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FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT
(influenza vaccine) Injection
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT, Influenza Vaccine, for intramuscular injection, is a quadrivalent, split-virion, inactivated influenza virus vaccine prepared from virus propagated in the allantoic cavity of embryonated hens' eggs. Each of the influenza viruses is produced and purified separately. The virus is inactivated with ultraviolet light treatment followed by formaldehyde treatment, purified by centrifugation, and disrupted with sodium deoxycholate.
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT is a sterile, opalescent, translucent to off-white suspension in a phosphate-buffered saline solution that may sediment slightly. The sediment resuspends upon shaking to form a homogeneous suspension.
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT has been standardized according to USPHS requirements for the 2018-2019 influenza season and is formulated to contain 60 micrograms (mcg) hemagglutinin (HA) per 0.5-mL dose in the recommended ratio of 15 mcg HA of each of the following 4 viruses (2 A strains and 2 B strains): A/Singapore/GP1908/2015 (H1N1) IVR-180 (an A/Michigan/45/2015 [H1N1] pdm09-like virus), A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2) IVR-186, B/Maryland/15/2016 NYMC BX-69A, (a B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus), and B/Phuket/3073/2013.
The prefilled syringe is formulated without preservatives and does not contain thimerosal. Each 0.5-mL dose from the multi-dose vial contains 50 mcg thimerosal (<25 mcg mercury); thimerosal, a mercury derivative, is added as a preservative.
Each 0.5-mL dose of either presentation may also contain residual amounts of ovalbumin (≤0.3 mcg), formaldehyde (≤25 mcg), sodium deoxycholate (≤50 mcg), α-tocopheryl hydrogen succinate (≤320 mcg), and polysorbate 80 (≤887 mcg) from the manufacturing process. Antibiotics are not used in the manufacture of this vaccine.
The tip caps and plungers of the prefilled syringes are not made with natural rubber latex. The vial stoppers are not made with natural rubber latex.
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT is indicated for active immunization for the prevention of disease caused by influenza A subtype viruses and type B viruses contained in the vaccine.
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT is approved for use in persons aged 6 months and older.
For intramuscular injection only.
The dose and schedule for FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT: Dosing
| Age | Vaccination Status | Dose and Schedule |
| 6 months through 8 years | Not previously vaccinated with influenza vaccine | Two doses (0.5-mL each) at least 4 weeks apart |
| Vaccinated with influenza vaccine in a previous season | One or 2 dosesa (0.5-mL each) | |
| 9 years and older | Not applicable | One 0.5-mL dose |
| a One dose or 2 doses (0.5-mL each) depending on vaccination history as per the annual Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendation on prevention and control of influenza with vaccines. If 2 doses, administer each 0.5-mL dose at least 4 weeks apart. | ||
Shake well before administration. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. If either of these conditions exists, the vaccine should not be administered.
Attach a sterile needle to the prefilled syringe and administer intramuscularly.
For the multi-dose vial, use a sterile needle and sterile syringe to withdraw the 0.5-mL dose from the multi-dose vial and administer intramuscularly. A sterile syringe with a needle bore no larger than 23 gauge is recommended for administration. It is recommended that small syringes (0.5 mL or 1 mL) be used to minimize any product loss. Use a separate sterile needle and syringe for each dose withdrawn from the multi-dose vial.
Between uses, return the multi-dose vial to the recommended storage conditions, between 2° and 8°C (36° and 46°F). Do not freeze. Discard if the vaccine has been frozen. Once entered, a multi3 dose vial, and any residual contents, should be discarded after 28 days.
The preferred sites for intramuscular injection are the anterolateral thigh for children aged 6 through 11 months and the deltoid muscle of the upper arm for persons aged 12 months and older. Do not inject in the gluteal area or areas where there may be a major nerve trunk.
Do not administer this product intravenously, intradermally, or subcutaneously.
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT is a suspension for injection available in 0.5-mL prefilled TIP-LOK syringes and 5-mL multi-dose vials containing 10 doses (each dose is 0.5 mL).
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT is available in 0.5-mL single-dose disposable prefilled TIP LOK syringes (packaged without needles) and in 5-mL multi-dose vials containing 10 doses (0.5-mL each).
NDC 19515-909-41 Syringe in Package of 10: NDC 19515-909-52
NDC 19515-900-01 Multi-Dose Vial (containing 10 doses) in Package of 1: NDC 19515-900-11
Store refrigerated between 2° and 8°C (36° and 46°F). Do not freeze. Discard if the vaccine has been frozen. Store in the original package to protect from light. Once entered, a multi-dose vial should be discarded after 28 days.
Manufactured by ID Biomedical Corporation of Quebec Quebec City, QC, Canada. Revised: 2018
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a vaccine cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another vaccine, and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. There is the possibility that broad use of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT could reveal adverse reactions not observed in clinical trials.
In adults who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT, the most common (≥10%) solicited local adverse reaction was pain (60%); the most common (≥10%) solicited systemic adverse events were muscle aches (26%), headache (22%), fatigue (22%), and arthralgia (15%).
In children aged 6 through 35 months who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT, the most common (≥10%) solicited local adverse reaction was pain (40%); the most common (≥10%) solicited systemic adverse events were irritability (49%), drowsiness (37%), and loss of appetite (29%).
In children aged 3 through 17 years who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT, the most common (≥10%) solicited local adverse reaction was pain (65%). In children aged 3 through 4 years, the most common (≥10%) solicited systemic adverse events were irritability (26%), drowsiness (21%), and loss of appetite (17%). In children aged 5 through 17 years, the most common (≥10%) systemic adverse events were muscle aches (29%), fatigue (22%), headache (22%), arthralgia (13%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (10%). FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT has been administered in 8 clinical trials to 1,384 adults aged 18 years and older, 1,965 children aged 6 through 35 months, and 3,516 children aged 3 through 17 years.
