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GOPRELTO
(cocaine hydrochloride) Nasal Solution
WARNING
ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
CNS stimulants, including cocaine hydrochloride, have a high potential for abuse and dependence [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS.]
GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution for intranasal use contains a 4% solution, 160 mg/4 mL (40 mg/mL), equivalent to 142.4 mg/4mL (35.6 mg/mL) cocaine free-base, an ester local anesthetic.
The chemical name for cocaine hydrochloride is methyl (1S,3S,4R,5R)-3-benzoyloxy-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylate hydrochloride. The molecular formula is C17H21NO4·HCl and the molecular weight is 339.81. The structural formula is:
 |
Inactive ingredients are anhydrous citric acid, D&C Yellow No. 10, FD&C Green No. 3, sodium benzoate, and purified water.
GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution is indicated for the induction of local anesthesia of the mucous membranes when performing diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the nasal cavities in adults.
The recommended dose of GOPRELTO is two soaked cottonoid pledgets placed in each nasal cavity, equivalent to 40 mg cocaine hydrochloride per pledget, for a total dose of 160 mg for four pledgets. The total dose for any one procedure or surgery should not exceed 160 mg, or 3 mg/kg, cocaine hydrochloride.
The recommended size of cottonoid pledgets for use with GOPRELTO measure 1.3 cm × 4 cm (sold separately).
Pour the full contents of one 4 mL (160 mg) bottle of GOPRELTO into a small container. Soak four cottonoid pledgets until the solution is fully absorbed.
Following soaking, place two pledgets in each nasal cavity against the septum.
Leave pledgets in place for up to twenty minutes. Remove pledgets and continue with the procedure. Discard pledgets and dispose of any unused portion of solution in accordance with institutional procedures for CII products.
GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution is provided as a 4% solution, 160 mg/4 mL (40 mg/mL), equivalent to 142.4 mg/4mL (35.6 mg/mL) cocaine free-base, and is a clear, green-colored solution in a single-use bottle.
GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution is a clear, green colored liquid available as one dosage strength:
160 mg/4 mL (40 mg/mL or 4%) cocaine hydrochloride, equivalent to 142.4 mg/4mL (35.6 mg/mL) cocaine free-base
NDC # 64950-359-04: Single-use 4 mL bottle
Store upright at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP, Controlled Room Temperature (CRT)]. Avoid freezing.
Manufactured by and Distributed by: Genus Lifesciences Inc., 514 North 12 Street, Allentown, PA 18102. Revised: Dec 2017
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
GOPRELTO has been evaluated in four Phase 1 studies and one Phase 3 study, which included 647 adult subjects who received a single topical intranasal 160 mg dose (four pledgets), of GOPRELTO. The randomized, double-blind, controlled Phase 3 study was conducted in adult patients undergoing diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the mucous membranes of the nasal cavities, of which 278 received GOPRELTO (4% solution), 275 received cocaine hydrochloride solution 8%, and 95 received placebo. Safety was evaluated for up to 7 days after dosing.
The most commonly reported adverse reactions (>1 patient) to occur in the Phase 3 study with GOPRELTO (4% solution) were headache and epistaxis. Two adverse reactions of headache were severe (Table 1).
No premature discontinuations due to an adverse event, serious adverse events, or deaths were reported in the Phase 3 clinical study.
Table 1: Common Adverse Reactions with GOPRELTO in
> 1 Patient
| System Organ Class / Preferred Term | GOPRELTO 4% (N=278) |
Cocaine Hydrochloride Solution 8% (N=275) |
Placebo (N=95) |
| Nervous System Disorders | |||
| Headache | 7 (3%) | 4 (2%) | 1 (1%) |
| Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders | |||
| Epistaxis | 3 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 0 |
| Psychiatric Disorders | |||
| Anxiety | 0 | 2 (1%) | 0 |
Published literature reported that disulfiram treatment increased plasma cocaine exposure, including both AUC and Cmax, by several fold after acute intranasal cocaine administration. Other literature reported that co-administration of disulfiram increased AUC of plasma cocaine by several fold after intravenous cocaine administration [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Avoid using GOPRELTO in patients taking disulfiram. Consider using other local anesthetic agents.
