nebivolol tablets.
Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management,antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. Forspecific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's Joint National Committeeon Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).
Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials toreduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, thatis largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions inmyocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly.
Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that evenmodest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations withvarying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes orhyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.
Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approvedindications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.
The dose of nebivolol tablets must be individualized to the needs of the patient. For most patients, the recommended starting dose is 5 mg once daily, with or withoutfood, as monotherapy or in combination with other agents. For patients requiring further reduction in blood pressure, the dose can be increased at 2-week intervals up to40 mg. A more frequent dosing regimen is unlikely to be beneficial.
In patients with severe renal impairment (ClCr less than 30 mL/min) the recommended initial dose is 2.5 mg once daily; titrate up slowly if needed. Nebivolol tabletshas not been studied in patients receiving dialysis [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
In patients with moderate hepatic impairment, the recommended initial dose is 2.5 mg once daily; titrate up slowly if needed. Nebivolol tablets has not been studied inpatients with severe hepatic impairment and therefore it is not recommended in that population [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
It is not necessary to adjust the dose in the elderly [see Use In Specific Populations].
No dose adjustments are necessary for patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. The clinical effect and safety profile observed in poor metabolizers were similar tothose of extensive metabolizers [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Nebivolol is available as tablets for oral administration containing nebivolol hydrochloride equivalent to 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg of nebivolol.
2.5 mg tablets: orange, mottled, triangular, flat, unscored, uncoated tablets debossed with "U" on one side and "375" on the other side.
5 mg tablets: orange, mottled, triangular, flat, unscored, uncoated tablets debossed with "U" on one side and "376" on the other side.
10 mg tablets: light blue, mottled, triangular, flat, unscored, uncoated tablets debossed with "U" on one side and "377" on the other side.
20 mg tablets: white to off-white, triangular, flat, unscored, uncoated tablets debossed with "U" on one side and "378" on the other side.
Nebivolol is available as tablets for oral administration containing nebivolol hydrochloride equivalent to 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg of nebivolol. Nebivololtablets are supplied in the following strengths and package configurations:
2.5 mg tablets: orange, mottled, triangular, flat, unscored, uncoated tablets debossed with "U" on one side and "375" on the other side.
Bottles of 30 NDC 29300-375-13
Bottles of 90 NDC 29300-375-19
Bottles of 500 NDC 29300-375-05
5 mg tablets: orange, mottled, triangular, flat, unscored, uncoated tablets debossed with "U" on one side and "376" on the other side.
Bottles of 30 NDC 29300-376-13
Bottles of 90 NDC 29300-376-19
Bottles of 500 NDC 29300-376-05
10 mg tablets: light blue, mottled, triangular, flat, unscored, uncoated tablets debossed with "U" on one side and "377" on the other side.
Bottles of 30 NDC 29300-377-13
Bottles of 90 NDC 29300-377-19
Bottles of 500 NDC 29300-377-05
20 mg tablets: white to off-white, triangular, flat, unscored, uncoated tablets debossed with "U" on one side and "378" on the other side.
Bottles of 30 NDC 29300-378-13
Bottles of 90 NDC 29300-378-19
Bottles of 500 NDC 29300-378-05
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure.
Manufactured by: UNICHEM LABORATORIES LTD. Ind. Area, Meerut Road, Ghaziabad – 201 003, India. Revised: Apr 2020
Nebivolol has been evaluated for safety in patients with hypertension and in patients with heart failure. The observed adverse reaction profile was consistent with thepharmacology of the drug and the health status of the patients in the clinical trials. Adverse reactions reported for each of these patient populations are provided below.Excluded are adverse reactions considered too general to be informative and those not reasonably associated with the use of the drug because they were associated withthe condition being treated or are very common in the treated population
The data described below reflect worldwide clinical trial exposure to nebivolol in 6545 patients, including 5038 patients treated for hypertension and the remaining1507 subjects treated for other cardiovascular diseases. Doses ranged from 0.5 mg to 40 mg. Patients received nebivolol for up to 24 months, with over 1900 patientstreated for at least 6 months, and approximately 1300 patients for more than one year.