Trial 1 (NCT01196975) was a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, safety and immunogenicity trial. In this trial, subjects received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 1,272), or one of 2 formulations of a comparator trivalent influenza vaccine (FLULAVAL, TIV-1, n = 213 or TIV-2, n = 218), each containing an influenza type B virus that corresponded to one of the 2 B viruses in FLULAVAL 95 QUADRIVALENT (a type B virus of the Victoria lineage or a type B virus of the Yamagata lineage). The population was aged 18 years and older (mean age: 50 years) and 61% were female; 61% of subjects were white, 3% were black, 1% were Asian, and 35% were of other racial/ethnic groups. Solicited adverse events were collected for 7 days (day of vaccination and the next 6 days). The incidence of local adverse reactions and systemic adverse events occurring within 7 days of vaccination in adults are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT: Incidence of Solicited Local Adverse Reactions
and Systemic Adverse Events within 7 Daysa of Vaccination in Adults Aged 18 Years and
Olderb (Total Vaccinated Cohort)
| Adverse Reaction/ Adverse Event | FLULAVAL
QUADRIVALENTc n = 1,260 % |
Trivalent Influenza Vaccine (TIV) | ||||
| TIV-1 (B Victoria)d n = 208 % |
TIV-2 (B Yamagata)e n = 216 % |
|||||
| Any | Grade 3f | Any | Grade 3f | Any | Grade 3f | |
| Local Adverse Reactions | ||||||
| Pain | 59.5 | 1.7 | 44.7 | 1.0 | 41.2 | 1.4 |
| Swelling | 2.5 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 0.0 |
| Redness | 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 |
| Systemic Adverse Events | ||||||
| Muscle aches | 26.3 | 0.8 | 25.0 | 0.5 | 18.5 | 1.4 |
| Headache | 21.5 | 0.9 | 19.7 | 0.5 | 22.7 | 0.0 |
| Fatigue | 21.5 | 0.8 | 21.6 | 1.0 | 17.1 | 1.9 |
| Arthralgia | 14.8 | 0.8 | 16.7 | 1.0 | 14.6 | 2.9 |
| Gastrointestinal symptomsg | 9.3 | 0.8 | 10.1 | 1.9 | 6.9 | 0.5 |
| Shivering | 8.8 | 0.6 | 7.7 | 0.5 | 6.0 | 0.9 |
| Feverh | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.5 |
| Total vaccinated cohort for safety included all vaccinated subjects for whom safety data were available. n = number of subjects with diary card completed. a 7 days included day of vaccination and the subsequent 6 days. b Trial 1: NCT01196975. c Contained 2 A strains and 2 B strains, one of Victoria lineage and one of Yamagata lineage. d Contained the same 2 A strains as FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT and a B strain of Victoria lineage. e Contained the same 2 A strains as FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT and a B strain of Yamagata lineage. f Grade 3 pain: Defined as significant pain at rest; prevented normal everyday activities. Grade 3 swelling, redness: Defined as >100 mm. Grade 3 muscle aches, headache, fatigue, arthralgia, gastrointestinal symptoms, shivering: Defined as prevented normal activity. Grade 3 (or higher) fever: Defined as ≥102.2°F (39.0°C). g Gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal pain. h Fever: Defined as ≥100.4°F (38.0°C) |
||||||
Unsolicited adverse events occurring within 21 days of vaccination were reported in 19%, 23%, and 23% of subjects who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 1,272), TIV-1 (B Victoria) (n = 213), or TIV-2 (B Yamagata) (n = 218), respectively. The unsolicited adverse events that occurred most frequently (≥1% for FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT) included nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, headache, cough, and oropharyngeal pain. Serious adverse events occurring within 21 days of vaccination were reported in 0.4%, 0%, and 0% of subjects who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT, TIV-1 (B Victoria), or TIV-2 (B Yamagata), respectively.
Trial 4 (NCT02242643) was a randomized, observer-blind, active-controlled immunogenicity and safety trial. The trial included subjects aged 6 through 35 months who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 1,207) or FLUZONE.QUADRIVALENT, a U.S.-licensed inactivated influenza vaccine (n = 1,217) used as comparator, manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Children with no history of influenza vaccination received 2 doses of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or the comparator vaccine approximately 28 days apart. Children with a history of influenza vaccination received one dose of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or the comparator vaccine. In the overall population, 53% were male; 64% were white, 16% were black, 3% were Asian, and 17% were of other racial/ethnic groups. The mean age of subjects was 20 months. Subjects were followed for safety for 6 months; solicited local adverse reactions and systemic adverse events were collected for 7 days (day of vaccination and the next 6 days) postvaccination. The incidence of local adverse reactions and systemic adverse events occurring within 7 days of vaccination in children are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT: Incidence of Solicited Local Adverse Reactions
and Systemic Adverse Events within 7 Daysa of First Vaccination in Children Aged 6
through 35 Monthsb (Total Vaccinated Cohort)
| Adverse Reaction/ Adverse Event |
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT % |
Active Comparatorc % |
||
| Any | Grade 3d | Any | Grade 3d | |
| Local Adverse Reactions | n = 1,151 | n = 1,146 | ||
| Pain | 40.3 | 2.4 | 37.4 | 1.4 |
| Swelling | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| Redness | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
| Systemic Adverse Events | n = 1,155 | n = 1,148 | ||
| Irritability | 49.4 | 3.8 | 45.9 | 3.0 |
| Drowsiness | 36.7 | 2.7 | 36.9 | 2.6 |
| Loss of appetite | 28.9 | 1.6 | 28.6 | 1.3 |
| Fevere | 5.6 | 1.4 | 5.8 | 1.0 |
| Total vaccinated cohort for safety included all vaccinated subjects for whom safety data were available (i.e., diary card completed for solicited symptoms). n = number of subjects with diary card completed. a 7 days included day of vaccination and the subsequent 6 days. b Trial 4: NCT02242643. c U.S.-licensed quadrivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine (manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur Inc). d Grade 3 pain: Defined as cried when limb was moved/spontaneously painful. Grade 3 swelling, redness: Defined as >100 mm. Grade 3 irritability: Defined as crying that could not be comforted/prevented normal activity. Grade 3 drowsiness: Defined as prevented normal activity. Grade 3 loss of appetite: Defined as not eating at all. Grade 3 (or higher) fever: Defined as >102.2°F (39.0°C). e Fever: Defined as ≥100.4°F (38.0°C). |
||||
In children who received a second dose of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or the comparator vaccine, the incidences of solicited adverse events following the second dose were generally similar or lower than those observed after the first dose.
