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WARNING: ADDICTION, ABUSE, AND MISUSE; LIFE-THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION; ACCIDENTAL INGESTION; MEDICATION ERRORS; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 INTERACTION; CONCOMITANT USE WITH BENZODIAZEPINES OR OTHER CNS DEPRESSANTS; INTERACTION WITH ALCOHOL; NEONATAL OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse FLOWTUSS exposes patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. Reserve FLOWTUSS for use in adult patients for whom the benefits of cough suppression are expected to outweigh the risks, and in whom an adequate assessment of the etiology of the cough has been made. Assess each patient’s risk prior to prescribing FLOWTUSS, prescribe FLOWTUSS for the shortest duration that is consistent with individual patient treatment goals, monitor all patients regularly for the development of addition or abuse, and refill only after reevaluation of the need for continued treatment. [see Warnings and Precautions] Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of FLOWTUSS. Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of FLOWTUSS therapy or when used in patients at higher risk [see Warnings and Precautions]. Accidental Ingestion Accidental ingestion of even one dose of FLOWTUSS, especially by children, can result in a fatal overdose of hydrocodone [see Warnings and Precautions]. Risk of Medication Errors Ensure accuracy when prescribing, dispensing, and administering FLOWTUSS. Dosing errors can result in accidental overdose and death. Always use an accurate milliliter measuring device when measuring and administering FLOWTUSS [see Dosage and Administration, Warnings and Precautions]. Cytochrome P450 3A4 Interaction The concomitant use of FLOWTUSS with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may result in an increase in hydrocodone plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse drug effects and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. In addition, discontinuation of a concomitantly used cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer may result in an increase in hydrocodone plasma concentration. Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS in patients taking a CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer [see Warnings and Precautions, Drug Interactions]. Risks from Concomitant Use with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS in patients taking benzodiazepines, other CNS depressants, or alcohol. [see Warning and Precautions, Drug Interactions] Interaction with Alcohol Instruct patients not to consume alcoholic beverages or use prescription or non-prescription products that contain alcohol while taking FLOWTUSS. The co-ingestion of alcohol with FLOWTUSS may result in increased plasma levels and a potentially fatal overdose of hydrocodone [see Warnings and Precautions, Drug Interactions]. Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome FLOWTUSS is not recommended for use in pregnant women [see Use in Specific Populations]. Advise pregnant women using opioids for an extended period of time of the risk of Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated. Ensure that management by neonatology experts will be available at delivery [see Warnings and Precautions]. |
FLOWTUSS (hydrocodone bitartrate and guaifenesin) oral solution contains hydrocodone, an opioid agonist; and guaifenesin, an expectorant.
Each 5 mL of FLOWTUSS contains 2.5 mg of hydrocodone bitartrate and 200 mg of guaifenesin for oral administration.
FLOWTUSS also contains the following inactive ingredients: black raspberry flavor, citric acid, D&C Red #33, FD&C Blue #1, glycerin, methylparaben, polyethylene glycol propylparaben, purified water, saccharin sodium, sodium citrate, and sorbitol.
The chemical name for hydrocodone bitartrate is morphinan-6-one, 4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-, (5α)-, [R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:1), hydrate (2:5). It is also known as 4,5α-Epoxy-3-methoxy-17- methylmorphinan-6-one tartrate (1:1) hydrate (2:5). It occurs as a fine white crystal or crystalline powder, which is derived from the opium alkaloid, thebaine, and it has the following chemical structure:
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The chemical name for guaifenesin is 3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol. It occurs as a white powder, and it has the following chemical structure:
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FLOWTUSS is indicated for the symptomatic relief of cough and to loosen mucus associated with the common cold in patients 18 years of age and older.
Administer FLOWTUSS by the oral route only.
Always use an accurate milliliter measuring device when administering FLOWTUSS to ensure that the dose is measured and administered accurately. A household teaspoon is not an accurate measuring device and could lead to overdosage [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. For prescriptions where a measuring device is not provided, a pharmacist can provide an appropriate measuring device and can provide instructions for measuring the correct dose. Do not overfill. Rinse the measuring device with water after each use.
Advise patients not to increase the dose or dosing frequency of FLOWTUSS because serious adverse events such as respiratory depression may occur with overdosage [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, OVERDOSAGE]. The dosage of FLOWTUSS should not be increased if cough fails to respond; an unresponsive cough should be reevaluated for possible underlying pathology [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Adults 18 years of age and older: 10 mL every 4 to 6 hours as needed, not to exceed 6 doses (60 mL) in 24 hours.
