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Gelfoam®
absorbable gelatin compressed sponge, USP
GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge is a medical device intended for application to bleeding surfaces as a hemostatic. It is a water-insoluble, off-white, nonelastic, porous, pliable product prepared from purified porcine skin, Gelatin USP Granules and Water for Injection, USP. It may be cut without fraying and is able to absorb and hold within its interstices, many times its weight of blood and other fluids.
HEMOSTASIS: GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge, used dry or saturated with sterile sodium chloride solution, is indicated in surgical procedures as a hemostatic device, when control of capillary, venous, and arteriolar bleeding by pressure, ligature, and other conventional procedures is either ineffective or impractical. Although not necessary, GELFOAM can be used either with or without thrombin to obtain hemostasis.
Sterile technique should always be used to remove GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge from its packaging. Cut to the desired size, a piece of GELFOAM, either dry or saturated with sterile, isotonic sodium chloride solution (sterile saline), can be applied with pressure directly to the bleeding site.
When applied dry, a single piece of GELFOAM should be manually applied to the bleeding site, and held in place with moderate pressure until hemostasis results.
When used with sterile saline, GELFOAM should be first immersed in the solution and then withdrawn, squeezed between gloved fingers to expel air bubbles, and then replaced in saline until needed. The GELFOAM sponge should promptly return to its original size, with slight expansion in thickness and shape in the solution. If it does not, it should be removed again and kneaded vigorously until all air is expelled and it does expand to its original size, with slight increases in thickness and shape when returned to the sterile saline.
GELFOAM if used wet it may be blotted to dampness on gauze before application to the bleeding site. It should be held in place with moderate pressure, using a pledget of cotton or small gauze sponge until hemostasis results. Removal of the pledget or gauze is made easier by wetting it with a few drops of sterile saline, to prevent pulling up the GELFOAM, which by then should enclose a firm clot.
Use of suction applied over the pledget of cotton or gauze to draw blood into the GELFOAM is unnecessary, as GELFOAM will draw up sufficient blood by capillary action. The first application of GELFOAM will usually control bleeding, but if not, additional applications may be made. For additional applications, fresh pieces should be used and prepared as previously described.
Use only the minimum amount of GELFOAM, cut to appropriate size, necessary to produce hemostasis. The GELFOAM may be left in place at the bleeding site, when necessary. Since GELFOAM causes little more cellular reaction than does the blood clot, the wound may be closed over it. GELFOAM may be left in place when applied to mucosal surfaces until it liquefies.
For use with thrombin, consult the thrombin insert for complete prescribing information and proper sample preparation.
Sterile technique should always be used in removing the inner envelope containing the GELFOAM Sterile Sponge from the outer printed sealed envelope. The minimum amount of GELFOAM of appropriate size and shape should be applied (dry or wet, see Directions for Use) to the bleeding site and held firmly in place until hemostasis is observed. Opened envelopes of unused GELFOAM should always be discarded.
GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge is supplied in an individual sterile envelope enclosed in an outer peelable envelope. Sterility of the product is assured unless the outer envelope has been damaged or opened. It is available as follows
| Sponge-Size 100 | Box of 6 | GTIN 00300090353018
(0009-0353-01) (100 sq cm (8X12.5 cm), 15 5/8 sq in (3 1/8 X 5 in) |
GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge should be stored at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Once the package is opened, contents are subject to contamination. It is recommended that GELFOAM be used as soon as the package is opened and unused contents discarded.
This product is prepackaged sterile and intended only for single use. Reuse can result in transmission of bloodborne pathogens (including HIV and hepatitis), potentially endangering patients and health care providers. Adherence to the principles of aseptic technique when using this product is essential.
Federal law restricts this device to sale by or on the order of a physician.
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Manufactured by: Pharmacia and Upjohn Company, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA, 1-800-253-8600. Distributed by: Pharmacia & Upjohn Co., Division of Pfizer Inc., New York, NY 10017. Revised December 2014
There have been reports of fever associated with the use of GELFOAM, without demonstrable infection. GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge may form a nidus of infection and abscess formation1, and has been reported to potentiate bacterial growth. Giant-cell granuloma has been reported at the implantation site of absorbable gelatin product in the brain2, and compression of the brain and spinal cord resulting from an accumulation of sterile fluid3 has been reported following use of absorbable gelatin sponge in closed space.