Unsolicited adverse events occurring within 28 days of vaccination were reported in 46% and 44% of subjects who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 1,207) and the comparator vaccine (n = 1,217), respectively. The unsolicited adverse reactions that occurred most frequently (≥1%) for FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT included upper respiratory tract infection, cough, diarrhea, pyrexia, vomiting, and rash. Serious adverse events occurring during the study period (approximately 6 months) were reported in 2% of subjects who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT and in 2% of subjects who received the comparator vaccine. There were no deaths reported during the study period.
Trial 2 (NCT01198756) was a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial. In this trial, subjects received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 932) or one of 2 formulations of a comparator trivalent influenza vaccine [FLUARIX (Influenza Vaccine), TIV-1 (B Victoria), n = 929 or TIV-2 (B Yamagata), n = 932], each containing an influenza type B virus that corresponded to one of the 2 B viruses in FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (a type B virus of the Victoria lineage or a type B virus of the Yamagata lineage). The population was aged 3 through 17 years (mean age: 9 years) and 53% were male; 65% were white, 13% were Asian, 9% were black, and 13% were of other racial/ethnic groups. Children aged 3 through 8 years with no history of influenza vaccination received 2 doses approximately 28 days apart. Children aged 3 through 8 years with a history of influenza vaccination and children aged 9 years and older received one dose. Solicited local adverse reactions and systemic adverse events were collected for 7 days (day of vaccination and the next 6 days). The incidence of local adverse reactions and systemic adverse events occurring within 7 days of vaccination in children are shown in Table 4.
Table 4. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT: Incidence of Solicited Local Adverse Reactions
and Systemic Adverse Events within 7 Daysa of First Vaccination in Children Aged 3 through 17 Yearsb (Total Vaccinated Cohort)
| Adverse Reaction/ Adverse Event | FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENTc % |
Trivalent Influenza Vaccine (TIV) | ||||
| TIV-1 (B Victoria)d % |
TIV-2 (B Yamagata)e % |
|||||
| Any | Grade 3f | Any | Grade 3f | Any | Grade 3f | |
| Aged 3 through 17 Years | ||||||
| Local Adverse Reactions | n = 913 | n = 911 | n = 915 | |||
| Pain | 65.4 | 3.2 | 54.6 | 1.8 | 55.7 | 2.4 |
| Swelling | 6.2 | 0.1 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 0.0 |
| Redness | 5.3 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 0.0 |
| Aged 3 through 4 Years | ||||||
| Systemic Adverse Events | n = 185 | n = 187 | n = 189 | |||
| Irritability | 25.9 | 0.5 | 16.6 | 0.0 | 21.7 | 1.6 |
| Drowsiness | 21.1 | 0.0 | 19.8 | 1.6 | 23.3 | 0.5 |
| Loss of appetite | 17.3 | 0.0 | 16.0 | 1.6 | 13.2 | 1.1 |
| Feverg | 4.9 | 0.5 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 1.6 |
| Aged 5 through 17 Years | ||||||
| Systemic Adverse Events | n = 727 | n = 724 | n = 725 | |||
| Muscle aches | 28.5 | 0.7 | 24.9 | 0.6 | 24.7 | 1.0 |
| Fatigue | 22.1 | 0.7 | 23.6 | 1.8 | 23.0 | 1.0 |
| Headache | 22.0 | 1.0 | 22.1 | 1.0 | 20.1 | 1.2 |
| Arthralgia | 12.9 | 0.4 | 11.9 | 0.6 | 10.5 | 0.1 |
| Gastrointestinal symptomsh | 9.6 | 1.0 | 9.7 | 1.0 | 9.0 | 0.7 |
| Shivering | 7.0 | 0.4 | 6.9 | 1.2 | 6.9 | 0.6 |
| Feverg | 1.9 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 0.3 |
| Total vaccinated cohort for safety included all vaccinated subjects for whom safety data were available. n = number of subjects with diary card completed. a 7 days included day of vaccination and the subsequent 6 days. b Trial 2: NCT01198756. c Contained 2 A strains and 2 B strains, one of Victoria lineage and one of Yamagata lineage. d Contained the same 2 A strains as FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT and a B strain of Victoria lineage. e Contained the same 2 A strains as FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT and a B strain of Yamagata lineage. f Grade 3 pain: Defined as cried when limb was moved/spontaneously painful (children ≥5 years), or significant pain at rest, prevented normal everyday activities (children ≥5 years). Grade 3 swelling, redness: Defined as >100 mm. Grade 3 irritability: Defined as crying that could not be comforted/prevented normal activity. Grade 3 drowsiness: Defined as prevented normal activity. Grade 3 loss of appetite: Defined as not eating at all. Grade 3 (or higher) fever: Defined as ≥102.2°F (39.0°C). Grade 3 muscle aches, fatigue, headache, arthralgia, gastrointestinal symptoms, shivering: Defined as prevented normal activity. g Fever: Defined as ≥100.4°F (38.0°C). h Gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal pain. |
||||||
In children who received a second dose of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT, FLUARIX TIV-1 (B Victoria), or TIV-2 (B Yamagata), the incidences of adverse events following the second dose were generally lower than those observed after the first dose.