Prescribe FLOWTUSS for the shortest duration that is consistent with individual patient treatment goals [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24-72 hours of initiating therapy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Reevaluate patients with unresponsive cough in 5 days or sooner for possible underlying pathology, such as foreign body or lower respiratory tract disease [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. If a patient requires a refill, reevaluate the cause of the cough and assess the need for continued treatment with FLOWTUSS, the relative incidence of adverse reactions, and the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Do not abruptly discontinue FLOWTUSS in a physically-dependent patient [see Drug Abuse And Dependence]. When a patient who has been taking FLOWTUSS regularly and may be physically dependent no longer requires therapy with FLOWTUSS, taper the dose gradually, by 25% to 50% every 2 to 4 days, while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal. If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise the dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both.
Oral solution: Each 5 mL contains hydrocodone bitartrate, USP, 2.5 mg; and guaifenesin, USP, 200 mg [see DESCRIPTION].
FLOWTUSS (hydrocodone bitartrate and guaifenesin) oral solution is supplied as a violet-colored, black raspberry flavored liquid containing 2.5 mg hydrocodone bitartrate and 200 mg guaifenesin in each 5 mL.
Store solution at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container, as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure.
Ensure that patients have an oral dosing dispenser that measures the appropriate volume in milliliters. Counsel patients on how to utilize an oral dosing dispenser and correctly measure the oral suspension as prescribed.
Manufactured for:
Chartwell RX Sciences, LLC.
Congers, NY 10920.
The following serious adverse reactions are described, or described in greater detail, in other sections:
The following adverse reactions have been identified during clinical studies, in the literature, or during post- approval use of hydrocodone and/or guaifenesin. Because these reactions may be reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
The most common adverse reactions to FLOWTUSS include: Sedation (somnolence, mental clouding, lethargy), impaired mental and physical performance, lightheadedness, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and constipation.
Other reactions include:
Anaphylaxis: Anaphylaxis has been reported with hydrocodone, one of the ingredients in FLOWTUSS.
Body as a whole: Coma, death, fatigue, falling injuries, lethargy.
Cardiovascular: Peripheral edema, increased blood pressure, decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, chest pain, palpitation, syncope, orthostatic hypotension, prolonged QT interval, hot flush.
Central Nervous System: Facial dyskinesia, insomnia, increased intracranial pressure, migraine, seizure, tremor.
Dermatologic: Flushing, hyperhidrosis, pruritus, rash.
Endocrine/Metabolic: Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs. Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with chronic use of opioids [see Clinical Pharmacology].
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, decreased appetite, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, GERD, indigestion, pancreatitis, paralytic ileus, biliary tract spasm (spasm of the sphincter of Oddi).
Genitourinary: Urinary tract infection, ureteral spasm, spasm of vesicle sphincters, urinary retention.
Laboratory: Increases in serum amylase.
Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia, backache, muscle spasm.
Ophthalmic: Miosis (constricted pupils), visual disturbances.
Psychiatric: Agitation, anxiety, confusion, fear, dysphoria, depression.
Reproductive: Hypogonadism, infertility.
Respiratory: Bronchitis, cough, dyspnea, nasal congestion, nasopharyngitis, respiratory depression, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infection.
Other: Drug abuse, drug dependence, opioid withdrawal syndrome.
Hypoglycemia: Cases of hypoglycemia have been reported in patients taking opioids. Most reports were in patients with at least one predisposing risk factor (e.g., diabetes).
Opioid-induced esophageal dysfunction (OIED): Cases of OIED have been reported in patients taking opioids and may occur more frequently in patients taking higher doses of opioids, and/or in patients taking opioids longer term.
No specific drug interaction studies have been conducted with FLOWTUSS.
Concomitant use of alcohol with FLOWTUSS can result in an increase of hydrocodone plasma levels and potentially fatal overdose of hydrocodone. Instruct patients not to consume alcoholic beverages or use prescription or nonprescription products containing alcohol while on FLOWTUSS therapy [see Warnings and Precautions, Clinical Pharmacology].
The concomitant use of FLOWTUSS and CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g. ketoconazole), or protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), can increase the plasma concentration of hydrocodone, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects. These effects could be more pronounced with concomitant use of FLOWTUSS and CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitors, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of FLOWTUSS is achieved [see Warnings and Precautions]. After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the hydrocodone plasma concentration will decrease [see Clinical Pharmacology], resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.
Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS while taking a CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 inhibitor. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.
The concomitant use of FLOWTUSS and CYP3A4 inducers such as rifampin, carbamazepine, or phenytoin, can decrease the plasma concentration of hydrocodone [see Clinical Pharmacology], resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to hydrocodone [see Warnings and Precautions]. After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, the hydrocodone plasma concentration will increase [see Clinical Pharmacology], which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression.
Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS in patients who are taking CYP3A4 inducers. If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inducer is necessary, follow the patient for reduced efficacy.
Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, gabapentinoids (gabapentin or pregabalin), and other opioids, can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS in patients who are taking benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids (gabapentin or pregabalin), or other CNS depressants [see Warnings and Precautions], and instruct patients to avoid consumption of alcohol while on FLOWTUSS [see Drug Interactions, Patient Counseling Information].