In placebo-controlled clinical trials comparing nebivolol with placebo, discontinuation of therapy due to adverse reactions was reported in 2.8% ofpatients treated with nebivolol and 2.2% of patients given placebo. The most common adverse reactions that led to discontinuation of nebivolol were headache (0.4%),nausea (0.2%) and bradycardia (0.2%).
Table 1 lists treatment-emergent adverse reactions that were reported in three 12-week, placebo-controlled monotherapy trials involving 1597 hypertensive patientstreated with either 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20-40 mg of nebivolol and 205 patients given placebo and for which the rate of occurrence was at least 1% of patients treated withnebivolol and greater than the rate for those treated with placebo in at least one dose group.
Table 1. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions with an Incidence (over 6 weeks) ≥ 1% in Nebivolol-Treated Patients and at a Higher Frequency thanPlacebo-Treated Patients
| System Organ Class – Preferred Term | Placebo (n = 205) (%) |
Nebivolol 5 mg (n = 459) (%) |
Nebivolol 10 mg (n = 461) (%) |
Nebivolol 20-40 mg (n = 677) (%) |
| Cardiac Disorders | ||||
| Bradycardia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | ||||
| Diarrhea | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Nausea | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| General Disorders | ||||
| Fatigue | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| Chest pain | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Peripheral edema | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Nervous System Disorders | ||||
| Headache | 6 | 9 | 6 | 7 |
| Dizziness | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Psychiatric Disorders | ||||
| Insomnia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Respiratory Disorders | ||||
| Dyspnea | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Skin and subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | ||||
| Rash | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Listed below are other reported adverse reactions with an incidence of at least 1% in the more than 4300 patients treated with nebivolol in controlled or open-label trialsexcept for those already appearing in Table 1, terms too general to be informative, minor symptoms, or adverse reactions unlikely to be attributable to drug becausethey are common in the population. These adverse reactions were in most cases observed at a similar frequency in placebo-treated patients in the controlled studies.
Body as a Whole: asthenia.
Gastrointestinal System Disorders: abdominal pain
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders: hypercholesterolemia
Nervous System Disorders: paraesthesia
In controlled monotherapy trials of hypertensive patients, nebivolol was associated with an increase in BUN, uric acid, triglycerides and a decrease in HDL cholesteroland platelet count.
The following adverse reactions have been identified from spontaneous reports of nebivolol received worldwide and have not been listed elsewhere. These adversereactions have been chosen for inclusion due to a combination of seriousness, frequency of reporting or potential causal connection to nebivolol. Adverse reactionscommon in the population have generally been omitted. Because these adverse reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possibleto estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to nebivolol exposure: abnormal hepatic function (including increased AST, ALT and bilirubin), acutepulmonary edema, acute renal failure, atrioventricular block (both second and third degree), bronchospasm, erectile dysfunction, hypersensitivity (including urticaria,allergic vasculitis and rare reports of angioedema), hypotension, myocardial infarction, pruritus, psoriasis, Raynaud's phenomenon, peripheral ischemia/claudication,somnolence, syncope, thrombocytopenia, various rashes and skin disorders, vertigo, and vomiting.
Use caution when nebivolol is co-administered with CYP2D6 inhibitors (quinidine, propafenone, fluoxetine, paroxetine, etc.) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Do not use nebivolol with other β-blockers. Closely monitor patients receiving catecholamine-depleting drugs, such as reserpine or guanethidine, because the added β-blocking action of nebivolol may produce excessive reduction of sympathetic activity. In patients who are receiving nebivolol and clonidine, discontinue nebivolol forseveral days before the gradual tapering of clonidine.
Both digitalis glycosides and β-blockers slow atrioventricular conduction and decrease heart rate. Concomitant use can increase the risk of bradycardia.