Unsolicited adverse events occurring within 28 days of vaccination were reported in 30%, 31%, and 30% of subjects who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 932), FLUARIX TIV-1 (B Victoria) (n = 929), or TIV-2 (B Yamagata) (n = 932), respectively. The unsolicited adverse events that occurred most frequently (≥1% for FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT) included vomiting, pyrexia, bronchitis, nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, headache, cough, oropharyngeal pain, and rhinorrhea. Serious adverse events occurring within 28 days of any vaccination were reported in 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.2% of subjects who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT, FLUARIX TIV-1 (B Victoria), or TIV-2 (B Yamagata), respectively.
Trial 3 (NCT01218308) was a randomized, observer-blind, non-influenza vaccine-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT. The trial included subjects aged 3 through 8 years who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 2,584) or HAVRIX (Hepatitis A Vaccine) (n = 2,584) as a control vaccine. Children with no history of influenza vaccination received 2 doses of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or HAVRIX approximately 28 days apart (this dosing regimen for HAVRIX is not a U.S.-licensed schedule). Children with a history of influenza vaccination received one dose of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or HAVRIX. In the overall population, 52% were male; 60% were Asian, 5% were white, and 35% were of other racial/ethnic groups. The mean age of subjects was 5 years. Solicited local adverse reactions and systemic adverse events were collected for 7 days (day of vaccination and the next 6 days). The incidence of local adverse reactions and systemic adverse events occurring within 7 days of vaccination in children are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT: Incidence of Solicited Local Adverse Reactions
and Systemic Adverse Events within 7 Daysa of First Vaccination in Children Aged 3
through 8 Yearsb (Total Vaccinated Cohort)
| Adverse Reaction/ Adverse Event | FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT % |
HAVRIXc % |
||
| Any | Grade 3d | Any | Grade 3d | |
| Aged 3 through 8 Years | ||||
| Local Adverse Reactions | n = 2,546 | n = 2,551 | ||
| Pain | 39.4 | 0.9 | 27.8 | 0.7 |
| Swelling | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| Redness | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Aged 3 through 4 Years | ||||
| Systemic Adverse Events | n = 898 | n = 895 | ||
| Loss of appetite | 9.0 | 0.3 | 8.2 | 0.4 |
| Irritability | 8.1 | 0.4 | 7.5 | 0.1 |
| Drowsiness | 7.7 | 0.4 | 7.3 | 0.0 |
| Fevere | 3.8 | 1.2 | 4.4 | 1.3 |
| Aged 5 through 8 Years | ||||
| Systemic Adverse Events | n = 1,648 | n = 1,654 | ||
| Muscle aches | 12.0 | 0.1 | 9.7 | 0.2 |
| Headache | 10.5 | 0.4 | 10.6 | 0.8 |
| Fatigue | 8.4 | 0.1 | 7.1 | 0.3 |
| Arthralgia | 6.3 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 |
| Gastrointestinal symptomsf | 5.5 | 0.2 | 5.9 | 0.3 |
| Shivering | 3.0 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.1 |
| Fevere | 2.7 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 0.7 |
| Total vaccinated cohort for safety included all vaccinated subjects for whom safety data were available. n = number of subjects with diary card completed. a 7 days included day of vaccination and the subsequent 6 days. b Trial 3: NCT01218308. c Hepatitis A Vaccine used as a control vaccine. d Grade 3 pain: Defined as cried when limb was moved/spontaneously painful (children ≥5 years), or significant pain at rest, prevented normal everyday activities (children ≥5 years). Grade 3 swelling, redness: Defined as >100 mm. Grade 3 loss of appetite: Defined as not eating at all. Grade 3 irritability: Defined as crying that could not be comforted/prevented normal activity. Grade 3 drowsiness: Defined as prevented normal activity. Grade 3 (or higher) fever: Defined as ≥102.2°F (39.0°C). Grade 3 muscle aches, headache, fatigue, arthralgia, gastrointestinal symptoms, shivering: Defined as prevented normal activity. e Fever: Defined as ≥100.4°F (38.0°C). f Gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal pain. |
||||
In children who received a second dose of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or HAVRIX, the incidences of adverse events following the second dose were generally lower than those observed after the first dose.
The frequency of unsolicited adverse events occurring within 28 days of vaccination was similar in both groups (33% for both FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT and HAVRIX). The unsolicited adverse events that occurred most frequently (≥1% for FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT) included diarrhea, pyrexia, gastroenteritis, nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, varicella, cough, and rhinorrhea. Serious adverse events occurring within 28 days of any vaccination were reported in 0.7% of subjects who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT and in 0.2% of subjects who received HAVRIX.