There are reports in the published literature of myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and ventricular arrhythmias after concomitant administration of topical intranasal cocaine with epinephrine and phenylephrine during nasal and sinus surgery.
Avoid use of additional vasoconstrictor agents such as epinephrine and phenylephrine with GOPRELTO during nasal and sinus surgery. If concomitant use is unavoidable, prolonged vital sign and ECG monitoring may be required [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Cocaine has been described in literature to be primarily metabolized and inactivated by nonenzymatic ester hydrolysis and hepatic carboxylesterase, and also by plasma cholinesterase, hepatic carboxylesterase, and CYP3A4 [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The pharmacokinetics of GOPRELTO in patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase activity has not been studied.
Plasma cholinesterase activity may be decreased by chronic administration of certain monoamine oxidase inhibitors, oral contraceptives, or glucocorticoids. It may also be diminished by administration of irreversible plasma cholinesterase inhibitors such as echothiophate, organophosphate insecticides, and certain antineoplastic agents. Patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) activity may have reduced clearance and increased exposure of plasma cocaine after administration of GOPRELTO.
Since cocaine is metabolized by multiple enzymes, the effect of reduced plasma cholinesterase activity on cocaine exposure may be limited. No dosage adjustment of GOPRELTO is needed in patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase. Monitor patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase activity for adverse reactions such as headache, epistaxis, and clinically-relevant increases in heart rate or blood pressure.
GOPRELTO contains cocaine, a Schedule II controlled substance.
GOPRELTO contains cocaine, a substance with a high potential for abuse. GOPRELTO can be misused and abused, which can lead to addiction. GOPRELTO may also be diverted for abuse purposes [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a prescription drug, even once, for its rewarding psychological or physiological effects. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and includes: a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal. Drug abuse of a substance may occur without progression to drug addiction. "Drug-seeking" behavior is very common in persons with substance use disorders.
Drug abuse and addiction are conditions that are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance [see Dependence]. Health care providers should be aware that abuse and addiction may occur in the absence of symptoms indicative of physical dependence and tolerance.
Individuals who abuse stimulants may use GOPRELTO for abuse purposes. Adverse events associated with abuse of cocaine include euphoria, excitation, irritability, restlessness, anxiety, paranoia, confusion, headache, psychosis, hypertension, stroke, seizures, dilated pupils, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Intranasal abuse can produce damage to the nostrils (e.g., ulceration and deviated septum). Abuse of cocaine can result in overdose, convulsions, unconsciousness, coma, and death [see OVERDOSAGE]. Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.
GOPRELTO, like all prescription drugs with abuse potential, can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels of distribution. In order to minimize these risks, effective accounting procedures should be implemented, in addition to routine procedures for handling controlled substances.
Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. GOPRELTO is approved for topical single use during diagnostic procedures and surgeries, so physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms are unlikely to develop. Although GOPRELTO is not indicated for chronic therapy, repeated misuse or abuse of this product may lead to physical dependence.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, including cocaine hydrochloride, have a high potential for abuse and dependence [see Drug Abuse And Dependence].
It has been reported in the literature that cocaine hydrochloride may lower the convulsive threshold. The risk may be higher in patients with a history of seizures or in patients with prior electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities without seizures, but has been reported in patients with no prior history or EEG evidence of seizures. Monitor patients for development of seizures.
As reported in the literature, cocaine hydrochloride causes an increase in observed blood pressure and heart rate. In the Phase 3 clinical study with GOPRELTO, increases in blood pressure and heart rate were observed for 60 minutes or longer following pledget removal. Monitor for vital sign changes, including heart rate and rhythm, after administration of GOPRELTO.