Foreign body reactions, “encapsulation” of fluid and hematoma have also been reported. When GELFOAM was used in laminectomy operations, multiple neurologic events were reported, including but not limited to cauda equina syndrome, spinal stenosis, meningitis, arachnoiditis, headaches, paresthesias, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and impotence.
Excessive fibrosis and prolonged fixation of a tendon have been reported when absorbable gelatin products were used in severed tendon repair.
Toxic shock syndrome has been reported in association with the use of GELFOAM in nasal surgery.
Fever, failure of absorption, and hearing loss have been reported in association with the use of GELFOAM during tympanoplasty.
GELFOAM is not recommended for use other than as an adjunct for hemostasis. While some adverse medical events following the unapproved use of GELFOAM have been reported (see ADVERSE REACTIONS), other hazards associated with such use may not have been reported.
When GELFOAM has been used during intravascular catheterization for the purpose of producing vessel occlusion, the following adverse events have been reported; fever, duodenal and pancreatic infarct, embolization of lower extremity vessels, pulmonary embolization, splenic abscess, necrosis of specific anatomic areas, asterixis, and death. These adverse medical events have been associated with the use of GELFOAM for repair of dural defects encountered during laminectomy and craniotomy operations: fever, infection, leg paresthesias, neck and back pain, bladder and bowel incontinence, cauda equina syndrome, neurogenic bladder, impotence, and paresis.
No information provided.
REFERENCES
1. Lindstrom PA: Complications from the use of absorbable hemostatic sponges. AMA Arch Surg 1956; 73:133-141.
2. Knowlson GTG: Gelfoam granuloma in the brain. J Neuro Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974; 37:971-973.
3. Herndon JH, Grillo HC, Riseborough EJ, et al: Compression of the brain and spinal cord following use of GELFOAM. Arch Surg 1972; 104:107.
GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge is not intended as a substitute for meticulous surgical technique and the proper application of ligatures, or other conventional procedures for hemostasis.
GELFOAM is supplied as a sterile product and cannot be resterilized. Unused, opened envelopes of GELFOAM should be discarded. WARNING: To prevent contamination, employ aseptic procedure in opening envelope and withdrawing GELFOAM. If the envelope is torn or punctured, the contained GELFOAM should not be used.
Only the minimum amount of GELFOAM necessary to achieve hemostasis should be used. Once hemostasis is attained, excess GELFOAM should be carefully removed.
The use of GELFOAM is not recommended in the presence of infection. GELFOAM should be used with caution in contaminated areas of the body. If signs of infection or abscess develop where GELFOAM has been positioned, reoperation may be necessary in order to remove the infected material and allow drainage.
Although the safety and efficacy of the combined use of GELFOAM with other agents such as topical thrombin has not been evaluated in controlled clinical trials, if in the physician's judgment concurrent use of other agents is medically advisable, the product literature for that agent should be consulted for complete prescribing information.
While packing a cavity for hemostasis is sometimes surgically indicated, GELFOAM should not be used in this manner unless excess product not needed to maintain hemostasis is removed.
Whenever possible, it should be removed after use in laminectomy procedures and from foramina in bone, once hemostasis is achieved. This is because GELFOAM may swell to its original size on absorbing fluids, and produce nerve damage by pressure within confined bony spaces.
The packing or wadding of GELFOAM, particularly within bony cavities, should be avoided, since swelling to original size may interfere with normal function and/or possibly result in compression necrosis of surrounding tissues.
Use only the minimum amount of GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge needed for hemostasis, holding it at the site until bleeding stops, then removing the excess.
GELFOAM should not be used for controlling postpartum bleeding or menorrhagia.
It has been demonstrated that fragments of another hemostatic agent, microfibrillar collagen, pass through the 40μ transfusion filters of blood scavenging systems. GELFOAM should not be used in conjunction with autologous blood salvage circuits since the safety of this use has not been evaluated in controlled clinical trials.
Microfibrillar collagen has been reported to reduce the strength of methylmethacrylate adhesives used to attach prosthetic devices to bone surfaces. As a precaution, GELFOAM should not be used in conjunction with such adhesives.
GELFOAM is not recommended for the primary treatment of coagulation disorders. It is not recommended that GELFOAM be saturated with an antibiotic solution or dusted with antibiotic powder.
Positioning of the patient resulting in negative peripheral venous pressure during a procedure has been reported to be a contributing factor resulting in life-threatening thromboembolic events.
No information provided.
GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge should not be used in closure of skin incisions because it may interfere with the healing of skin edges. This is due to mechanical interposition of gelatin and is not secondary to intrinsic interference with wound healing.