Nebivolol can exacerbate the effects of myocardial depressants or inhibitors of AV conduction, such as certain calcium antagonists (particularly of the phenylalkylamine[verapamil] and benzothiazepine [diltiazem] classes), or antiarrhythmic agents, such as disopyramide.
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
Do not abruptly discontinue nebivolol therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. Severe exacerbation of angina, myocardial infarction and ventricular arrhythmiashave been reported in patients with coronary artery disease following the abrupt discontinuation of therapy with β-blockers. Myocardial infarction and ventriculararrhythmias may occur with or without preceding exacerbation of the angina pectoris. Caution patients without overt coronary artery disease against interruption orabrupt discontinuation of therapy. As with other β-blockers, when discontinuation of nebivolol is planned, carefully observe and advise patients to minimize physicalactivity. Taper nebivolol over 1 to 2 weeks when possible. If the angina worsens or acute coronary insufficiency develops, re-start nebivolol promptly, at leasttemporarily.
Nebivolol was not studied in patients with angina pectoris or who had a recent MI.
In general, patients with bronchospastic diseases should not receive β-blockers.
Because beta-blocker withdrawal has been associated with an increased risk of MI and chest pain, patients already on beta-blockers should generally continue treatmentthroughout the perioperative period. If nebivolol is to be continued perioperatively, monitor patients closely when anesthetic agents which depress myocardial function,such as ether, cyclopropane, and trichloroethylene, are used. If β-blocking therapy is withdrawn prior to major surgery, the impaired ability of the heart to respond toreflex adrenergic stimuli may augment the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures.
The β-blocking effects of nebivolol can be reversed by β-agonists, e.g., dobutamine or isoproterenol. However, such patients may be subject to protracted severehypotension. Additionally, difficulty in restarting and maintaining the heartbeat has been reported with β-blockers.
β-blockers may mask some of the manifestations of hypoglycemia, particularly tachycardia. Nonselective β-blockers may potentiate insulin-induced hypoglycemia anddelay recovery of serum glucose levels. It is not known whether nebivolol has these effects. Advise patients subject to spontaneous hypoglycemia and diabetic patientsreceiving insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents about these possibilities.
β-blockers may mask clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, such as tachycardia. Abrupt withdrawal of β-blockers may be followed by an exacerbation of the symptoms ofhyperthyroidism or may precipitate a thyroid storm.
β-blockers can precipitate or aggravate symptoms of arterial insufficiency in patients with peripheral vascular disease.
Because of significant negative inotropic and chronotropic effects in patients treated with β-blockers and calcium channel blockers of the verapamil and diltiazem type,monitor the ECG and blood pressure in patients treated concomitantly with these agents.
Nebivolol exposure increases with inhibition of CYP2D6 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. The dose of nebivolol may need to be reduced
Renal clearance of nebivolol is decreased in patients with severe renal impairment. Nebivolol has not been studied in patients receiving dialysis [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Metabolism of nebivolol is decreased in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Nebivolol has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
While taking β-blockers, patients with a history of severe anaphylactic reactions to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated accidental, diagnostic, ortherapeutic challenge. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat allergic reactions.
In patients with known or suspected pheochromocytoma, initiate an α-blocker prior to the use of any β-blocker.
See FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION).
Advise patients to take nebivolol tablets regularly and continuously, as directed. Nebivolol tablets can be taken with or without food. If a dose is missed, take the nextscheduled dose only (without doubling it). Do not interrupt or discontinue nebivolol tablets without consulting the physician.
Patients should know how they react to this medicine before they operate automobiles, use machinery, or engage in other tasks requiring alertness.
Advise patients to consult a physician if any difficulty in breathing occurs, or if they develop signs or symptoms of worsening congestive heart failure such as weightgain or increasing shortness of breath, or excessive bradycardia.
Caution patients subject to spontaneous hypoglycemia, or diabetic patients receiving insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, that β-blockers may mask some of themanifestations of hypoglycemia, particularly tachycardia.
