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MULTAQ
(dronedarone) Tablets
WARNING
INCREASED RISK OF DEATH, STROKE AND HEART FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE OR PERMANENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
In patients with symptomatic heart failure and recent decompensation requiring hospitalization or NYHA Class IV heart failure; MULTAQ doubles the risk of death. MULTAQ is contraindicated in patients with symptomatic heart failure with recent decompensation requiring hospitalization or NYHA Class IV heart failure.
In patients with permanent atrial fibrillation, MULTAQ doubles the risk of death, stroke and hospitalization for heart failure. MULTAQ is contraindicated in patients in atrial fibrillation (AF) who will not or cannot be cardioverted into normal sinus rhythm.
Dronedarone HCl is a benzofuran derivative with the following chemical name: N-{2-butyl-3-[4-(3-dibutylaminopropoxy)benzoyl]benzofuran-5-yl} methanesulfonamide, hydrochloride.
Dronedarone HCl is a white fine powder that is practically insoluble in water and freely soluble in methylene chloride and methanol.
Its empirical formula is C31H44N2O5 S, HCl with a relative molecular mass of 593.2. Its structural formula is:
 |
MULTAQ is provided as tablets for oral administration.
Each tablet of MULTAQ contains 400 mg of dronedarone (expressed as base).
The inactive ingredients are:
Core of the tablets-hypromellose, starch, crospovidone, poloxamer 407, lactose monohydrate, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate.
Coating / polishing of the tablets-hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 6000, titanium dioxide, carnauba wax.
MULTAQ® is indicated to reduce the risk of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in patients in sinus rhythm with a history of paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) [see Clinical Studies].
The recommended dosage of MULTAQ is 400 mg twice daily in adults. MULTAQ should be taken as one tablet with the morning meal and one tablet with the evening meal.
Treatment with Class I or III antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone, flecainide, propafenone, quinidine, disopyramide, dofetilide, sotalol) or drugs that are strong inhibitors of CYP3A (e.g., ketoconazole) must be stopped before starting MULTAQ [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
MULTAQ 400 mg tablets are provided as white film-coated tablets for oral administration, oblong-shaped, engraved with a double wave marking on one side and “4142” code on the other side.
MULTAQ 400-mg tablets are provided as white film-coated tablets for oral administration, oblong-shaped, engraved with a double wave marking on one side and “4142” code on the other side in:
Bottles of 60 tablets, NDC 0024-4142-60
Bottles of 180 tablets, NDC 0024-4142-18
Bottles of 500 tablets NDC 0024-4142-50
Box of 10 blisters (10 tablets per blister) NDC 0024-4142-10
Store at 25°C (77°F): excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F), [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Manufactured by Sanofi Winthrop Industrie 1, rue de la Vierge 33440 Ambares, France. sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC Bridgewater, NJ 08807 A Sanofi Company. Revised: Jan 2014.
The following safety concerns are described elsewhere in the label:
The safety evaluation of dronedarone 400 mg twice daily in patients with AF or AFL is based on 5 placebo controlled studies, ATHENA, EURIDIS, ADONIS, ERATO and DAFNE. In these studies, a total of 6285 patients were randomized and treated, 3282 patients with MULTAQ 400 mg twice daily, and 2875 with placebo. The mean exposure across studies was 12 months. In ATHENA, the maximum follow-up was 30 months.
In clinical trials, premature discontinuation because of adverse reactions occurred in 11.8% of the dronedarone-treated patients and in 7.7% of the placebo-treated group. The most common reasons for discontinuation of therapy with MULTAQ were gastrointestinal disorders (3.2 % versus 1.8% in the placebo group) and QT prolongation (1.5% versus 0.5% in the placebo group).
The most frequent adverse reactions observed with MULTAQ 400 mg twice daily in the 5 studies were diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and asthenia.
Table 1 displays adverse reactions more common with dronedarone 400 mg twice daily than with placebo in AF or AFL patients, presented by system organ class and by decreasing order of frequency. Adverse laboratory and ECG effects are presented separately in Table 2.