The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. If concomitant use is warranted, carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation. Discontinue FLOWTUSS if serotonin syndrome is suspected.
Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS in patients who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or have taken MAOIs within 14 days. The use of MAOIs or tricyclic antidepressants with hydrocodone, one of the active ingredients in FLOWTUSS, may increase the effect of either the antidepressant or hydrocodone. MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma).
Hydrocodone may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine, metaxalone) and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression. Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS in patients taking muscle relaxants. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor patients for signs of respiratory depression that may be greater than otherwise expected.
Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Monitor patients for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure and increase the dosage of the diuretic as needed.
The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs with FLOWTUSS may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus [see Warnings and Precautions]. Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when FLOWTUSS is used concomitantly with anticholinergic drugs.
FLOWTUSS contains hydrocodone, a Schedule II controlled substance.
FLOWTUSS contains hydrocodone, a substance with a high potential for abuse similar to other opioids including morphine and codeine. FLOWTUSS can be abused and is subject to misuse, addiction, and criminal diversion [see Warnings and Precautions].
All patients treated with opioids require careful monitoring for signs of abuse and addiction, since use of opioid analgesic and antitussive products carries the risk of addiction even under appropriate medical use.
Prescription drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a prescription drug, even once, for its rewarding psychological or physiological effects.
Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and includes: a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal.
“Drug-seeking” behavior is very common in persons with substance use disorders. Drug-seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing, or referral, repeated “loss” of prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions, and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating health care provider(s). “Doctor shopping” (visiting multiple prescribers to obtain additional prescriptions) is common among drug abusers and people suffering from untreated addiction. Preoccupation with achieving adequate pain relief can be appropriate behavior in a patient with poor pain control.
Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance. Health care providers should be aware that addiction may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence in all addicts. In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of true addiction.
FLOWTUSS, like other opioids, can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels of distribution. Careful record-keeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests, as required by state and federal law, is strongly advised.
Proper assessment of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic re-evaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs.
Abuse of guaifenesin has been linked to the formation of kidney stones composed of the major metabolite β-(2- methoxyphenoxy) lactic acid.
FLOWTUSS is for oral use only. Abuse of FLOWTUSS poses a risk of overdose and death. The risk is increased with concurrent use of FLOWTUSS with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants [see Warnings and Precautions and Drug Interactions].
Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.
Psychological dependence, physical dependence, and tolerance may develop upon repeated administration of opioids; therefore, FLOWTUSS should be prescribed and administered for the shortest duration that is consistent with individual patient treatment goals and patients should be reevaluated prior to refills [see Dosage and Administration, Warnings and Precautions].
Physical dependence, the condition in which continued administration of the drug is required to prevent the appearance of a withdrawal syndrome, assumes clinically significant proportions only after several weeks of continued oral opioid use, although some mild degree of physical dependence may develop after a few days of opioid therapy.
Do not rapidly reduce or abruptly discontinue FLOWTUSS in a physically-dependent patient. If FLOWTUSS is rapidly reduced or abruptly discontinued in a physically-dependent patient, a withdrawal syndrome may occur. Withdrawal also may be precipitated through the administration of drugs with opioid antagonist activity (e.g., naloxone, nalmefene), mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (e.g., pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine), or partial agonists (e.g., buprenorphine). Some or all of the following can characterize this syndrome: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, and mydriasis. Other signs and symptoms also may develop, including irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate. Infants born to mothers physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may exhibit respiratory difficulties and withdrawal signs [see Use in Specific Populations].
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
FLOWTUSS contains hydrocodone, a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, FLOWTUSS exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Drug Abuse And Dependence], which can lead to overdose and death [see OVERDOSAGE]. Reserve FLOWTUSS for use in adult patients for whom the benefits of cough suppression are expected to outweigh the risks, and in whom an adequate assessment of the etiology of the cough has been made. Assess each patient's risk prior to prescribing FLOWTUSS, prescribe FLOWTUSS for the shortest duration that is consistent with individual patient treatment goals, monitor all patients regularly for the development of addiction or abuse, and refill only after reevaluation of the need for continued treatment.
Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed FLOWTUSS. Addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if the drug is misused or abused. The risk of opioid-related overdose or overdose-related death is increased with higher opioid doses, and this risk persists over the course of therapy. In postmarketing studies, addiction, abuse, misuse, and fatal and non-fatal opioid overdose were observed in patients with long-term opioid use [see Adverse Reactions]. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression).