In a two-year study of nebivolol in mice, a statistically significant increase in the incidence of testicular Leydig cell hyperplasia and adenomas was observed at 40mg/kg/day (5 times the maximally recommended human dose of 40 mg on a mg/m2 basis). Similar findings were not reported in mice administered doses equal toapproximately 0.3 or 1.2 times the maximum recommended human dose. No evidence of a tumorigenic effect was observed in a 24-month study in Wistar rats receivingdoses of nebivolol 2.5, 10 and 40 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 0.6, 2.4, and 10 times the maximally recommended human dose). Co-administration of dihydrotestosteronereduced blood LH levels and prevented the Leydig cell hyperplasia, consistent with an indirect LH-mediated effect of nebivolol in mice and not thought to be clinicallyrelevant in man.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-and active-controlled, parallel-group study in healthy male volunteers was conducted to determine the effects of nebivolol onadrenal function, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone levels. This study demonstrated that 6 weeks of daily dosing with 10 mg of nebivolol had no significant effecton ACTH-stimulated mean serum cortisol AUC, serum LH, or serum total testosterone.
Effects on spermatogenesis were seen in male rats and mice at ≥ 40 mg/kg/day (10 and 5 times the MRHD, respectively). For rats the effects on spermatogenesis werenot reversed and may have worsened during a four week recovery period. The effects of nebivolol on sperm in mice, however, were partially reversible.
Nebivolol was not genotoxic when tested in a battery of assays (Ames, in vitro mouse lymphoma TK+/-, in vitro human peripheral lymphocytechromosome aberration, in vivo Drosophila melanogaster sex-linked recessive lethal, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus tests).
Available data regarding use of nebivolol in pregnant women are insufficient to determine whether there are drug-associated risks of adverse developmental outcomes.There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled hypertension in pregnancy. The use of beta blockers during the third trimester of pregnancymay increase the risk of hypotension, bradycardia, hypoglycemia, and respiratory depression in the neonate [see Clinical Considerations]. Oral administration ofnebivolol to pregnant rats during organogenesis resulted in embryofetal and perinatal lethality at doses approximately equivalent to the maximum recommended humandose (MRHD).
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated backgroundrisk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk
Hypertension in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, premature delivery, and delivery complications (e.g., need for cesareansection, and post-partum hemorrhage). Hypertension increases the fetal risk for intrauterine growth restriction and intrauterine death. Pregnant women withhypertension should be carefully monitored and managed accordingly.
Fetal/Neonatal adverse reactions
Neonates of women with hypertension, who are treated with beta-blockers during the third trimester of pregnancy, may be at increased risk for hypotension,bradycardia, hypoglycemia, and respiratory depression. Observe newborns for symptoms of hypotension, bradycardia, hypoglycemia and respiratory depression andmanage accordingly.
Animal Data
Nebivolol was shown to increase embryo-fetal and perinatal lethality in rats at approximately 1.2 times the MRHD or 40 mg/day on a mg/m2 basis. Decreased pup bodyweights occurred at 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg in rats, when exposed during the perinatal period (late gestation, parturition and lactation). At 5 mg/kg and higher doses (1.2times the MRHD), prolonged gestation, dystocia and reduced maternal care were produced with corresponding increases in late fetal deaths and stillbirths and decreasedbirth weight, live litter size and pup survival. These events occurred only when nebivolol was given during the perinatal period (late gestation, parturition and lactation).Insufficient numbers of pups survived at 5 mg/kg to evaluate the offspring for reproductive performance.
In studies in which pregnant rats were given nebivolol during organogenesis, reduced fetal body weights were observed at maternally toxic doses of 20 and 40mg/kg/day (5 and 10 times the MRHD), and small reversible delays in sternal and thoracic ossification associated with the reduced fetal body weights and a smallincrease in resorption occurred at 40 mg/kg/day (10 times the MRHD).
No adverse effects on embryo-fetal viability, sex, weight or morphology were observed in studies in which nebivolol was given to pregnant rabbits at doses as high as20 mg/kg/day (10 times the MRHD).
There is no information regarding the presence of nebivolol in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Nebivolol is present inrat milk [see Data].