Table 1: Adverse Drug Reactions that Occurred in at Least
1% of Patients and Were More Frequent than Placebo
| Placebo (N=2875) |
Dronedarone 400 mg twice daily (N=3282) |
|
| Gastrointestinal | ||
| Diarrhea | 6% | 9% |
| Nausea | 3% | 5% |
| Abdominal pain | 3% | 4% |
| Vomiting | 1% | 2% |
| Dyspeptic signs and symptoms | 1% | 2% |
| General | ||
| Asthenic conditions | 5% | 7% |
| Cardiac | ||
| Bradycardia | 1% | 3% |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue | ||
| Including rashes (generalized, macular, maculo-papular, erythematous), pruritus, eczema, dermatitis, dermatitis allergic | 3% | 5% |
Photosensitivity reaction and dysgeusia have also been reported at an incidence less than 1% in patients treated with MULTAQ.
The following laboratory data/ECG parameters were reported with MULTAQ 400 mg twice daily.
Table 2: Laboratory data/ECG
parameters not necessarily reported as adverse events
| Placebo | MULTAQ 400 mg twice daily | |
| (N=2875) | (N=3282) | |
| Early increases in creatinine ≥ 10% | 21% | 51% |
| (N=2237) | (N=2701) | |
| QTc prolonged | 19% | 28% |
Assessment of demographic factors such as gender or age on the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events did not suggest an excess of adverse events in any particular sub-group.
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of MULTAQ. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of an unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Cardiac: New or worsening heart failure [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Atrial flutter with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction has been reported very rarely.
Hepatic: Liver Injury [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Respiratory: Interstitial lung disease including pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Immune: Anaphylactic reactions including angioedema
Vascular: Vasculitis, including leukocytoclastic vasculitis
Co-administration of drugs prolonging the QT interval (such as certain phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, certain macrolide antibiotics, and Class I and III antiarrhythmics) is contraindicated because of the potential risk of Torsade de Pointes-type ventricular tachycardia [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
In the ANDROMEDA (patients with recently decompensated heart failure) and PALLAS (patients with permanent AF) trials baseline use of digoxin was associated with an increased risk of arrhythmic or sudden death in dronedarone-treated patients compared to placebo. In patients not taking digoxin, no difference in risk of sudden death was observed in the dronedarone vs. placebo groups. [See Clinical Trials].
Digoxin can potentiate the electrophysiologic effects of dronedarone (such as decreased AV-node conduction). Dronedarone increases exposure to digoxin [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Consider discontinuing digoxin. If digoxin treatment is continued, halve the dose of digoxin, monitor serum levels closely, and observe for toxicity.
Calcium channel blockers with depressant effects on the sinus and AV nodes could potentiate dronedarone's effects on conduction.
Give a low dose of calcium channel blockers initially and increase only after ECG verification of good tolerability [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
In clinical trials, bradycardia was more frequently observed when dronedarone was given in combination with beta-blockers.
Give a low dose of beta-blockers initially, and increase only after ECG verification of good tolerability [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Concomitant use of ketoconazole as well as other potent CYP 3A inhibitors such as itraconazole, voriconazole, ritonavir, clarithromycin, and nefazodone is contraindicated because exposure to dronedarone is significantly increased [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Patients should avoid grapefruit juice beverages while taking MULTAQ because exposure to dronedarone is significantly increased [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Avoid rifampin or other CYP 3A inducers such as phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and St John's wort because they decrease exposure to dronedarone significantly [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Verapamil and diltiazem are moderate CYP 3A inhibitors and increase dronedarone exposure. Give a low dose of calcium channel blockers initially and increase only after ECG verification of good tolerability [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Dronedarone increased simvastatin/simvastatin acid exposure. Avoid doses greater than 10 mg once daily of simvastatin [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Because of multiple mechanisms of interaction with statins (CYPs and transporters), follow statin label recommendations for use with CYP 3A and P-gp inhibitors such as dronedarone.
Dronedarone increased the exposure of calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem or nifedipine). Give a low dose of calcium channel blockers initially and increase only after ECG verification of good tolerability [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Dronedarone can increase plasma concentrations of tacrolimus, sirolimus, and other CYP 3A substrates with a narrow therapeutic range when given orally. Monitor plasma concentrations and adjust dosage appropriately.