The following adverse events have been spontaneously reported during postapproval use of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or FLULAVAL (trivalent influenza vaccine). Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their incidence rate or establish a causal relationship to the vaccine. Adverse events were included based on one or more of the following factors: severity, frequency of reporting, or strength of evidence for a causal relationship to FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or FLULAVAL.
Lymphadenopathy.
Eye pain, photophobia.
Dysphagia, vomiting.
Chest pain, injection site inflammation, asthenia, injection site rash, influenza-like symptoms, abnormal gait, injection site bruising, injection site sterile abscess.
Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis, angioedema.
Rhinitis, laryngitis, cellulitis.
Muscle weakness, arthritis.
Dizziness, paresthesia, hypoesthesia, hypokinesia, tremor, somnolence, syncope, Guillain-Barre syndrome, convulsions/seizures, facial or cranial nerve paralysis, encephalopathy, limb paralysis.
Insomnia.
Dyspnea, dysphonia, bronchospasm, throat tightness.
Urticaria, localized or generalized rash, pruritus, sweating.
Flushing, pallor.
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT should not be mixed with any other vaccine in the same syringe or vial.
There are insufficient data to assess the concomitant administration of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT with other vaccines. When concomitant administration of other vaccines is required, the vaccines should be administered at different injection sites.
Immunosuppressive therapies, including irradiation, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, cytotoxic drugs, and corticosteroids (used in greater than physiologic doses) may reduce the immune response to FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT.
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
If Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) has occurred within 6 weeks of receipt of a prior influenza vaccine, the decision to give FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT should be based on careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks.
The 1976 swine influenza vaccine was associated with an elevated risk of GBS. Evidence for a causal relation of GBS with other influenza vaccines is inconclusive; if an excess risk exists, it is probably slightly more than one additional case/one million persons vaccinated.
Syncope (fainting) can occur in association with administration of injectable vaccines, including FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT. Syncope can be accompanied by transient neurological signs such as visual disturbance, paresthesia, and tonic-clonic limb movements. Procedures should be in place to avoid falling injury and to restore cerebral perfusion following syncope.
Prior to administration, the healthcare provider should review the immunization history for possible vaccine sensitivity and previous vaccination-related adverse reactions. Appropriate medical treatment and supervision must be available to manage possible anaphylactic reactions following administration of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT.
If FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT is administered to immunosuppressed persons, including individuals receiving immunosuppressive therapy, the immune response may be lower than in immunocompetent persons.
Vaccination with FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT may not protect all susceptible individuals.
As with other intramuscular injections, FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT should be given with caution in individuals with bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or on anticoagulant therapy to avoid the risk of hematoma following the injection.
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT has not been evaluated for carcinogenic, mutagenic potential, or male infertility in animals. Vaccination of female rats with FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT had no effect on fertility [see Use In Specific Populations].
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register women by calling 1-888-452-9622.
All pregnancies have a risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
There are insufficient data on FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT in pregnant women to inform vaccine-associated risks.
A developmental toxicity study was performed in female rats administered FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT prior to mating and during gestation and lactation periods. The total dose was 0.2 mL at each occasion (a single human dose is 0.5 mL). This study revealed no adverse effects on fetal or pre-weaning development due to FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT [see Data].
Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk
Pregnant women infected with seasonal influenza are at increased risk of severe illness associated with influenza infection compared with non-pregnant women. Pregnant women with influenza may be at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm labor and delivery.
Animal Data
In a developmental toxicity study, female rats were administered FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT by intramuscular injection 4 and 2 weeks prior to mating, on gestation Days 3, 8, 11, and 15, and on lactation Day 7. The total dose was 0.2 mL at each occasion (a single human dose is 0.5 mL). No adverse effects on pre-weaning development up to post-natal Day 25 were observed. There were no vaccine-related fetal malformations or variations.
It is not known whether FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT is excreted in human milk. Data are not available to assess the effects of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT on the breastfed infant or on milk production/excretion. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or from the underlying maternal condition. For preventive vaccines, the underlying maternal condition is susceptibility to disease prevented by the vaccine.
Safety and effectiveness of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT in children younger than 6 months have not been established.
In a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial, immunogenicity and safety were evaluated in a cohort of subjects aged 65 years and older who received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 397); approximately one-third of these subjects were aged 75 years and older. In subjects aged 65 years and older, the geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) post-vaccination and seroconversion rates were lower than in younger subjects (aged 18 to 64 years) and the frequencies of solicited and unsolicited adverse events were generally lower than in younger subjects [see ADVERSE REACTIONS , Clinical Studies].
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Do not administer FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT to anyone with a history of severe allergic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any component of the vaccine, including egg protein, or following a previous dose of any influenza vaccine [see DESCRIPTION].
Influenza illness and its complications follow infection with influenza viruses. Global surveillance of influenza identifies yearly antigenic variants. Since 1977, antigenic variants of influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) viruses and influenza B viruses have been in global circulation.
Public health authorities recommend influenza vaccine strains annually. Inactivated influenza vaccines are standardized to contain the hemagglutinins of strains representing the influenza viruses likely to circulate in the United States during the influenza season.
Specific levels of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer post-vaccination with inactivated influenza virus vaccines have not been correlated with protection from influenza illness but the antibody titers have been used as a measure of vaccine activity. In some human challenge studies, antibody titers of ≥1:40 have been associated with protection from influenza illness in up to 50% of subjects.1,2 Antibody against one influenza virus type or subtype confers little or no protection against another virus. Furthermore, antibody to one antigenic variant of influenza virus might not protect against a new antigenic variant of the same type or subtype. Frequent development of antigenic variants through antigenic drift is the virological basis for seasonal epidemics and the reason for the usual change of one or more new strains in each year's influenza vaccine.