Avoid use of GOPRELTO in patients with a recent or active history of uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, or congestive heart failure. Avoid use of additional vasoconstrictor agents such as epinephrine or phenylephrine with GOPRELTO. If concomitant use is unavoidable, prolonged vital sign and ECG monitoring may be required [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
The cocaine hydrochloride in GOPRELTO may be detected in plasma for up to one week after administration. Cocaine hydrochloride and its metabolites may be detected in urine toxicology screening for longer than one week after administration.
Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of cocaine have not been conducted.
In published studies, cocaine was genotoxic in the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, the in vitro sister chromatid exchange assay, the in vitro micronucleus assay, and the in vitro hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) assay. Cocaine was equivocal in a published in vivo micronucleus assay and the in vivo comet assay (liver). Cocaine was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames assay).
Studies in animals to characterize the effects of cocaine on fertility have not been completed. There are published studies that provide some information on the potential impact of cocaine on fertility. Exposure margins below are based on body surface area comparison to the human reference dose (HRD) of 58 mg (estimated amount absorbed from the 160 mg cocaine-soaked pledgets).
Acute parenteral administration of cocaine to female rats increased luteinizing hormone and progesterone by approximately 2-fold at 0.3 to 2.5 times the HRD. Suppression of estrous/menstrual cyclicity and ovulation was reported in rats at 0.8 times the HRD and in monkeys at 0.3 times the human daily dose.
In a published study, adult (12-week old) male rats treated subcutaneously with 15 mg/kg cocaine (2.5 times the HRD) daily for at least 28 days prior to mating demonstrated increased apoptosis of germ cells. Studies in younger male rats demonstrated more pronounced effects [see Pediatric Use].
In a second published study in older male rats (16 weeks) 30 mg/kg cocaine SC (5 times the HRD) for 72 days prior to mating did not alter male fertility or alter male reproductive tissue histopathology but did increase the incidence of abnormal sperm and resulted in hyperactivity of next generation offspring.
There are no available data on the use of GOPRELTO in pregnant women to form the basis for a drugassociated risk analysis for adverse developmental outcomes. Adverse maternal and fetal/neonatal outcomes have been seen in women with chronic cocaine abuse during pregnancy (see Data).
In published animal reproduction studies, cocaine administered to pregnant females during the gestational period produced cryptorchidism, hydronephrosis, hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, cleft palate, delayed ossification, and limb anomalies in mice at 1.7 times the human reference dose (HRD) of 58 mg based on body surface area and produced mortality, fetal edema, and microencephaly in rats at greater than 8.3 times the HRD based on body surface area.
Single dose administration of cocaine intravenously during organogenesis in mice produced cryptorchidism, anophthalmia, exencephaly, and delayed ossification at 1.7 times the HRD based on body surface area in mice. In rats, a single dose of cocaine administered by intraperitoneal injection produced edematous fetuses, hemorrhages and limb defects at 6.7 times the HRD based on body surface area (See Data). Based on animal data, advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.
All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 - 4% and 15 - 20%, respectively.
Human Data
There are no available data on the use of intranasal cocaine hydrochloride solution in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk adverse developmental outcomes. There are published data describing adverse developmental outcomes in women with chronic cocaine abuse during pregnancy. The published case-control and observational studies examining the effect of in utero cocaine exposure on fetal growth parameters, after controlling for confounding variables, found exposure was associated with reduced fetal growth compared with non-drug-abuse populations. Published data from a large number of studies of women with chronic cocaine abuse during pregnancy are inconsistent in their findings with regard to other developmental outcomes.
Prospective studies controlling for polydrug use (marijuana, alcohol, tobacco) and lifestyle factors, have not demonstrated any association between cocaine abuse and specific major or minor fetal anomalies or other forms of fetal harm (premature birth, stillbirth, miscarriage, low birth weight, reduced head circumference, or placental abruption).
The applicability of the findings from these studies of chronic abuse in pregnancy to a single topical exposure is limited.
Animal Data
Formal animal reproduction and development studies have not been conducted with intranasal cocaine hydrochloride. However, reproduction and development studies with cocaine have been reported in the published literature. Exposure margins for the following published studies are based on body surface area conversion using a human reference dose (HRD) of 58 mg, which is 36% of the maximum recommended human dose of 160 mg that is estimated to be absorbed from the pledgets.