Dronedarone increased the exposure of propranolol and metoprolol. Give low doses of beta-blockers initially, and increase only after ECG verification of good tolerability. Other CYP 2D6 substrates, including other beta-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may have increased exposure upon co-administration with dronedarone [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Digoxin
Dronedarone increased digoxin exposure by inhibiting the P-gp transporter. Consider discontinuing digoxin. If digoxin treatment is continued, halve the dose of digoxin, monitor serum levels closely, and observe for toxicity [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Dabigatran
Exposure to dabigatran is higher when it is administered with dronedarone than when it is administered alone.
Other P-gp substrates are expected to have increased exposure when co-administered with dronedarone.
Warfarin
When co-administered with dronedarone exposure to S-warfarin was slightly higher than when warfarin was administered alone. There were no clinically significant increases in INR [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
More patients experienced clinically significant INR elevations ( ≥ 5) usually within 1 week after starting dronedarone vs. placebo in patients taking oral anticoagulants in ATHENA. However, no excess risk of bleeding was observed in the dronedarone group.
Postmarketing cases of increased INR with or without bleeding events have been reported in warfarin-treated patients initiated on dronedarone. Monitor INR after initiating dronedarone in patients taking warfarin.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
MULTAQ is contraindicated in patients with NYHA Class IV heart failure or symptomatic heart failure with recent decompensation requiring hospitalization because it doubles the risk of death.
MULTAQ doubles the risk of cardiovascular death (largely arrhythmic) and heart failure events in patients with permanent AF. Patients treated with dronedarone should undergo monitoring of cardiac rhythm no less often than every 3 months. Cardiovert patients who are in atrial fibrillation (if clinically indicated) or discontinue MULTAQ. MULTAQ offers no benefit in subjects in permanent AF.
In a placebo-controlled study in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation, dronedarone was associated with an increased risk of stroke, particularly in the first two weeks of therapy [see Clinical Studies]. MULTAQ should only be initiated in patients in sinus rhythm who are receiving appropriate antithrombotic therapy [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
New onset or worsening of heart failure has been reported during treatment with MULTAQ in the postmarketing setting. In a placebo controlled study in patients with permanent AF increased rates of heart failure were observed in patients with normal left ventricular function and no history of symptomatic heart failure, as well as those with a history of heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction.
Advise patients to consult a physician if they develop signs or symptoms of heart failure, such as weight gain, dependent edema, or increasing shortness of breath. If heart failure develops or worsens and requires hospitalization, discontinue MULTAQ.
Hepatocellular liver injury, including acute liver failure requiring transplant, has been reported in patients treated with MULTAQ in the postmarketing setting. Advise patients treated with MULTAQ to report immediately symptoms suggesting hepatic injury (such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever, malaise, fatigue, right upper quadrant pain, jaundice, dark urine, or itching). Consider obtaining periodic hepatic serum enzymes, especially during the first 6 months of treatment, but it is not known whether routine periodic monitoring of serum enzymes will prevent the development of severe liver injury. If hepatic injury is suspected, promptly discontinue MULTAQ and test serum enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase, as well as serum bilirubin, to establish whether there is liver injury. If liver injury is found, institute appropriate treatment and investigate the probable cause. Do not restart MULTAQ in patients without another explanation for the observed liver injury.
Cases of interstitial lung disease including pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis have been reported in patients treated with MULTAQ in the post-marketing setting [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Onset of dyspnea or non-productive cough may be related to pulmonary toxicity and patients should be carefully evaluated clinically. If pulmonary toxicity is confirmed, MULTAQ should be discontinued.
Hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia may occur with concomitant administration of potassium-depleting diuretics. Potassium levels should be within the normal range prior to administration of MULTAQ and maintained in the normal range during administration of MULTAQ.
Dronedarone induces a moderate (average of about 10 ms but much greater effects have been observed) QTc (Bazett) prolongation [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and Clinical Studies]. If the QTc Bazett interval is ≥ 500 ms, discontinue MULTAQ [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Marked increase in serum creatinine, pre-renal azotemia and acute renal failure, often in the setting of heart failure [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] or hypovolemia, have been reported in patients taking MULTAQ. In most cases, these effects appear to be reversible upon drug discontinuation and with appropriate medical treatment. Monitor renal function periodically.
Small increases in creatinine levels (about 0.1 mg/dL) following dronedarone treatment initiation have been shown to be a result of inhibition of creatinine's tubular secretion. The elevation has a rapid onset, reaches a plateau after 7 days and is reversible after discontinuation.