Because of the potential for β-blockers to produce serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, especially bradycardia, nebivolol is notrecommended during nursing.
In lactating rats, maximum milk levels of unchanged nebivolol were observed at 4 hours after single and repeat doses of 2.5 mg/kg/day. The daily dose (mg/kg bodyweight) ingested by a rat pup is 0.3% of the dam dose for unchanged nebivolol.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. Pediatric studies in ages newborn to 18 years old have not been conducted because ofincomplete characterization of developmental toxicity and possible adverse effects on long-term fertility [see Nonclinical Toxicology].
Daily oral doses of nebivolol to juvenile rats from post-natal day 14 to post-natal day 27 showed sudden unexplained death at exposures equal to those in human poormetabolizers given a single dose of 10 mg. No mortality was seen at half the adult human exposure.
In surviving rats, cardiomyopathy was seen at exposures greater than or equal to the human exposure. Male rat pups exposed to twice the human exposure showeddecreases in total sperm count as well as decreases in the total and percentage of motile sperm.
Of the 2800 patients in the U.S. sponsored placebo-controlled clinical hypertension studies, 478 patients were 65 years of age or older. No overall differences in efficacyor in the incidence of adverse events were observed between older and younger patients.
In a placebo-controlled trial of 2128 patients (1067 nebivolol, 1061 placebo) over 70 years of age with chronic heart failure receiving a maximum dose of 10 mg perday for a median of 20 months, no worsening of heart failure was reported with nebivolol compared to placebo.
However, if heart failure worsens consider discontinuation of nebivolol.
In clinical trials and worldwide postmarketing experience there were reports of nebivolol overdose. The most common signs and symptoms associated with nebivololoverdosage are bradycardia and hypotension. Other important adverse reactions reported with nebivolol overdose include cardiac failure, dizziness, hypoglycemia,fatigue and vomiting. Other adverse reactions associated with β-blocker overdose include bronchospasm and heart block.
The largest known ingestion of nebivolol worldwide involved a patient who ingested up to 500 mg of nebivolol along with several 100 mg tablets of acetylsalicylic acidin a suicide attempt. The patient experienced hyperhydrosis, pallor, depressed level of consciousness, hypokinesia, hypotension, sinus bradycardia, hypoglycemia,hypokalemia, respiratory failure and vomiting. The patient recovered.
Because of extensive drug binding to plasma proteins, hemodialysis is not expected to enhance nebivolol clearance
If overdose occurs, provide general supportive and specific symptomatic treatment. Based on expected pharmacologic actions and recommendations for other β-blockers, consider the following general measures, including stopping nebivolol, when clinically warranted:
Administer IV atropine. If the response is inadequate, isoproterenol or another agent with positive chronotropic properties may be given cautiously. Undersome circumstances, transthoracic or transvenous pacemaker placement may be necessary.
Administer IV fluids and vasopressors. Intravenous glucagon may be useful.
Monitor and treat with isoproterenol infusion. Under some circumstances, transthoracic or transvenous pacemaker placement maybe necessary.
Initiate therapy with digitalis glycoside and diuretics. In certain cases, consider the use of inotropic and vasodilating agents.
Administer bronchodilator therapy such as a short acting inhaled β-agonist and/or aminophylline.
Administer IV glucose. Repeated doses of IV glucose or possibly glucagon may be required.
Supportive measures should continue until clinical stability is achieved. The half-life of low doses of nebivolol is 12-19 hours.
Call the National Poison Control Center (800-222-1222) for the most current information on β-blocker overdose treatment.
Nebivolol tablets are contraindicated in the following conditions:
Nebivolol is a β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. In extensive metabolizers (most of the population) and at doses less than or equal to 10 mg, nebivolol ispreferentially β1 selective. In poor metabolizers and at higher doses, nebivolol inhibits both β1-and β2-adrenergic receptors. Nebivolol lacks intrinsic sympathomimeticand membrane stabilizing activity at therapeutically relevant concentrations. At clinically relevant doses, nebivolol does not demonstrate α-adrenergic receptorblockade activity. Various metabolites, including glucuronides, contribute to β1-blocking activity.