Cerebral hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, limb anomalies, and incomplete ossification of femoral bones were observed when pregnant mice were administered 20 mg/kg/day cocaine intravenously (1.7 times the HRD) from Gestation Day (GD) 6 to 15. No maternal toxicity was observed.
In another intravenous study, incomplete ossification (sternum and supraoccipital bone), hydrocephalus, hydronephrosis and cryptochidism were reported when pregnant mice were administered 20 mg/kg/day of cocaine (1.7 times the HRD) from Gestation Day 9 to 12. No adverse effects were observed following 10 mg/kg/day of cocaine (0.84 times the HRD). No maternal toxicity was observed.
In different strains of mice, immaturely developed cerebral ventricles, hydronephrosis, dilated or cystic ureters, and cleft lip/palate were noted at doses greater than 40 mg/kg/day (3.4 times the HRD) when administered from Gestation Day 6 to 10 to pregnant females. These adverse findings were not present at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day (1.7 times the HRD). No evidence of maternal toxicity was noted.
Following a single subcutaneous injection of cocaine at 60 mg/kg (5 times the HRD) to pregnant mice between Gestation Day 7 to 12, exencephaly, cryptochidism, hydronephrosis, anophthalmia, and delayed ossification were reported. In addition, visceral malformations that included limb anomalies, cerebral and intra-abdominal hemorrhage were observed at this dose. No significant maternal toxicity was noted at this dose.
In pregnant rats administered cocaine subcutaneously (40-90 mg/kg/day) from Gestation Day 7 to 19, dose-dependent increase in incidences of fetal and maternal mortality and decreased body weight were observed at doses greater than 60 mg/kg/day (10 times the HRD). Fetal edema and hemorrhage were observed in cocaine-treated litters at 10 times the HRD and microencephaly at 15 times the HRD. No adverse effects were noted following 50 mg/kg/day (8.3 times the HRD).
In another rat study, fetal and maternal deaths, decreased fetal body weights, edematous fetuses and single incidences of cleft palate and hypertrophic ventricle were observed after intraperitoneal cocaine injection at 60 mg/kg/day (10 times the HRD) from Gestation Day 8 to 12. No adverse effect level for fetal and maternal toxicity was noted at 50 mg/kg/day (8.3 times the HRD).
Following single injection of cocaine at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day or higher (8.3 times the HRD) during Gestation Day 9 to 19, hemorrhage and edema was observed when only external malformations were evaluated. Increased resorptions were noted at doses higher than 70 mg/kg/day (12 times the HRD) when administered on Gestation Day 16. No adverse effects were reported at a dose of 40 mg/kg (6.7 times the HRD).
In published rat studies, prenatal cocaine administration produced hypoactivity in the pups and abnormal open field activity (5 times the HRD) and deficits in associational learning (6.7 times the HRD) in the absence of maternal toxicity. Decreased birth weights, pup body weight gain (6.7 to 10 times the HRD) and increased still births and postnatal mortality (13 times the HRD) were noted in the presence of maternal toxicity (decreased body weights and mortality).
A published study reported decreased body weights, overall body length and crown circumference of offspring from pregnant Rhesus monkeys treated with escalating doses up to 7.5 mg/kg cocaine three times a day (TID) intramuscularly per day for 5 days per week from prior to conception to term (7.5 times the HRD).
In other published studies, there were no adverse effects on physical development or cognitive testing of the offspring from pregnant Rhesus monkeys treated with 0.3, 1.0, or escalating doses up to 8.5 mg/kg TID intramuscularly per day cocaine from Gestation Day 28 to term five days per week (0.3, 1.0, or up to 8.6 times the HRD). There was no evidence of maternal toxicity in these studies under the conditions tested.
In another published study, behavioral alterations in primate infants as assessed by a primate neonatal behavioral assessment battery were demonstrated following 10 mg/kg twice a day oral cocaine administration to pregnant Rhesus monkeys from GD 40 to 102 (6.7 times the HRD).