Premenopausal women who have not undergone a hysterectomy or oophorectomy must use effective contraception while using MULTAQ. Dronedarone caused fetal harm in animal studies at doses equivalent to recommended human doses. Counsel women of childbearing potential regarding appropriate contraceptive choices [see Use In Specific Populations].
[See Medication Guide]
MULTAQ should be administered with a meal. Warn patients not to take MULTAQ with grapefruit juice.
If a dose is missed, patients should take the next dose at the regularly scheduled time and should not double the dose.
Advise patients to consult a physician before stopping treatment with MULTAQ.
Advise patients to consult a physician if they develop signs or symptoms of heart failure such as acute weight gain, dependent edema, or increasing shortness of breath.
Advise patients to immediately report any symptoms of potential liver injury (such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever, malaise, fatigue, right upper quadrant abdominal discomfort, jaundice, dark urine or itching) to their physician.
Advise patients to inform their physician of any history of heart failure, rhythm disturbance other than atrial fibrillation or flutter or predisposing conditions such as uncorrected hypokalemia.
MULTAQ may interact with some drugs; therefore, advise patients to report to their doctor the use of any other prescription, non-prescription medication or herbal products, particularly St. John's wort.
In studies in which dronedarone was administered to rats and mice for up to 2 years at doses of up to 70 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day, respectively, there was an increased incidence of histiocytic sarcomas in dronedarone-treated male mice (300 mg/kg/day or 5X the maximum recommended human dose based on AUC comparisons), mammary adenocarcinomas in dronedarone-treated female mice (300 mg/kg/day or 8X MRHD based on AUC comparisons) and hemangiomas in dronedarone-treated male rats (70 mg/kg/day or 5X MRHD based on AUC comparisons).
Dronedarone did not demonstrate genotoxic potential in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test, the Ames bacterial mutation assay, the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, or an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in human lymphocytes. S-9 processed dronedarone, however, was positive in a V79 transfected Chinese hamster V79 assay.
In fertility studies conducted with female rats, dronedarone given prior to breeding and implantation caused an increase in irregular estrus cycles and cessation of cycling at doses ≥ 10mg/kg (equivalent to 0.12X the MRHD on a mg/m² basis).
Corpora lutea, implantations and live fetuses were decreased at 100 mg/kg (equivalent to 1.2X the MRHD on a mg/m² basis). There were no reported effects on mating behavior or fertility of male rats at doses of up to 100 mg/kg/day.
Pregnancy Category X [see CONTRAINDICATIONS] MULTAQ may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. In animal studies, dronedarone was teratogenic in rats at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), and in rabbits at half the MRHD. If this drug is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
When pregnant rats received dronedarone at oral doses greater than or equal to the MRHD (on a mg/m²basis), fetuses had increased rates of external, visceral and skeletal malformations (cranioschisis, cleft palate, incomplete evagination of pineal body, brachygnathia, partially fused carotid arteries, truncus arteriosus, abnormal lobation of the liver, partially duplicated inferior vena cava, brachydactyly, ectrodactylia, syndactylia, and anterior and/or posterior club feet). When pregnant rabbits received dronedarone, at a dose approximately half the MRHD (on a mg/m²basis), fetuses had an increased rate of skeletal abnormalities (anomalous ribcage and vertebrae, pelvic asymmetry) at doses ≥ 20 mg/kg (the lowest dose tested and approximately half the MRHD on a mg/m²basis).
Actual animal doses: rat ( ≥ 80 mg/kg/day); rabbit ( ≥ 20 mg/kg)
It is not known whether MULTAQ is excreted in human milk. Dronedarone and its metabolites are excreted in rat milk. During a pre-and post-natal study in rats, maternal dronedarone administration was associated with minor reduced body-weight gain in the offspring. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from MULTAQ, discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Safety and efficacy in children below the age of 18 years have not been established.
More than 4500 patients with AF or AFL aged 65 years or above were included in the MULTAQ clinical program (of whom more than 2000 patients were 75 years or older). Efficacy and safety were similar in elderly and younger patients.
Patients with renal impairment were included in clinical studies. Because renal excretion of dronedarone is minimal [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], no dosing alteration is needed.