GELFOAM should not be placed in intravascular compartments, because of the risk of embolization.
Do not use GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge in patients with known allergies to porcine collagen.
GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge has hemostatic properties. While its mode of action is not fully understood, its effect appears to be more physical than the result of altering the blood clotting mechanism.
When not used in excessive amounts, GELFOAM is absorbed completely, with little tissue reaction. This absorption is dependent on several factors, including the amount used, degree of saturation with blood or other fluids, and the site of use. When placed in soft tissues, GELFOAM is usually absorbed completely within four to six weeks, without inducing excessive scar tissue. When applied to bleeding nasal, rectal, or vaginal mucosa, it liquefies within two to five days.
GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge is a water-insoluble, hemostatic device prepared from purified porcine skin gelatin, and capable of absorbing up to 45 times its weight of whole blood.4 The absorptive capacity of GELFOAM is a function of its physical size, increasing as the size of the gelatin sponge increases.5
The mechanism of action of surface-mediated hemostatic devices is supportive and mechanical.5 Surface-acting devices, when applied directly to bleeding surfaces, arrest bleeding by the formation of an artificial clot and by producing a mechanical matrix that facilitates clotting.6 Jenkins et al7 have theorized that the clotting effect of GELFOAM may be due to release of thromboplastin from platelets, occurring when platelets entering the sponge become damaged by contact with the walls of its myriad of interstices. Thromboplastin interacts with prothrombin and calcium to produce thrombin, and this sequence of events initiates the clotting reaction. The authors suggest that the physiologic formation of thrombin in the sponge is sufficient to produce formation of a clot, by its action on the fibrinogen in blood.7 The spongy physical properties of the gelatin sponge hasten clot formation and provide structural support for the forming clot.6,8
Several investigators have reported that GELFOAM becomes liquefied within a week or less and is completely absorbed in four to six weeks, without inducing excessive scar formation.4,7,9,10,11 Barnes10 reviewed experiences with GELFOAM in gynecologic surgery. No excessive scar tissue, attributable to the absorption of GELFOAM, could be palpated at postoperative examination.
Surface-acting hemostatic devices, when applied directly to bleeding surfaces, arrest bleeding by providing a mechanical matrix that facilitates clotting.6,8,13,14 Due to their bulk, surface-acting hemostatic agents slow the flow of blood, protect the forming clot, and offer a framework for deposition of the cellular elements of blood.6,7,8,13
MacDonald and Mathews12 studied GELFOAM implants in canine kidneys and reported that it assisted in healing, with no marked inflammatory or foreign-body reactions.
Jenkins and Janda13 studied the use of GELFOAM in canine liver resections and noted that the gelatin sponge appeared to offer a protective cover and provide structural support for the reparative process.
Correll et al14 studied the histology of GELFOAM Sterile Compressed Sponge when implanted in rat muscle and reported no significant tissue reaction.
REFERENCES
4. Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry: Absorbable Gelatin sponge — new and nonofficial remedies. JAMA 1947; 135:921.
5. Goodman LS, Gilman A: Surface-acting drugs, in The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, ed 6. New York, MacMillan Publishing Co. 1980, p 955.
6. Guralnick W, Berg L: GELFOAM in oral surgery. Oral Surg 1948; 1:629-632. 7. Jenkins HP, Senz EH, Owen H, et al: Present status of gelatin sponge for control of hemorrhage. JAMA 1946; 132:614-619.
8. Jenkins HP, Janda R, Clarke J: Clinical and experimental observations on the use of gelatin sponge or foam. Surg 1946; 20:124-132.
9. Treves N: Prophylaxis of post mammectomy lymphedema by the use of GELFOAM laminated rolls. Cancer 1952; 5:73-83.
10. Barnes AC: The use of gelatin foam sponges in obstetrics and gynecology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1963; 86:105-107.
11. Rarig HR: Successful use of gelatin foam sponge in surgical restoration of fertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1963; 86:136.
12. MacDonald SA, Mathews WH: Fibrin foam and GELFOAM in experimental kidney wounds. Annual American Urological Association, July 1946.
13. Jenkins HP, Janda R: Studies on the use of gelatin sponge or foam as a hemostatic agent in experimental liver resections and injuries to large veins. Ann Surg 1946; 124:952-961.
14. Correll JT, Prentice HR, Wise EC: Biologic investigations of a new absorbable sponge. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1945; 181:585-589.
No information provided. Please refer to the WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS sections.