Based on limited case reports in published literature, cocaine is present in human milk at widely varying concentrations. Based on its pharmacochemical characteristics, high concentrations of cocaine are expected in breast milk with systemic exposure. The applicability of these findings to a single topical exposure with limited systemic absorption is unclear. No studies have evaluated cocaine concentrations in milk after topical administration of GOPRELTO.
Cocaine is detected in human breastmilk in chronic abuse situations and is expected to be at higher concentrations in milk than in maternal blood based on its physicochemical characteristics.
Breastfeeding immediately after administration of GOPRELTO could result in infant plasma concentrations that are approximately half the anticipated maximum maternal plasma concentrations at the clinical dose of 160 mg. The effects of this cocaine plasma concentration in an infant are unknown, but no level of cocaine exposure is considered safe for a breastfed infant.
Adverse reactions have occurred in infants ingesting cocaine through breastmilk, including vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, hypertension, tachycardia, agitation and irritability. The long-term effects on infants exposed to cocaine through breast milk are unknown. There are no data on the effects of GOPRELTO on milk production.
Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed infants, advise nursing women that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with GOPRELTO and to pump and discard breastmilk for 48 hours after use of GOPRELTO.
Females
Published animal studies suggest that cocaine can alter female reproductive hormone levels, disrupt the estrous cycle, and reduce ovulation at doses less than the HRD based on body surface area [See Nonclinical Toxicology].
The safety and effectiveness of GOPRELTO in pediatric patients (17 years of age and younger) has not been evaluated.
In juvenile male rats, 15 mg/kg subcutaneous cocaine administration for longer than 7 days (2.5 times the HRD) produced testicular necrosis, abnormal sperm morphology, and reduced pregnancy rates.
Of the total number of subjects in the Phase 3 study, 12.1% of those who received GOPRELTO were 65 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience and pharmacokinetic data [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY] has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
No dosage adjustment of GOPRELTO is needed in patients with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
No dosage adjustment of GOPRELTO is needed in patients with hepatic impairment. Monitor patients with hepatic impairment for adverse reactions such as headache, epistaxis, and clinically-relevant increases in heart rate or blood pressure and do not administer a second dose of GOPRELTO to these patients within 24 hours of the first dose [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Cocaine has been described in literature to be primarily metabolized and inactivated by nonenzymatic ester hydrolysis and hepatic carboxylesterase, and also by plasma cholinesterase, hepatic carboxylesterase and CYP3A4 [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Pharmacokinetics of GOPRELTO in patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase activity has not been studied.
Genetic abnormalities of plasma cholinesterase (e.g., patients who are heterozygous or homozygous for atypical plasma cholinesterase gene), disease conditions such as malignant tumors, severe liver or kidney disease, decompensated heart disease, infections, burns, anemia, peptic ulcer, or myxedema or other physiological states such as pregnancy may lead to reduced plasma cholinesterase activity. Patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) activity may have reduced clearance and increased exposure of plasma cocaine after administration of GOPRELTO.
Since cocaine is metabolized by multiple enzymes, the effect of reduced plasma cholinesterase activity on cocaine exposure may be limited. No dosage adjustment of GOPRELTO is needed in patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase. Monitor patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase activity for adverse reactions such as headache, epistaxis, and clinically-relevant increases in heart rate or blood pressure.
No cases of overdose with GOPRELTO were reported in clinical trials. Blood pressure and heart rate increases were greater with cocaine hydrochloride solution 8% than with GOPRELTO. In the case of an overdose, consult with a certified poison control center (1-800-222-1222) for up-todate guidance and advice for treatment of overdosage. Individual patient response to cocaine varies widely. Toxic symptoms may occur idiosyncratically at low doses.
Manifestations of cocaine overdose associated with illicit use of cocaine reported in literature and based on reports in FDA's Adverse Events Reporting System (AERS) database include death, cardiorespiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, tachycardia, myocardial infarction, agitation, aggression, restlessness, tremor, hyperreflexia, rapid respiration, confusion, assaultiveness, hallucinations, panic states, hyperpyrexia, and rhabdomyolysis. Fatigue and depression usually follow the central nervous system stimulation. Other reactions include arrhythmias, hypertension or hypotension, circulatory collapse, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Fatal poisoning is usually preceded by convulsions and coma.