The mechanism of action of the antihypertensive response of nebivolol has not been definitively established. Possible factors that may be involved include: (1)decreased heart rate, (2) decreased myocardial contractility, (3) diminution of tonic sympathetic outflow to the periphery from cerebral vasomotor centers, (4)suppression of renin activity and (5) vasodilation and decreased peripheral vascular resistance.
Nebivolol is metabolized by a number of routes, including glucuronidation and hydroxylation by CYP2D6. The active isomer (d-nebivolol) has an effective half-life ofabout 12 hours in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (most people), and 19 hours in poor metabolizers and exposure to d-nebivolol is substantially increased in poormetabolizers. This has less importance than usual, however, because the metabolites, including the hydroxyl metabolite and glucuronides (the predominant circulatingmetabolites), contribute to β-blocking activity.
Plasma levels of d–nebivolol increase in proportion to dose in EMs and PMs for doses up to 20mg. Exposure to l-nebivolol is higher than to d-nebivolol but l-nebivololcontributes little to the drug's activity as d-nebivolol's beta receptor affinity is > 1000-fold higher than l-nebivolol. For the same dose, PMs attain a 5-fold higher Cmax and 10-fold higher AUC of d-nebivolol than do EMs. d-Nebivolol accumulates about 1.5-fold with repeated once-daily dosing in EMs.
Absorption of nebivolol tablet is similar to an oral solution. The absolute bioavailability has not been determined.
Mean peak plasma nebivolol concentrations occur approximately 1.5 to 4 hours post-dosing in EMs and PMs.
Food does not alter the pharmacokinetics of nebivolol. Under fed conditions, nebivolol glucuronides are slightly reduced. Nebivolol tablets may be administeredwithout regard to meals.
The in vitro human plasma protein binding of nebivolol is approximately 98%, mostly to albumin, and is independent of nebivolol concentrations.
Nebivolol is predominantly metabolized via direct glucuronidation of parent and to a lesser extent via N-dealkylation and oxidation via cytochrome P450 2D6. Itsstereospecific metabolites contribute to the pharmacologic activity [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
After a single oral administration of 14C-nebivolol, 38% of the dose was recovered in urine and 44% in feces for EMs and 67% in urine and 13% in feces for PMs.Essentially all nebivolol was excreted as multiple oxidative metabolites or their corresponding glucuronide conjugates.
d-Nebivolol peak plasma concentration increased 3-fold, exposure (AUC) increased 10-fold, and the apparent clearance decreased by 86% in patients with moderatehepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B). No formal studies have been performed in patients with severe hepatic impairment and nebivolol should be contraindicatedfor these patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
The apparent clearance of nebivolol was unchanged following a single 5 mg dose of nebivolol tablets in patients with mild renal impairment (ClCr 50 to 80 mL/min,n=7), and it was reduced negligibly in patients with moderate (ClCr 30 to 50 mL/min, n=9), but clearance was reduced by 53% in patients with severe renal impairment(ClCr <30 mL/min, n=5). No studies have been conducted in patients on dialysis [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 can be expected to increase plasma levels of nebivolol. When nebivolol tablet is co-administered with an inhibitor or an inducer of thisenzyme, monitor patients closely and adjust the nebivolol dose according to blood pressure response. In vitro studies have demonstrated that at therapeutically relevant concentrations, d-and l-nebivolol do not inhibit any cytochrome P450 pathways.
Concomitant administration of nebivolol (10 mg once daily) and digoxin (0.25 mg once daily) for 10 days in 14 healthy adult individuals resulted in nosignificant changes in the pharmacokinetics of digoxin or nebivolol [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Administration of nebivolol (10 mg once daily for 10 days) led to no significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of nebivolol or R-or S-warfarin following asingle 10 mg dose of warfarin. Similarly, nebivolol has no significant effects on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin, as assessed by Prothrombin time and INR profilesfrom 0 to 144 hours after a single 10 mg warfarin dose in 12 healthy adult volunteers.