Opioids are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing FLOWTUSS. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drug [see Patient Counseling Information]. Contact local state professional licensing board or state controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, including hydrocodone, one of the active ingredients in FLOWTUSS. Hydrocodone produces dose-related respiratory depression by directly acting on the brain stem respiratory center that controls respiratory rhythm and may produce irregular and periodic breathing. Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression includes discontinuation of FLOWTUSS, close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists (e.g. naloxone), depending on the patient’s clinical status [see OVERDOSAGE]. Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.
While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of FLOWTUSS, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy, when FLOWTUSS is used concomitantly with other drugs that may cause respiratory depression [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], in patients with chronic pulmonary disease or decreased respiratory reserve, and in patients with altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance (e.g. elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing of FLOWTUSS is essential [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Monitor patients closely, especially within the first 24Â72 hours of initiating therapy or when used in patients at higher risk.
Overdose of hydrocodone in adults has been associated with fatal respiratory depression, and the use of hydrocodone in children younger than 6 years of age has been associated with fatal respiratory depression when used as recommended. Accidental ingestion of even one dose of FLOWTUSS, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death.
Children are particularly sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of hydrocodone [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Because of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression and death, FLOWTUSS is contraindicated in children less than 6 years of age [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Use of FLOWTUSS in children also exposes them to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Drug Abuse And Dependence], which can lead to overdose and death [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, OVERDOSAGE]. Because the benefits of symptomatic treatment of cough associated with allergies or the common cold do not outweigh the risks of use of hydrocodone in pediatric patients, FLOWTUSS is not indicated for use in patients younger than 18 years of age [see INDICATIONS, Use In Specific Populations].
The dosage of FLOWTUSS should not be increased if cough fails to respond; an unresponsive cough should be reevaluated in 5 days or sooner for possible underlying pathology, such as foreign body or lower respiratory tract disease [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
The use of FLOWTUSS in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Opioid analgesics and antitussives, including hydrocodone, one of the active ingredients in FLOWTUSS, should not be used in patients with acute febrile illness associated with productive cough or in patients with chronic respiratory disease where interference with ability to clear the tracheobronchial tree of secretions would have a deleterious effect on the patient’s respiratory function.
FLOWTUSS-treated patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and those with a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive including apnea, even at recommended dosages of FLOWTUSS [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Because of the risk of respiratory depression, avoid the use of opioid antitussives, including FLOWTUSS in patients with compromised respiratory function, patients at risk of respiratory failure, and in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients. If FLOWTUSS is prescribed, monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating FLOWTUSS and when FLOWTUSS is given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Dosing errors can result in accidental overdose and death. To reduce the risk of overdose and respiratory depression, ensure that the dose of FLOWTUSS is communicated clearly and dispensed accurately [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Advise patients to always use an accurate milliliter measuring device when measuring and administering FLOWTUSS. Inform patients that household teaspoon is not an accurate measuring device and such use could lead to overdosage and serious adverse reactions [see OVERDOSAGE]. For prescriptions where a measuring device is not provided, a pharmacist can provide an appropriate calibrated measuring device and can provide instructions for measuring the correct dose.
Hydrocodone, one of the active ingredients in FLOWTUSS, may produce marked drowsiness and impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery. Advise patients to avoid engaging in hazardous tasks requiring mental alertness and motor coordination after ingestion of FLOWTUSS. Avoid concurrent use of FLOWTUSS with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants because additional impairment of central nervous system performance may occur [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Concomitant use of FLOWTUSS with a CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), may increase plasma concentrations of hydrocodone and prolong opioid adverse reactions, which may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of FLOWTUSS is achieved. Similarly, discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inducer, such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, in FLOWTUSS-treated patients may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions.
Concomitant use of FLOWTUSS with CYP3A4 inducers or discontinuation of an CYP3A4 inhibitor could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy or, possibly, lead to a withdrawal syndrome in a patient who had developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.
Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS in patients who are taking a CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer. If concomitant use of FLOWTUSS with a CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer is necessary, monitor patients for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Concomitant use of opioids, including FLOWTUSS, with benzodiazepines, or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Because of these risks, avoid use of opioid cough medications in patients taking benzodiazepines, other CNS depressants, or alcohol [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioids alone. Because of similar pharmacologic properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with concomitant use of opioid cough medications and benzodiazepines, other CNS depressants, or alcohol.
Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation if FLOWTUSS is used with benzodiazepines, alcohol, or other CNS depressants [see Patient Counseling Information].
Patients must not consume alcoholic beverages, or prescription or non-prescription products containing alcohol, while on FLOWTUSS therapy. The co-ingestion of alcohol with FLOWTUSS may result in increased plasma levels and a potentially fatal overdose of hydrocodone [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
FLOWTUSS is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. The use of hydrocodone in FLOWTUSS may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions.
The concurrent use of anticholinergics with FLOWTUSS may produce paralytic ileus [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
The hydrocodone in FLOWTUSS may result in constipation or obstructive bowel disease, especially in patients with underlying intestinal motility disorders. Use with caution in patients with underlying intestinal motility disorders.