Because cocaine is significantly distributed to tissues and rapidly metabolized, dialysis and hemoperfusion are not effective. Acidification of the urine does not significantly enhance cocaine elimination.
GOPRELTO is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to cocaine hydrochloride, other ester-based anesthetics, or any other component of the product.
Cocaine hydrochloride is a local anesthetic of the ester type. Cocaine hydrochloride prevents conduction in nerve fibers by reversibly blocking sodium channels and preventing the transient rise in sodium conductance necessary for generation of an action potential.
The effect of GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution on the QTc interval was evaluated in a randomized, positive- and placebo-controlled four-period crossover thorough QTc study in 24 healthy subjects. No clinically relevant QTc prolongation was observed at the highest clinically relevant concentrations with a single therapeutic dose.
The pharmacokinetics of GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution have been assessed in 74 healthy adult subjects across 4 studies. Following intranasal application of two 40 mg pledgets applied to each nasal cavity (160 mg cocaine hydrochloride total dose) for 20 minutes, the geometric mean (SD) cocaine Cmax was 43.2 (1.73) ng/mL. The median (range) time to peak plasma concentration (tmax) was 0.42 (0.25 – 1.75) hours after pledget application.
Cocaine has been described in literature as approximately 84 – 92% bound to human plasma proteins, binding primarily to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and albumin.
In studies with GOPRELTO, the apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) of cocaine after intranasal administration is 3,877 ± 1,266 L.
Metabolism
Cocaine has been described in literature to be primarily metabolized and inactivated by nonenzymatic ester hydrolysis and hepatic carboxylesterase 1 to form benzoylecgonine (BE), and by plasma cholinesterase and hepatic carboxylesterase 2 to form ecgonine methyl ester (EME). In human liver microsomes, cocaine undergoes CYP3A4 mediated N-demethylation to produce a minor metabolite, norcocaine, which is pharmacologically active.
Excretion
Cocaine has been described in literature to be primarily eliminated by biotransformation to inactive metabolites, BE and EME. Less than 10% of the administered dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. BE and EME are both predominantly excreted by the kidneys.
In studies with GOPRELTO, 0-32 hour urinary recoveries of cocaine, BE, and EME as a percentage of dose were approximately 0.1%, 2.0%, and 1.0%, respectively. The mean elimination half-life of cocaine was 1.0 to 1.7 hours; with longer plasma sampling (32 hours) and a highly sensitive assay, mean half-life values of 5.0 to 8.0 hours were observed at very low plasma concentrations.
The apparent clearance of cocaine after intranasal administration of GOPRELTO (CL/F) is 3096 ± 1276 L/h.
In studies with GOPRELTO, cocaine exposure (i.e., Cmax, AUClast, and AUCinf) was slightly higher in females than males whereas tmax and half-life were similar in males and females. GOPRELTO pharmacokinetics are not affected by age or weight.
In a pharmacokinetic study of GOPRELTO in subjects with normal and severe renal impairment (eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m²), mean AUC and Cmax were slightly higher in subjects with severe renal impairment compared to those with normal renal function and clearance was slightly lower [see Use In Specific Populations].
In a pharmacokinetic study of GOPRELTO in subjects with normal, Child-Pugh Class B, and Child- Pugh Grade C hepatic impairment, there was a minimal effect of hepatic impairment on cocaine Cmax. In moderately impaired subjects (n=9) there was a higher than two-fold increase in AUC (79.2 ng.h/mL in normal subjects to 225 ng.h/mL in Child-Pugh Grade B subjects) and the clearance was reduced by more than half (1735 L/h in normal 629 L/h in Child-Pugh Grade B subjects). In severely impaired subjects (n=3) there was an eighty percent increase in AUC (79.2 ng.h/mL in normal subjects to 142 ng.h/mL in Child-Pugh Grade C subjects) and the clearance was reduced to half (1735 L/h in normal 959 L/h in in Child-Pugh Grade C subjects) [see Use In Specific Populations].