Annual revaccination is recommended because immunity declines during the year after vaccination and because circulating strains of influenza virus change from year to year.
The efficacy of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT was evaluated in Trial 3, a randomized, observer-blind, non-influenza vaccine-controlled trial conducted in 3 countries in Asia, 3 in Latin America, and 2 in the Middle East/Europe during the 2010-2011 influenza season. Healthy subjects aged 3 through 8 years were randomized (1:1) to receive FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 2,584), containing A/California/7/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage), and B/Florida/4/2006 (Yamagata lineage) influenza strains, or HAVRIX (n = 2,584), as a control vaccine. Children with no history of influenza vaccination received 2 doses of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or HAVRIX approximately 28 days apart. Children with a history of influenza vaccination received one dose of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or HAVRIX [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. In the overall population, 52% were male; 60% were Asian, 5% were white, and 35% were of other racial/ethnic groups. The mean age of subjects was 5 years.
Efficacy of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT was assessed for the prevention of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive influenza A and/or B disease presenting as influenza-like illness (ILI). ILI was defined as a temperature ≥100°F in the presence of at least one of the following symptoms on the same day: cough, sore throat, runny nose, or nasal congestion. Subjects with ILI (monitored by passive and active surveillance for approximately 6 months) had nasal and throat swabs collected and tested for influenza A and/or B by RT-PCR. All RT-PCR-positive specimens were further tested in cell culture. Vaccine efficacy was calculated based on the ATP cohort for efficacy (Table 6).
Table 6. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT: Influenza Attack Rates and Vaccine Efficacy
against Influenza A and/or B in Children Aged 3 through 8 Yearsa (According-to-Protocol
Cohort for Efficacy)
| Nb | nc | Influenza Attack Rate % (n/N) |
Vaccine Efficacy % (CI) |
|
| All RT-PCR-Positive Influenza | ||||
| FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT | 2,379 | 58 | 2.4 | 55.4d (95% CI: 39.1, 67.3) |
| HAVRIXe | 2,398 | 128 | 5.3 | - |
| All Culture-Confirmed Influenzaf | ||||
| FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT | 2,379 | 50 | 2.1 | 55.9 (97.5% CI: 35.4, 69.9) |
| HAVRIXe | 2,398 | 112 | 4.7 | - |
| Antigenically Matched Culture-Confirmed Influenza | ||||
| FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT | 2,379 | 31 | 1.3 | 45.1g (97.5% CI: 9.3, 66.8) |
| HAVRIXe | 2,398 | 56 | 2.3 | - |
| CI = Confidence Interval; RT-PCR = Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. a Trial 3: NCT01218308. b According-to-protocol cohort for efficacy included subjects who met all eligibility criteria, were successfully contacted at least once post-vaccination, and complied with the protocol- specified efficacy criteria. c Number of influenza cases. d Vaccine efficacy for FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT met the pre-defined criterion of >30% for the lower limit of the 2-sided 95% CI. e Hepatitis A Vaccine used as a control vaccine. f Of 162 culture-confirmed influenza cases, 108 (67%) were antigenically typed (87 matched; 21 unmatched); 54 (33%) could not be antigenically typed [but were typed by RT-PCR and nucleic acid sequence analysis: 5 cases A (H1N1) (5 with HAVRIX), 47 cases A (H3N2) (10 with FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT; 37 with HAVRIX), and 2 cases B Victoria (2 with HAVRIX)]. g Since only 67% of cases could be typed, the clinical significance of this result is unknown. |
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In an exploratory analysis by age, vaccine efficacy against RT-PCR-positive influenza A and/or B disease presenting as ILI was evaluated in subjects aged 3 through 4 years and 5 through 8 years; vaccine efficacy was 35.3% (95% CI: -1.3, 58.6) and 67.7% (95% CI: 49.7, 79.2), respectively. As the trial lacked statistical power to evaluate efficacy within age subgroups, the clinical significance of these results is unknown.
As a secondary objective in the trial, subjects with RT-PCR-positive influenza A and/or B were prospectively classified based on the presence of adverse outcomes that have been associated with influenza infection (defined as fever >102.2°F/39.0°C, physician-verified shortness of breath, pneumonia, wheezing, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pulmonary congestion, croup, and/or acute otitis media, and/or physician-diagnosed serious extra-pulmonary complications, including myositis, encephalitis, seizure and/or myocarditis).
The risk reduction of fever >102.2°F/39.0°C associated with RT-PCR-positive influenza was 71.0% (95% CI: 44.8, 84.8) based on the ATP cohort for efficacy [FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 12/2,379); HAVRIX (n = 41/2,398)]. The other pre-specified adverse outcomes had too few cases to calculate a risk reduction. The incidence of these adverse outcomes is presented in Table 7.