No pharmacokinetic interactions were observed in healthy adults between nebivolol (10 mg daily for 10 days) and furosemide (40 mg single dose),hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg once daily for 10 days), or spironolactone (25 mg once daily for 10 days).
Concomitant administration of nebivolol (10 mg once daily) and ramipril (5 mg once daily) for 10 days in 15 healthy adult volunteers produced nopharmacokinetic interactions.
Concomitant administration of nebivolol (10 mg single dose) and losartan (50 mg single dose) in 20 healthy adult volunteers did not result in pharmacokineticinteractions.
Fluoxetine, a CYP2D6 inhibitor, administered at 20 mg per day for 21 days prior to a single 10 mg dose of nebivolol to 10 healthy adults, led to an 8-foldincrease in the AUC and 3-fold increase in Cmax for d-nebivolol [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
The pharmacokinetics of nebivolol (5 mg single dose) were not affected by the co-administration of ranitidine (150 mg twice daily).Cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) causes a 23% increase in the plasma levels of d-nebivolol.
The pharmacokinetics of nebivolol (10 mg single dose) were not affected by repeated co-administration (4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 28, 36, and 48 hours after nebivololadministration) of activated charcoal (Actidose-Aqua®).
The co-administration of nebivolol and sildenafil decreased AUC and Cmax of sildenafil by 21 and 23% respectively. The effect on the Cmax and AUC for d-nebivolol was also small (< 20%). The effect on vital signs (e.g., pulse and blood pressure) was approximately the sum of the effects of sildenafil and nebivolol.
Utilizing population pharmacokinetic analyses, derived from hypertensive patients, the following drugs were observed not to have aneffect on the pharmacokinetics of nebivolol: acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, atorvastatin, esomeprazole, ibuprofen, levothyroxine sodium, metformin, sildenafil,simvastatin, or tocopherol.
No meaningful changes in the extent of in vitro binding of nebivolol to human plasma proteins were noted in the presence of high concentrations ofdiazepam, digoxin, diphenylhydantoin, enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, imipramine, indomethacin, propranolol, sulfamethazine, tolbutamide, or warfarin. Additionally,nebivolol did not significantly alter the protein binding of the following drugs: diazepam, digoxin, diphenylhydantoin, hydrochlorothiazide, imipramine, or warfarin attheir therapeutic concentrations.
The antihypertensive effectiveness of nebivolol as monotherapy has been demonstrated in three randomized, double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled trials atdoses ranging from 1.25 to 40 mg for 12 weeks (Studies 1, 2, and 3). A fourth placebo-controlled trial demonstrated additional antihypertensive effects of nebivolol atdoses ranging from 5 mg to 20 mg when administered concomitantly with up to two other antihypertensive agents (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists,and thiazide diuretics) in patients with inadequate blood pressure control.
The three monotherapy trials included a total of 2016 patients (1811 nebivolol, 205 placebo) with mild to moderate hypertension who had baseline diastolic bloodpressures (DBP) of 95 to 109 mmHg. Patients received either nebivolol or placebo once daily for twelve weeks. Two of these monotherapy trials (Studies 1 and 2)studied 1716 patients in the general hypertensive population with a mean age of 54 years, 55% males, 26% non-Caucasians, 7% diabetics and 6% genotyped as PMs.The third monotherapy trial (Study 3) studied 300 Black patients with a mean age of 51 years, 45% males, 14% diabetics, and 3% as PMs.
Placebo-subtracted blood pressure reductions by dose for each study are presented in Table 2. Most studies showed increasing response to doses above 5 mg.