Cocaine has been found to be a CYP2D6 inhibitor in in-vitro studies employing human liver microsomes. In vitro transporter inhibition studies also found cocaine to be an inhibitor of OCT2. However, the relatively low plasma concentrations of cocaine resulting from therapeutic doses of GOPRELTO are not expected to raise significant drug-drug interaction concerns.
It has been reported in the published literature that disulfiram treatment increased plasma cocaine exposure, including both AUC and Cmax, by several fold after acute intranasal cocaine administration. Other published literature reported that co-administration of disulfiram increased AUC of plasma cocaine by several fold after intravenous cocaine administration [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
A double-blind, multicenter, single-dose, placebo- and dose-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted in 648 subjects undergoing diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the mucous membranes of the nasal cavities. Subjects were randomized to receive GOPRELTO (n=278), cocaine hydrochloride solution 8% (n=275), to explore the dosing range, or placebo (n=95). Nasal endoscopy, nasal laryngoscopy, nasopharyngeal laryngoscopy, and nasal debridement comprised 88% of all procedures performed in the GOPRELTO group and 85% of all procedures performed in the placebo group. All subjects completed the diagnostic or surgical procedure.
In the GOPRELTO group, two 40 mg pledgets were applied to the septum in each nasal cavity (160 mg cocaine hydrochloride total dose) and left in place for up to 20 minutes. Similarly, pledgets were applied in the placebo group. Topical anesthesia was assessed using the visual numeric rating scale (VNRS) during a von Frey Filament test prior to the diagnostic procedure or surgery. After subjectreported pain scores were collected, the blind to placebo was broken and placebo subjects were provided the option of receiving anesthesia. The primary efficacy endpoint was analgesic success, defined in the GOPRELTO group as a subject-reported pain score of 0 (no pain) on the VNRS during the von Frey Filament test, and no additional anesthetic or analgesic medication administration during the diagnostic procedure or surgery. Analgesic success was defined in the placebo group as a subjectreported pain score of 0 on the VNRS during the von Frey Filament test. Subjects did not receive supplemental intravenous sedation or general anesthesia during the study.
Table 2 provides the efficacy results for the primary endpoint of analgesic success showing a significant difference in the analgesic success rate between placebo and GOPRELTO.
Table 2: Analgesic Success
| Event | GOPRELTO (N=278) n (%) |
Placebo (N=95) n (%) |
| Success | 215 (77%) | 14 (15%) |
| Failure | 63 (23%) | 81 (85%) |
Of the 63 (23%) failures in the GOPRELTO group, 4 subjects requested additional anesthetic medication. Of these 4 subjects, 1 subject reported 0 on the VNRS during the von Frey Filament test. Of the 81 (85%) failures in the placebo group, 50 subjects required additional anesthetic medication.
Advise patients that GOPRELTO is a controlled substance and it can be abused and lead to dependence [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Drug Abuse And Dependence].
Advise patients that the cocaine hydrochloride in GOPRELTO may be detected in plasma for up to one week after administration. Cocaine hydrochloride and its metabolites may be detected in urine toxicology screening for longer than one week after administration. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that GOPRELTO may lower the seizure threshold. Patients should be monitored for development of seizures. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that GOPRELTO can cause increases in blood pressure and heart rate and should be avoided in patients with recent or active history of uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, or congestive heart failure [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform patients that headache and/or epistaxis are the most frequently experienced side effects that should resolve without treatment. Instruct patients to contact their health care professional if these symptoms persist [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Inform female patients of reproductive potential that GOPRELTO may cause fetal harm and to inform their prescriber of a known or suspected pregnancy [see Use In Specific Populations].
Advise a nursing woman that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with GOPRELTO and to pump and discard breastmilk for 48 hours after administration of GOPRELTO nasal solution [see Use In Specific Populations].