Dronedarone is extensively metabolized by the liver. There is little clinical experience with moderate hepatic impairment and none with severe impairment. No dosage adjustment is recommended for moderate hepatic impairment [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
In the event of overdosage, monitor the patient's cardiac rhythm and blood pressure. Treatment should be supportive and based on symptoms.
It is not known whether dronedarone or its metabolites can be removed by dialysis (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or hemofiltration). There is no specific antidote available.
MULTAQ is contraindicated in patients with:
The mechanism of action of dronedarone is unknown. Dronedarone has antiarrhythmic properties belonging to all four Vaughan-Williams classes, but the contribution of each of these activities to the clinical effect is unknown.
Dronedarone exhibits properties of all four Vaughn-Williams antiarrhythmic classes, although it is unclear which of these are important in producing dronedarone's clinical effects. The effect of dronedarone on 12-lead ECG parameters (heart rate, PR, and QTc) was investigated in healthy subjects following repeated oral doses up to 1600 mg once daily or 800 mg twice daily for 14 days and 1600 mg twice daily for 10 days. In the dronedarone 400 mg twice daily group, there was no apparent effect on heart rate; a moderate heart rate lowering effect (about 4 bpm) was noted at 800 mg twice daily. There was a clear dose-dependent effect on PR-interval with an increase of +5 ms at 400 mg twice daily and up to +50 ms at 1600 mg twice daily. There was a moderate dose related effect on the QTc-interval with an increase of +10 ms at 400 mg twice daily and up to +25 ms with 1600 mg twice daily.
DAFNE was a dose-response study in patients with recurrent AF, evaluating the effect of dronedarone in comparison with placebo in maintaining sinus rhythm. The doses of dronedarone in this study were 400, 600, and 800 mg twice a day. In this small study, doses above 400 mg were not more effective and were less well tolerated.
Dronedarone is extensively metabolized and has low systemic bioavailability; its bioavailability is increased by meals. Its elimination half life is 13-19 hours.
Because of presystemic first pass metabolism the absolute bioavailability of dronedarone without food is low, about 4%. It increases to approximately 15% when dronedarone is administered with a high fat meal. After oral administration in fed conditions, peak plasma concentrations of dronedarone and the main circulating active metabolite (N-debutyl metabolite) are reached within 3 to 6 hours. After repeated administration of 400 mg twice daily, steady state is reached within 4 to 8 days of treatment and the mean accumulation ratio for dronedarone ranges from 2.6 to 4.5. The steady state Cmax and exposure of the main N-debutyl metabolite is similar to that of the parent compound. The pharmacokinetics of dronedarone and its N-debutyl metabolite both deviate moderately from dose proportionality: a 2-fold increase in dose results in an approximate 2.5-to 3.0-fold increase with respect to Cmax and AUC.
The in vitro plasma protein binding of dronedarone and its N-debutyl metabolite is > 98 % and not saturable. Both compounds bind mainly to albumin. After intravenous (IV) administration the volume of distribution at steady state is about 1400 L.
Dronedarone is extensively metabolized, mainly by CYP 3A. The initial metabolic pathway includes N-debutylation to form the active N-debutyl metabolite, oxidative deamination to form the inactive propanoic acid metabolite, and direct oxidation. The metabolites undergo further metabolism to yield over 30 uncharacterized metabolites. The N-debutyl metabolite exhibits pharmacodynamic activity but is 1/10 to 1/3 as potent as dronedarone.
In a mass balance study with orally administered dronedarone (14C-labeled) approximately 6% of the labeled dose was excreted in urine, mainly as metabolites (no unchanged compound excreted in urine), and 84% was excreted in feces, mainly as metabolites. Dronedarone and its N-debutyl active metabolite accounted for less than 15% of the resultant radioactivity in the plasma.
After IV administration the plasma clearance of dronedarone ranges from 130 to 150 L/h. The elimination half-life of dronedarone ranges from 13 to 19 hours.
Dronedarone exposures are on average 30% higher in females than in males.
Pharmacokinetic differences related to race were not formally assessed. However, based on a cross study comparison, following single dose administration (400 mg), Asian males (Japanese) have about a 2-fold higher exposure than Caucasian males. The pharmacokinetics of dronedarone in other races has not been assessed.