Table 7. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT: Incidence of Adverse Outcomes Associated with
RT-PCR-Positive Influenza in Children Aged 3 through 8 Yearsa (Total Vaccinated
Cohort)b
| Adverse Outcomed | FLULAVAL
QUADRIVALENT n = 2,584 |
HAVRIXc n = 2,584 |
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| Number of Events | Number of Subjectse | % | Number of Events | Number of Subjectse | % | |
| Fever >102.2°F/39.0°C | 16f | 15 | 0.6 | 51f | 50 | 1.9 |
| Shortness of breath | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0.2 |
| Pneumonia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0.1 |
| Wheezing | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Bronchitis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Pulmonary congestion | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute otitis media | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Bronchiolitis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Croup | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Encephalitis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Myocarditis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Myositis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Seizure | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| a Trial 3: NCT01218308. b Total vaccinated cohort included all vaccinated subjects for whom data were available. c Hepatitis A Vaccine used as a control vaccine. d In subjects who presented with more than one adverse outcome, each outcome was counted in the respective category. e Number of subjects presenting with at least one event in each group. f One subject in each group had sequential influenza due to influenza type A and type B viruses. |
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Trial 1 was a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, safety and immunogenicity trial conducted in subjects aged 18 years and older. In this trial, subjects received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 1,246) or one of 2 formulations of a comparator trivalent influenza vaccine (FLULAVAL, TIV-1, n = 204 or TIV-2, n = 211), each containing an influenza type B virus that corresponded to one of the 2 B viruses in FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (a type B virus of the Victoria lineage or a type B virus of the Yamagata lineage) [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Immune responses, specifically hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers to each virus strain in the vaccine, were evaluated in sera obtained 21 days after administration of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or the comparators. The immunogenicity endpoint was GMTs adjusted for baseline, performed on the According-to-Protocol (ATP) cohort for whom immunogenicity assay results were available after vaccination. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT was non-inferior to both TIVs based on adjusted GMTs (Table 8). The antibody response to influenza B strains contained in FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT was higher than the antibody response after vaccination with a TIV containing an influenza B strain from a different lineage. There was no evidence that the addition of the second B strain resulted in immune interference to other strains included in the vaccine (Table 8).
Table 8. Non-inferiority of FLULAVAL Q UADRIVALENT Relative to Trivalent Influenza
Vaccine (TIV) 21 Days Post-vaccination in Adults Aged 18 Years and Oldera (According
to-Protocol Cohort for Immunogenicity)b
| Geometric Mean Titers Against |
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENTc |
TIV-1 (B Victoria)d |
TIV-2 (B Yamagata)e |
| n = 1,245-1,246 (95% CI) |
n = 204 (95% CI) |
n = 210-211 (95% CI) |
|
| A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) | 204.6f (190.4, 219.9) |
176.0 (149.1, 207.7) |
149.0 (122.9, 180.7) |
| A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2) | 125.4f (117.4, 133.9) |
147.5 (124.1, 175.2) |
141.0 (118.1, 168.3) |
| B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) | 177.7f (167.8, 188.1) |
135.9 (118.1, 156.5) |
71.9 (61.3, 84.2) |
| B/Florida/4/2006 (Yamagata lineage) | 399.7f (378.1, 422.6) |
176.9 (153.8, 203.5) |
306.6 (266.2, 353.3) |
| CI = Confidence Interval. a Trial 1: NCT01196975. b According-to-protocol cohort for immunogenicity included all evaluable subjects for whom assay results were available after vaccination for at least one trial vaccine antigen. c Containing A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), B/Florida/04/2006 (Yamagata lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage). d Containing A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage). e Containing A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), and B/Florida/04/2006 (Yamagata lineage). f Non-inferior to both TIVs based on adjusted GMTs [upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the GMT ratio (TIV/FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT) ≤1.5]; superior to TIV-1 (B Victoria) with respect to the B strain of Yamagata lineage and to TIV-2 (B Yamagata) with respect to the B strain of Victoria lineage based on adjusted GMTs [lower limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the GMT ratio (FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT/TIV) >1.5]. |
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Trial 4 was a randomized, observer-blind, active-controlled trial in children aged 6 through 35 months which was conducted in the United States and Mexico. In this trial, subjects received 0.5 mL of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT containing 15 mcg HA of each of the 4 influenza strains included in the vaccine (n = 1,207); or 0.25 mL of control vaccine FLUZONE QUADRIVALENT (Influenza Vaccine) containing 7.5 mcg HA of each of the 4 influenza strains included in the vaccine (n = 1,217) [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Immune responses, specifically HI antibody titers to each virus strain in the vaccine, were evaluated in sera obtained 28 days following completion of vaccination regimen. Previously vaccinated children received one dose and previously unvaccinated children (i.e., unprimed individuals) received 2 doses 4 weeks apart of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or the comparator. The immunogenicity endpoints were GMTs adjusted for baseline, and the percentage of subjects who achieved seroconversion, defined as a pre-vaccination HI titer of <1:10 with a post-vaccination titer ≥1:40 or at least a 4-fold increase in serum HI titer over baseline to ≥1:40, following vaccination, performed on the ATP cohort. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT was non-inferior to the comparator for all 4 vaccine strains based on adjusted GMTs and seroconversion rates (Table 9).