The hydrocodone in FLOWTUSS may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in an increase in biliary tract pressure. Opioids may cause increases in serum amylase [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis for worsening symptoms.
Cases of opioid-induced esophageal dysfunction (OIED) have been reported in patients taking opioids. The risk of OIED may increase as the dose and/or duration of opioids increases. Regularly evaluate patients for signs and symptoms of OIED (e.g., dysphagia, regurgitation, non-cardiac chest pain) and, if necessary, adjust opioid therapy as clinically appropriate [see Clinical Pharmacology].
Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS in patients with head injury, intracranial lesions, or a pre-existing increase in intracranial pressure. In patients who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), FLOWTUSS may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure. Furthermore, opioids produce adverse reactions that may obscure the clinical course of patients with head injuries.
The hydrocodone in FLOWTUSS may increase the frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders, and may increase the risk of seizures occurring in other clinical settings associated with seizures. Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during FLOWTUSS therapy.
FLOWTUSS may cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients. There is increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g., phenothiazines or general anesthetics) [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating FLOWTUSS.
In patients with circulatory shock, FLOWTUSS may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure. Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS in patients with circulatory shock.
FLOWTUSS is not recommended for use in pregnant women. Prolonged use of FLOWTUSS during pregnancy can result in withdrawal in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly. Advise pregnant women using opioids for a prolonged period of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available. [see Use In Specific Populations, Patient Counseling Information]
Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible. If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids. Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers. Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency. The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.
Because opioid agonists may increase biliary tract pressure, with resultant increase in plasma amylase or lipase levels, determination of these enzyme levels may be unreliable for 24 hours after administration of a dose of FLOWTUSS.
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Inform patients that the use of FLOWTUSS, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Instruct patients not to share FLOWTUSS with others and to take steps to protect FLOWTUSS from theft or misuse.
Instruct patients how to measure and take the correct dose of FLOWTUSS. Advise patients to measure FLOWTUSS with an accurate milliliter measuring device. Patients should be informed that a household teaspoon is not an accurate measuring device and could lead to overdosage. Advise patients to ask their pharmacist to recommend an appropriate measuring device and for instructions for measuring the correct dose [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Advise patients not to increase the dose or dosing frequency of FLOWTUSS because serious adverse events such as respiratory depression may occur with overdosage [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, OVERDOSAGE].
Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting FLOWTUSS and that it can occur even at recommended dosages [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Advise patients how to recognize respiratory depression and to seek medical attention if breathing difficulties develop.
Inform patients that accidental ingestion, especially by children, may result in respiratory depression or death [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Instruct patients to take steps to store FLOWTUSS securely and to properly dispose of unused FLOWTUSS in accordance with the local state guidelines and/or regulations.
Advise patients to avoid engaging in hazardous tasks that require mental alertness and motor coordination such as operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle as FLOWTUSS may produce marked drowsiness [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if FLOWTUSS is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol. Advise patients to avoid concomitant use of FLOWTUSS with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants and instruct patients not to consume alcoholic beverages, as well as prescription and over-the-counter products that contain alcohol, during treatment with FLOWTUSS [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Advise patients of the potential for severe constipation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Inform patients that anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in FLOWTUSS. Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Inform patients not to take FLOWTUSS while using or within 14 days of stopping any drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase. Patients should not start MAOIs while taking FLOWTUSS [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Inform patients that FLOWTUSS may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope. Instruct patients how to recognize symptoms of low blood pressure and how to reduce the risk of serious consequences should hypotension occur (e.g., sit or lie down, carefully rise from a sitting or lying position) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that use of FLOWTUSS is not recommended during pregnancy [see Use In Specific Populations].
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Inform female patients of reproductive potential that use of FLOWTUSS during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Use In Specific Populations].
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
Inform female patients of reproductive potential that FLOWTUSS can cause fetal harm and to inform their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy [see Use In Specific Populations].
Advise women that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with FLOWTUSS [see Use In Specific Populations].
Inform patients that chronic use of opioids, such as hydrocodone, a component of FLOWTUSS, may cause reduced fertility. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Use In Specific Populations].
Inform patients that FLOWTUSS could cause adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition. Adrenal insufficiency may present with non-specific symptoms and signs such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience a constellation of these symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform patients that FLOWTUSS could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs. Warn patients of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop. Instruct patients to inform their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medications. [see ADVERSE REACTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Advise patients to properly dispose of unused FLOWTUSS. Advise patients to throw the drug in the household trash following these steps. 1) Remove them from their original containers and mix them with an undesirable substance, such as used coffee grounds or kitty litter (this makes the drug less appealing to children and pets, and unrecognizable to people who may intentionally go through the trash seeking drugs). 2) Place the mixture in a sealable bag, empty can, or other container to prevent the drug from leaking or breaking out of a garbage bag, or to dispose of in accordance with local state guidelines and/or regulations.
Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and fertility studies have not been conducted with FLOWTUSS; however, published information is available for the individual active ingredients or related active ingredients.
Carcinogenicity studies were conducted with codeine, an opiate related to hydrocodone. Two-year studies in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were conducted to assess the carcinogenic potential of codeine. No evidence of tumorigenicity was observed in male and female rats at codeine dietary doses up to 70 and 80 mg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to 40 and 45 times the MRHD of hydrocodone on a mg/m² basis, respectively). No evidence of tumorigenicity was observed in male and female mice at codeine dietary doses up to 400 mg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to 110 times the MRHD of hydrocodone on a mg/m² basis).
Mutagenicity studies with hydrocodone have not been conducted.
Fertility studies with hydrocodone have not been conducted.
Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and fertility studies with guaifenesin have not been conducted.
FLOWTUSS is not recommended for use in pregnant women, including during or immediately prior to labor.
Prolonged use of opioids during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Clinical Considerations].
There are no available data with FLOWTUSS use in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk for adverse developmental outcomes. Published studies with hydrocodone have reported inconsistent findings and have important methodological limitations (see Data).
Reproductive toxicity studies have not been conducted with FLOWTUSS; however, studies are available with individual active ingredients or related active ingredients (see Data).
In animal reproduction studies, hydrocodone administered by the subcutaneous route to pregnant hamsters during the period of organogenesis produced a teratogenic effect at a dose approximately 45 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) (see Data).
Guaifenesin administered by the oral route to pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis was embryolethal at a dose approximately 1 times the MRHD and produced teratogenic effects at a dose approximately 2 times the MRHD (see Data).
Based on the animal data, advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth.
Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Labor Or Delivery
Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates. An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate. Opioids, including FLOWTUSS, can prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilation, which tends to shorten labor. Monitor neonates exposed to opioids during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression.
Human Data
A limited number of pregnancies have been reported in published observational studies and postmarketing reports describing hydrocodone use during pregnancy. However, these data cannot definitely establish or exclude any drug-associated risk during pregnancy. Methodological limitations of these observational studies include small sample size and lack of details regarding dose, duration and timing of exposure.
Animal Data
Reproductive toxicity studies have not been conducted with FLOWTUSS; however, studies are available with individual active ingredients or related active ingredients.
In an embryofetal development study in pregnant hamsters dosed on gestation day 8 during the period of organogenesis, hydrocodone induced cranioschisis, a malformation, at approximately 45 times the MRHD (on a mg/m² basis with a maternal subcutaneous dose of 102 mg/kg). Reproductive toxicology studies were also conducted with codeine, an opiate related to hydrocodone. In an embryofetal development study in pregnant rats dosed throughout the period of organogenesis, codeine increased resorptions and decreased fetal weights at a dose approximately 65 times the MRHD of hydrocodone (on a mg/m² basis with a maternal oral dose of codeine at 120 mg/kg/day); however, these effects occurred in the presence of maternal toxicity. In embryofetal development studies with pregnant rabbits and mice dosed throughout the period of organogenesis, codeine produced no adverse developmental effects at doses approximately 30 and 160 times, respectively, the MRHD of hydrocodone (on a mg/m² basis with maternal oral doses of codeine at 30 mg/kg/day in rabbits and 600 mg/kg/day in mice).
In an embryofetal development study in pregnant rats dosed throughout the period of organogenesis, guaifenesin resulted in fetal death at doses approximately 1 times the MRHD (on a mg/m² basis with maternal oral doses of 350 mg/kg/day and higher). Guaifenesin also induced hemorrhagic spots and decreases in fetal weight and lengths of full body, skull, fore-and hind-limbs, and tail at doses 1 times the MRHD (on a mg/m² basis with maternal oral doses of 250 mg/kg/day and higher). Limb and tail defects, increased intercostal space, and improper development of limbs were observed at doses 2 times the MRHD (on a mg/m² basis with maternal oral doses of 500 mg/kg/day and higher).
Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including excess sedation, respiratory depression, and death in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with FLOWTUSS.
There are no data on the presence of FLOWTUSS in human milk, the effects of FLOWTUSS on the breastfed infant, or the effects of FLOWTUSS on milk production; however, data are available with hydrocodone.
Hydrocodone
Hydrocodone is present in breast milk. Published cases report variable concentrations of hydrocodone and hydromorphone (an active metabolite) in breast milk with administration of immediate-release hydrocodone to nursing mothers in the early post-partum period with relative infant doses of hydrocodone ranging between 1.4 and 3.7%. There are case reports of excessive sedation and respiratory depression in breastfed infants exposed to hydrocodone. No information is available on the effects of hydrocodone on milk production.