Of the total number of subjects in clinical studies of dronedarone, 73% were 65 years of age and over and 34% were 75 and over. In patients aged 65 years old and above, dronedarone exposures are 23% higher than in patients less than 65 years old [see Use In Specific Populations].
In subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, the mean dronedarone exposure increased by 1.3fold relative to subjects with normal hepatic function and the mean exposure of the N-debutyl metabolite decreased by about 50%. Pharmacokinetic data were significantly more variable in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment.
The effect of severe hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of dronedarone was not assessed [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Consistent with the low renal excretion of dronedarone, no pharmacokinetic difference was observed in subjects with mild or moderate renal impairment compared to subjects with normal renal function [see Use in Specific Populations]. No pharmacokinetic difference was observed in patients with mild to severe renal impairment in comparison with patients with normal renal function.
Dronedarone is metabolized primarily by CYP 3A and is a moderate inhibitor of CYP 3A and CYP 2D6. Dronedarone has no significant potential to inhibit CYP 1A2, CYP 2C9, CYP 2C19, CYP 2C8 and CYP 2B6. It has the potential to inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport. Dronedarone inhibits in vivo the tubular secretion of creatinine a substrate of the organic cation transporter (OCT2) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. In vitro studies demonstrate that dronedarone or its metabolites are weak inhibitors of organic cation transporter (OCT1), organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1, OATP1B3), and organic anion transporter (OAT3). Monamine oxidases contribute partially to the metabolism of the active metabolite of dronedarone.
Pharmacokinetic measures indicating the magnitude of these interactions are presented in Figure 1 (impact of co-administered drugs on dronedarone) and Figure 2 (impact of dronedarone on coadministered drugs).
Figure 1: The impact of co-administered drugs on the
pharmacokinetics of dronedarone and recommendations for dronedarone coadministration
or dose adjustment
 |
Figure 2: The impact of
dronedarone on co-administered drugs and recommendations for dose adjustment of
co-administered drug
 |
Dronedarone was teratogenic in rats given oral doses ≥ 80 mg/kg/day (a dose equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose [MHRD] on a mg/m² basis), with fetuses showing external, visceral and skeletal malformations (cranioschisis, cleft palate, incomplete evagination of pineal body, brachygnathia, partially fused carotid arteries, truncus arteriosus, abnormal lobation of the liver, partially duplicated inferior vena cava, brachydactyly, ectrodactylia, syndactylia, and anterior and/or posterior club feet). In rabbits, dronedarone caused an increase in skeletal abnormalities (anomalous ribcage and vertebrae, pelvic asymmetry) at doses ≥ 20 mg/kg (the lowest dose tested and approximately half the MRHD on a mg/m² basis).
ATHENA was a multicenter, multinational, double blind, and randomized placebo-controlled study of dronedarone in 4628 patients with a recent history of AF/AFL who were in sinus rhythm or who were to be converted to sinus rhythm. The objective of the study was to determine whether dronedarone could delay death from any cause or hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons.
Initially patients were to be ≥ 70 years old, or < 70 years old with at least one risk factor (including hypertension, diabetes, prior cerebrovascular accident, left atrial diameter ≥ 50 mm or LVEF < 0.40). The inclusion criteria were later changed such that patients were to be ≥ 75 years old, or ≥ 70 years old with at least one risk factor. Patients had to have both AF/AFL and sinus rhythm documented within the previous 6 months. Patients could have been in AF/AFL or in sinus rhythm at the time of randomization, but patients not in sinus rhythm were expected to be either electrically or chemically converted to normal sinus rhythm after anticoagulation.
Subjects were randomized and treated for up to 30 months (median follow-up: 22 months) with either MULTAQ 400 mg twice daily (2301 patients) or placebo (2327 patients), in addition to conventional therapy for cardiovascular diseases that included beta-blockers (71%), ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (69%), digoxin (14%), calcium antagonists (14%), statins (39%), oral anticoagulants (60%), aspirin (44%), other chronic antiplatelet therapy (6%) and diuretics (54%).
The primary endpoint of the study was the time to first hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons or death from any cause. Time to death from any cause, time to first hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons, and time to cardiovascular death and time to all causes of death were also explored.