Table 2 . Placebo-Subtracted Least-Square Mean Reductions in Trough Sitting Systolic/Diastolic Blood Pressure (SiSBP/SiDBP mmHg) by Dose in Studieswith Once Daily Nebivolol
| Nebivolol dose (mg) | ||||||
| 1.25 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 10 | 20 | 30-40 | |
| Study 1 | -6.6*/-5.1* | -8.5*/-5.6* | -8.1*/-5.5* | -9.2*/-6.3* | -8.7*/-6.9* | -11.7*/-8.3* |
| Study 2 | -3.8/-3.2* | -3.1/-3.9* | -6.3*/-4.5* | |||
| Study 3¶ | -1.5/-2.9 | -2.6/-4.9* | -6.0*/-6.1* | -7.2*/-6.1* | -6.8*/-5.5* | |
| Study 4^ | -5.7*/-3.3* | -3.7*/-3.5* | -6.2*/-4.6* | |||
| * p<0.05 based on pair-wise comparison vs. placebo ¶ Study enrolled only African Americans. ^Study on top of one or two other antihypertensive medications. |
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Study 4 enrolled 669 patients with a mean age of 54 years, 55% males, 54% Caucasians, 29% Blacks, 15% Hispanics, 1% Asians, 14% diabetics, and 5% PMs.Nebivolol, 5 mg to 20 mg, administered once daily concomitantly with stable doses of up to two other antihypertensive agents (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptorantagonists, and thiazide diuretics) resulted in significant additional antihypertensive effects over placebo compared to baseline blood pressure.
Effectiveness was similar in subgroups analyzed by age and sex. Effectiveness was established in Blacks, but as monotherapy the magnitude of effect was somewhatless than in Caucasians.
The blood pressure lowering effect of nebivolol was seen within two weeks of treatment and was maintained over the 24-hour dosing interval.
There are no trials of nebivolol demonstrating reductions in cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension, but at least one pharmacologically similar drug hasdemonstrated such benefits.
Nebivolol
(ne biv′ oh lol)
Tablets
Read the Patient Information that comes with nebivolol tablets before you start taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This informationdoes not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment. If you have any questions about nebivolol tablets, ask your doctor orpharmacist.
WHAT IS NEBIVOLOL TABLETS?
Nebivolol tablets are a kind of prescription medicine called a "beta-blocker". Nebivolol tablets treats:
Nebivolol tablets can lower blood pressure when used by itself and with other medicines.
Nebivolol tablets are not approved for children less than 18 years of age.
WHO SHOULD NOT TAKE NEBIVOLOL TABLETS?
Do not take nebivolol tablets if you:
WHAT SHOULD I TELL MY DOCTOR BEFORE TAKING NEBIVOLOL TABLETS?
Tell your doctor about all of your medical problems, including if you:
Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take. Include prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Nebivolol tablets and certainother medicines can affect each other and cause serious side effects.
Keep a list of all the medicines you take. Show this list to your doctor and pharmacist before you start a new medicine.
HOW SHOULD I TAKE NEBIVOLOL TABLETS?
WHAT ARE POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF NEBIVOLOL TABLETS?
Tell your doctor if you have any side effects that bother you or don't go away.
HOW SHOULD I STORE NEBIVOLOL TABLETS?
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT NEBIVOLOL TABLETS
Doctors sometimes prescribe medicines for conditions not included in the patient information leaflets.
This leaflet summarizes the most important information about nebivolol tablets. For more information:
Additional patient information labeling can be obtained by calling Unichem at 1-866-562-4616.
WHAT IS IN NEBIVOLOL TABLETS?
Active Ingredient: Nebivolol
Inactive Ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose,pregelatinized starch, polysorbate 80 and sodium lauryl sulfate. Additionally, the 2.5 mg and 5 mg tablets contain FD&C yellow no. 6 aluminium lake and the 10 mgtablets contain FD&C blue #2
WHAT IS HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (HYPERTENSION)?
Blood pressure is the force in your blood vessels when your heart beats and when your heart rests. You have high blood pressure when the force is too great.
High blood pressure makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the body and causes damage to the blood vessels. Nebivolol tablets can help your bloodvessels relax so your blood pressure is lower. Medicines that lower your blood pressure lower your chance of having a stroke or heart attack.