Guaifenesin
No information is available on the levels of guaifenesin in breast milk or on milk production.
Infants exposed to FLOWTUSS through breast milk should be monitored for excess sedation and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of an opioid is stopped, or when breastfeeding is stopped.
Chronic use of opioids, such as hydrocodone, a component of FLOWTUSS, may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
FLOWTUSS is not indicated for use in patients younger than 18 years of age because the benefits of symptomatic treatment of cough associated with allergies or the common cold do not outweigh the risks for use of hydrocodone in these patients [see INDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received hydrocodone [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Because of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression and death, FLOWTUSS is contraindicated in children less than 6 years of age [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Clinical studies have not been conducted with FLOWTUSS in geriatric populations.
Use caution when considering the use of FLOWTUSS in patients 65 years of age or older. Elderly patients may have increased sensitivity to hydrocodone; greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function; or concomitant disease or other drug therapy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, including FLOWTUSS. Respiratory depression has occurred after large initial doses of opioids were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Hydrocodone is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, monitor these patients closely for respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.
The pharmacokinetics of FLOWTUSS has not been characterized in patients with renal impairment. Patients with renal impairment may have higher plasma concentrations than those with normal function [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. FLOWTUSS should be used with caution in patients with severe impairment of renal function, and patients should be monitored closely for respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.
The pharmacokinetics of FLOWTUSS has not been characterized in patients with hepatic impairment. Patients with severe hepatic impairment may have higher plasma concentrations than those with normal hepatic function [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Therefore, FLOWTUSS should be used with caution in patients with severe impairment of hepatic function, and patients should be monitored closely for respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.
Hydrocodone
Acute overdose with hydrocodone is characterized by respiratory depression (a decrease in respiratory rate and/or tidal volume, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, cyanosis), extreme somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, hypotension, hypoglycemia, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest, and death. Toxic leukoencephalopathy has been reported after opioid overdose and can present hours, days, or weeks after apparent recovery from the initial intoxication.
Hydrocodone may cause miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origin may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations [see Clinical Pharmacology].
Guaifenesin
Overdosage with guaifenesin can cause depression of the central nervous system. While present in polypharmacy overdoses, one case of overdose with only significant levels of guaifenesin has been reported. Symptoms included slurred speech, shallow respirations, reduced heart rate with rhythm sinus bradycardia, followed by asystole.
Treatment of overdosage is driven by the overall clinical presentation, and consists of discontinuation of FLOWTUSS together with institution of appropriate therapy. Give primary attention to the reestablishment of adequate respiratory exchange through provision of a patent and protected airway and the institution of assisted or controlled ventilation. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen and vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life-support techniques. Gastric emptying may be useful in removing unabsorbed drug.
For clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to hydrocodone overdose, administer an opioid overdose reversal agent such as naloxone or nalmefene. An opioid overdose reversal agent should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory depression. Because the duration of opioid reversal is expected to be less than the duration of action of hydrocodone in FLOWTUSS, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably reestablished. If the response to an opioid overdose reversal agent is suboptimal or only brief in nature, administer additional reversal agent as directed by the product’s prescribing information.
Hemodialysis is not routinely used to enhance the elimination of hydrocodone from the body.
FLOWTUSS is contraindicated for:
FLOWTUSS is also contraindicated in patients with:
Hydrocodone is an opioid agonist with relative selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor, although it can interact with other opioid receptors at higher doses. The precise mechanism of action of hydrocodone and other opiates is not known; however, hydrocodone is believed to act centrally on the cough center. In excessive doses, hydrocodone will depress respiration.
Guaifenesin is an expectorant, the action of which promotes or facilitates the removal of secretions from the respiratory tract. The precise mechanism of action of guaifenesin is not known; however, it is thought to act as an expectorant by increasing the volume and reducing the viscosity of secretions in the trachea and bronchi. In turn, this may increase the efficiency of the cough reflex and facilitate removal of the secretions.
Effects On The Central Nervous System
Hydrocodone produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and to electrical stimulation.
Hydrocodone causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to hypoxia in overdose situations.
Effects On The Gastrointestinal Tract And Other Smooth Muscle
Hydrocodone causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.
Effects On The Cardiovascular System
Hydrocodone produces peripheral vasodilation which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes and sweating and/or orthostatic hypotension.
Effects On The Endocrine System
Opioids inhibit the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon.
Chronic use of opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Effects On The Immune System
Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system in in vitro and animal models. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Overall, the effects of opioids appear to be modestly immunosuppressive.
Concentration–Adverse Reaction Relationships
There is a relationship between increasing hydrocodone plasma concentration and increasing frequency of dose-related opioid adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, CNS effects, and respiratory depression. In opioid-tolerant patients, the situation may be altered by the development of tolerance to opioid-related adverse reactions.