Patients ranged in age from 23 to 97 years; 42% were 75 years old or older. Forty-seven percent (47%) of patients were female and a majority was Caucasian (89%). Approximately seventy percent (71%) of those enrolled had no history of heart failure. The median ejection fraction was 60%. Twenty-nine percent (29%) of patients had heart failure, mostly NYHA class II (17%). The majority had hypertension (86%) and structural heart disease (60%).
Results are shown in Table 3. MULTAQ reduced the combined endpoint of cardiovascular hospitalization or death from any cause by 24.2% when compared to placebo. This difference was entirely attributable to its effect on cardiovascular hospitalization, principally hospitalization related to AF.
Other endpoints, death from any cause and first hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons, are shown in Table 3. Secondary endpoints count all first events of a particular type, whether or not they were preceded by a different type of event.
Table 3: Incidence of Endpoint Events
| Placebo (N= 2327) | MULTAQ 400mg BID (N= 2301) | HR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Primary endpoint | |||||
| Cardiovascular hospitalization or death from any cause | 913 (39.2%) | 727 (31.6%) | 0.76 | [0.68 -0.83] |
PATIENT INFORMATIONMULTAQ Read this Medication Guide before you start taking MULTAQ and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment. What is the most important information I should know about MULTAQ? MULTAQ can cause serious side effects. Do not take MULTAQ if you: 1. have symptoms of heart failure that recently worsened and you were hospitalized, or if you have severe heart failure. MULTAQ doubles your risk of dying if you have these conditions. Heart failure means your heart does not pump blood through your body as well as it should. Call your doctor right away if you have any signs or symptoms of heart failure during treatment with MULTAQ:
2. have a type of atrial fibrillation (irregular heart rhythm) called permanent atrial fibrillation (AF). You and your doctor may decide not to try to change your heart rhythm back to a normal heart rhythm or your heart rhythm cannot be changed back to a normal rhythm. If you have permanent AF and take MULTAQ, you have a higher risk of death, stroke, and needing to be treated in a hospital for your heart failure. Your doctor will monitor your heart rhythm regularly to make sure your heartbeat keeps a normal rhythm. Call your doctor right away if you notice that your pulse is irregular during treatment with MULTAQ. This is a sign that you are in atrial fibrillation. MULTAQ may cause liver problems, including life-threatening liver failure. Your doctor may order blood tests to check your liver before you start taking MULTAQ and during treatment. In some cases MULTAQ treatment may need to be stopped. Call your doctor right away if you develop any of these signs and symptoms of liver problems during treatment with MULTAQ:
What is MULTAQ? MULTAQ is a prescription medicine used to lower the chance that you will need to go into the hospital for atrial fibrillation. It is meant for people who have had certain types of atrial fibrillation (paroxysmal or persistent AF) in the past, but are now in normal rhythm. It is not known if MULTAQ is safe and effective in children younger than age 18 years old. Who should not take MULTAQ? See “What is the most important information I should know about taking MULTAQ?” Do not take MULTAQ if:
Ask your doctor if you are not sure if your medicine is one that is listed above.
What should I tell my doctor before taking MULTAQ? Before taking MULTAQ, tell your doctor if you:
Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. MULTAQ and certain other medicines can react with each other, causing serious side effects. Especially tell your doctor and pharmacist if you take:
Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them and show it to your doctor and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. How should I take MULTAQ?
What should I avoid while taking MULTAQ? Do not drink grapefruit juice while you are being treated with MULTAQ. Grapefruit juice can increase the amount of MULTAQ in your blood and increase the likelihood that you will have a side effect of MULTAQ. What are the possible side effects of MULTAQ? MULTAQ may cause serious side effects, including:
The most common side effects of MULTAQ include:
Tell your doctor about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of MULTAQ. For more information ask your doctor or pharmacist. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store MULTAQ? Store MULTAQ at room temperature (59 -86°F or 15 -30°C). Keep MULTAQ and all medicines out of the reach of children. General information about MULTAQ Medicines are sometimes used for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use MULTAQ for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give MULTAQ to other people, even if they have the same symptoms or condition. It may harm them. This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about MULTAQ. If you would like more information:
What are the ingredients in MULTAQ? Active ingredient: dronedarone Inactive ingredients: hypromellose, starch, crospovidone, poloxamer 407, lactose monohydrate, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol 6000, titanium dioxide, carnauba wax From
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