Table 9. Non-inferiority of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT Relative to Comparator
Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine at 28 Days Post-vaccination in Children Aged 6 through
35 Monthsa (According-to-Protocol Cohort for Immunogenicity)b
| Adjusted Geometric Mean Titers Against |
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENTc |
Active Comparatord |
| n = 972-974 | n = 980 | |
| A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) | 99.6e | 85.1 |
| A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2) | 99.8e | 84.6 |
| B/Massachusetts/02/2012 (Yamagata lineage) | 258.1e | 167.3 |
| B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) | 54.5e | 33.7 |
| Seroconversionf to: | n = 972-974 % (95% CI) |
n = 980 % (95% CI) |
| A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) | 73.7e (70.8, 76.4) |
67.3 (64.3, 70.3) |
| A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2) | 76.1e (73.3, 78.8) |
69.4 (66.4, 72.3) |
| B/Massachusetts/02/2012 (Yamagata lineage) | 85.5e (83.2, 87.7) |
73.8 (70.9, 76.5) |
| B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) | 64.9e (61.8, 67.9) |
48.5 (45.3, 51.6) |
| CI = Confidence Interval. a Trial 4: NCT02242643. b According-to-protocol cohort for immunogenicity included all evaluable subjects for whom assay results were available after vaccination for at least one trial vaccine antigen. c A 0.5-mL dose containing 15 mcg each of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2), B/Massachusetts/02/2012 (Yamagata lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage). d A 0.25-mL dose of U.S.-licensed quadrivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine (manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur Inc.) containing 7.5 mcg each of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2), B/Massachusetts/02/2012 (Yamagata lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage). e Non-inferior to the comparator vaccine based on adjusted GMTs [upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the GMT ratio (comparator/FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT) ≤1.5] and seroconversion rates (upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI on difference of comparator vaccine minus FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT ≤10%). f Seroconversion defined as a 4-fold increase in post-vaccination antibody titer from pre vaccination titer ≥1:10, or an increase in titer from <1:10 to ≥1:40. |
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Trial 2 was a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial conducted in children aged 3 through 17 years. In this trial, subjects received FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (n = 878), or one of 2 formulations of a comparator trivalent influenza vaccine (FLUARIX, TIV-1, n = 871 or TIV-2 n = 878), each containing an influenza type B virus that corresponded to one of the 2 B viruses in FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT (a type B virus of the Victoria lineage or a type B virus of the Yamagata lineage) [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Immune responses, specifically HI antibody titers to each virus strain in the vaccine, were evaluated in sera obtained 28 days following one or 2 doses of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT or the comparators. The immunogenicity endpoints were GMTs adjusted for baseline, and the percentage of subjects who achieved seroconversion, defined as at least a 4-fold increase in serum HI titer over baseline to ≥1:40, following vaccination, performed on the ATP cohort. FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT was non-inferior to both TIVs based on adjusted GMTs and seroconversion rates (Table 10). The antibody response to influenza B strains contained in FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT was higher than the antibody response after vaccination with a TIV containing an influenza B strain from a different lineage. There was no evidence that the addition of the second B strain resulted in immune interference to other strains included in the vaccine (Table 10).
Table 10. Non-inferiority of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT Relative to Trivalent
Influenza Vaccine (TIV) at 28 Days Post-vaccination in Children Aged 3 through 17 Yearsa
(According-to-Protocol Cohort for Immunogenicity)b
| Geometric Mean Titers Against |
FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENTc |
TIV-1 (B Victoria)d |
TIV-2 (B Yamagata)e |
| n = 878 (95% CI) |
n = 871 (95% CI) |
n = 877-878 (95% CI) |
|
| A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) | 362.7f (335.3, 392.3) |
429.1 (396.5, 464.3) |
420.2 (388.8, 454.0) |
| A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2) | 143.7f (134.2, 153.9) |
139.6 (130.5, 149.3) |
151.0 (141.0, 161.6) |
| B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) | 250.5f (230.8, 272.0) |
245.4 (226.9, 265.4) |
68.1 (61.9, 74.9) |
| B/Florida/4/2006 (Yamagata lineage) | 512.5f (477.6, 549.9) |
197.0 (180.7, 214.8) |
579.0 (541.2, 619.3) |
| Seroconversiong to: | n = 876 % (95% CI) |
n = 870 % (95% CI) |
n = 876-877 % (95% CI) |
| A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) | 84.4f (81.8, 86.7) |
86.8 (84.3, 89.0) |
85.5 (83.0, 87.8) |
| A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2) | 70.1f (66.9, 73.1) |
67.8 (64.6, 70.9) |
69.6 (66.5, 72.7) |
| B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) | 74.5f (71.5, 77.4) |
71.5 (68.4, 74.5) |
29.9 (26.9, 33.1) |
| B/Florida/4/2006 (Yamagata lineage) | 75.2f (72.2, 78.1) |
41.3 (38.0, 44.6) |
73.4 (70.4, 76.3) |
| CI = Confidence Interval. a Trial 2: NCT01198756. b According-to-protocol cohort for immunogenicity included all evaluable subjects for whom assay results were available after vaccination for at least one trial vaccine antigen. c Containing A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), B/Florida/04/2006 (Yamagata lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage). d Containing A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage). e Containing A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), and B/Florida/04/2006 (Yamagata lineage). f Non-inferior to both TIVs based on adjusted GMTs [upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the GMT ratio (TIV/FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT) ≤1.5] and seroconversion rates (upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI on difference of the TIV minus FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT ≤10%); superior to TIV-1 (B Victoria) with respect to the B strain of Yamagata lineage and to TIV-2 (B Yamagata) with respect to the B strain of Victoria lineage based on adjusted GMTs [lower limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the GMT ratio ( FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT/TIV) >1.5] and seroconversion rates (lower limit of the 2-sided 95% CI on difference of FLULAVAL QUADRIVALENT minus the TIV >10%). g Seroconversion defined as a 4-fold increase in post-vaccination antibody titer from pre vaccination titer ≥1:10, or an increase in titer from <1:10 to ≥1:40. |
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REFERENCES
1. Hannoun C, Megas F, Piercy J. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza vaccination. Virus Res. 2004;103:133-138.
2. Hobson D, Curry RL, Beare AS, et al. The role of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B viruses. J Hyg Camb. 1972;70:767-777.
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FLUARIX, FLULAVAL, HAVRIX, and TIP-LOK are trademarks owned by or licensed to the GSK group of companies. The other brand listed is a trademark owned by or licensed to the respective owner and is not a trademark of the GSK group of companies. The maker of this brand is not affiliated with and does not endorse the GSK group of companies or its products.