Following a single 10 mL oral dose of 5 mg hydrocodone bitartrate and 400 mg guaifenesin administered to 37 healthy adults, the geometric mean Cmax and AUC0-inf for hydrocodone were 9.0 ng/mL and 61.2 ng•hr/mL, respectively. The median time to maximum concentration for hydrocodone was about 1.67 hours. Food has no significant effect on the extent of absorption of hydrocodone.
Following a single 10 mL oral dose of 5 mg hydrocodone bitartrate and 400 mg guaifenesin administered to 36 healthy adults, the geometric mean Cmax and AUC0-inf for guaifenesin were 2.0 mcg/mL and 2.6 mcg•hr/mL, respectively. The median time to maximum concentration was about 25 minutes. The effect of food on guaifenesin systemic exposure is not considered to be clinically meaningful.
Although the extent of protein binding of hydrocodone in human plasma has not been definitively determined, structural similarities to related opioid analgesics suggest that hydrocodone is not extensively protein bound. As most agents in the 5-ring morphinan group of semi-synthetic opioids bind plasma protein to a similar degree (range 19% [hydromorphone] to 45% [oxycodone]), hydrocodone is expected to fall within this range.
Metabolism
Hydrocodone exhibits a complex pattern of metabolism, including N-demethylation, O-demethylation, and 6keto reduction to the corresponding 6-α-and 6-β-hydroxy metabolites. CYP3A4 mediated N-demethylation to norhydrocodone is the primary metabolic pathway of hydrocodone with a lower contribution from CYP2D6 mediated O-demethylation to hydromorphone. Hydromorphone is formed from the O-demethylation of hydrocodone and may contribute to the total analgesic effect of hydrocodone. Therefore, the formation of these and related metabolites can, in theory, be affected by other drugs [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Published in vitro studies have shown that N-demethylation of hydrocodone to form norhydrocodone can be attributed to CYP3A4 while O-demethylation of hydrocodone to hydromorphone is predominantly catalyzed by CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent by an unknown low affinity CYP enzyme.
Excretion
Hydrocodone and its metabolites are eliminated primarily in the kidneys. The mean plasma half-life of hydrocodone is approximately 4 hours.
The mean plasma half-life of guaifenesin is approximately 1 hour.
MEDICATION GUIDE
FLOWTUSS (Floh-tus)
(hydrocodone bitartrate and guaifenesin) oral solution, C-II
What is the most important information I should know about FLOWTUSS? FLOWTUSS is not for children under 18 years of age.
FLOWTUSS can cause serious side effects, including:
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Keep FLOWTUSS in a safe place away from children. Accidental use of even 1 dose of FLOWTUSS, especially by a child, is a medical emergency and can cause breathing problems (respiratory depression) which can lead to death. If a child accidentally takes FLOWTUSS, get emergency medical help right away.
Tell your healthcare provider if you take any of these medicines. Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you are not sure if your medicine is listed above.
What is FLOWTUSS?
Who should not take FLOWTUSS?
FLOWTUSS is not for children under 18 years of age. See “What is the most important information I should know about FLOWTUSS?”
Do not take FLOWTUSS if you:
Ask your healthcare provider if you have any questions about this information.
Before you take FLOWTUSS, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:
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Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Taking FLOWTUSS with certain other medicines can cause side effects or affect how well FLOWTUSS or the other medicines work. Do not start or stop taking other medicines without talking to your healthcare provider.
Especially tell your healthcare provider if you:
Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if you take one of these medicines.
How should I take FLOWTUSS?
What should I avoid while taking FLOWTUSS?
Avoid the use of FLOWTUSS if you:
What are the possible side effects of FLOWTUSS? FLOWTUSS can cause serious side effects, including:
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The most common side effects of FLOWTUSS include:
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These are not all the possible side effects of FLOWTUSS.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I store FLOWTUSS?
How should I dispose of FLOWTUSS?
Remove unused FLOWTUSS from the container and mix it with an undesirable, non-toxic substance such as cat litter or used coffee grounds to make it less appealing to children and pets. Place the mixture in a container such as a sealed plastic bag and throw it away in the household trash. You can also follow your state or local guidelines on how to safely throw away FLOWTUSS.
General information about the safe and effective use of FLOWTUSS.
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use FLOWTUSS for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give FLOWTUSS to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.
You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about FLOWTUSS that is written for health professionals.
What are the ingredients in FLOWTUSS?
Active ingredients: hydrocodone bitartrate and guaifenesin
Inactive ingredients: black raspberry flavor, citric acid, D&C Red #33, FD&C Blue #1, glycerin, methylparaben, polyethylene glycol propylparaben, purified water, saccharin sodium, sodium citrate, and sorbitol
Manufactured for: Chartwell RX Sciences, LLC. For more information, go to www.ChartwellPharma.com or call 1-845-268-5000.
