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DYANAVEL XR
(amphetamine) Extended-release Oral Suspension
WARNING
ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
CNS stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, other amphetamine-containing products, and methylphenidate, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, and Drug Abuse and Dependence].
DYANAVEL XR (amphetamine) extended release oral suspension, a CNS stimulant, is an extended-release liquid formulation containing a 3.2 to1 ratio of d- to l-amphetamine.
Each 1 mL of DYANAVEL XR contains 2.5 mg of amphetamine which is the same as the amount of amphetamine (base equivalent) found in a 4 mg strength amphetamine mixed salts product.
Structural Formula:
 |
DYANAVEL XR utilizes an ion exchange resin where the drug is bound to the resin (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) through an ionic binding reaction. DYANAVEL XR contains immediate release and extended-release components. The extended-release component is coated with an aqueous, pH-independent polymer. After drug release the ion-exchange resin is excreted in the feces.
Inactive Ingredients: anhydrous citric acid, bubblegum flavor, glycerin, methylparaben, modified food starch, polysorbate 80, povidone, polyvinyl acetate, propylparaben, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, sucralose, triacetin and xanthan gum.
DYANAVEL XR is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [see Clinical Studies].
Prior to treating children, adolescents, and adults with CNS stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, assess for the presence of cardiac disease (i.e., perform a careful history, family history of sudden death or ventricular arrhythmia, and physical exam) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing, and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy. Maintain careful prescription records, educate patients about abuse, monitor for signs of abuse and overdose, and periodically re-evaluate the need for DYANAVEL XR use [see PRECAUTIONS, and Drug Abuse and Dependence].
DYANAVEL XR should be orally administered once daily in the morning with or without food. The dose should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patient. Before administering the dose, shake the bottle of DYANAVEL XR.
In children 6 years of age and older, start with 2.5 mg or 5 mg once daily in the morning. The dose may be increased in increments of 2.5 mg to 10 mg per day every 4 to 7 days up to a maximum dose of 20 mg per day.
Pharmacological treatment of ADHD may be needed for extended periods. Healthcare providers should periodically re-evaluate the long-term use of DYANAVEL XR, and adjust dosage as needed.
If switching from other amphetamine products, discontinue that treatment, and titrate with DYANAVEL XR using the above titration schedule.
Do not substitute for other amphetamine products on a milligram-per-milligram basis, because of different amphetamine base compositions and differing pharmacokinetic profiles [see DESCRIPTION, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Agents that alter urinary pH can impact urinary excretion and alter blood levels of amphetamine. Acidifying agents (e.g., ascorbic acid) decrease blood levels, while alkalinizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate) increase blood levels. Adjust DYANAVEL XR dosage accordingly [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Extended-release oral suspension contains 2.5 mg amphetamine base per mL.
DYANAVEL XR (amphetamine) extended-release oral suspension, the concentration is 2.5 mg/mL amphetamine base and is supplied as light beige to tan viscous suspension with bubblegum flavor in bottles of 464 mL (NDC 27808-102-01).
Dispense in a tight container with child-resistant closure.
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted from 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. The pharmacist should provide an oral dosing syringe or other suitable measuring device.
Comply with local laws and regulations on drug disposal of CNS stimulants. Dispose of remaining, unused, or expired DYANAVEL XR at authorized collection sites such as retail pharmacies, hospital or clinic pharmacies, and law enforcement locations. If no take-back program or authorized collector is available, mix DYANAVEL XR with an undesirable, nontoxic substance to make it less appealing to children and pets. Place the mixture in a container such as a sealed plastic bag and discard DYANAVEL XR in the household trash.
Manufactured by: Tris Pharma, Inc. Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852. Revised: Jan 2017
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Cardiovascular: Palpitations, tachycardia, elevation of blood pressure, sudden death, myocardial infarction. There have been isolated reports of cardiomyopathy associated with chronic amphetamine use.
Central Nervous System: Psychotic episodes at recommended doses, overstimulation, restlessness, irritability, euphoria, dyskinesia, dysphoria, depression, tremor, tics, aggression, anger, logorrhea.
Eye Disorders: Vision blurred, mydriasis.
Gastrointestinal: Dryness of the mouth, unpleasant taste, diarrhea, constipation, other gastrointestinal disturbances. Anorexia and weight loss may occur as undesirable effects.
Allergic: Urticaria, rash, hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema and anaphylaxis. Serious skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported.
Endocrine: Impotence, changes in libido.
Skin: Alopecia.
There is limited experience with DYANAVEL XR in controlled trials. Based on this limited experience, the adverse reaction profile of DYANAVEL XR appears similar to other amphetamine extended-release products. The most common ( ≥ 2% in the DYANAVEL XR group and greater than placebo) adverse reactions reported in the Phase 3 controlled study conducted in 108 patients with ADHD (aged 6-12 years) were: epistaxis, allergic rhinitis and upper abdominal pain.
Table 1: Common adverse reactions occurring in ≥ 2%
of Subjects on DYANAVEL XR and greater than Placebo during the double blind
phase
| Preferred Term | DYANAVEL XR (N=52) |
Placebo (N=48) |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | ||
| Epistaxis | 3.8% | 0% |
| Rhinitis allergic | 3.8% | 0% |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | ||
| Abdominal pain upper | 3.8% | 2.1% |
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of other amphetamine products. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Endocrine: frequent or prolonged erections.
Musculoskeletal, Connective Tissue, and Bone Disorders: rhabdomyolysis. Psychiatric Disorders: dermatillomania.
Table 2: Drugs having
clinically important interactions with amphetamines.
| MAO Inhibitors (MAOI) | |
| Clinical Impact: | Concomitant use of MAOIs and CNS stimulants can cause hypertensive crisis. Potential outcomes include death, stroke, myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, ophthalmological complications, eclampsia, pulmonary edema, and renal failure. |
| Intervention: | Do not administer DYANAVEL XR concomitantly or within 14 days after discontinuing MAOI [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. |
| Examples: | Selegiline, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, phenelzine, linezolid, methylene blue |
| Serotonergic Drugs | |
| Clinical Impact | The concomitant use of DYANAVEL XR and serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. |
| Intervention | Initiate with lower doses and monitor patients for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, particularly during DYANAVEL XR initiation or dosage increase. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue DYANAVEL XR and the concomitant serotonergic drug(s) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. |
| Examples | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, St.John’s Wort |
| CYP2D6 Inhibitors | |
| Clinical Impact: | The concomitant use of DYANAVEL XR and CYP2D6 inhibitors may increase the exposure of DYANAVEL XR compared to the use of the drug alone and increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. |
| Intervention: | Initiate with lower doses and monitor patients for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome particularly during DYANAVEL XR initiation and after a dosage increase. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue DYANAVEL XR and the CYP2D6 inhibitor [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, OVERDOSAGE]. |
| Examples: | Paroxetine and fluoxetine (also serotonergic drugs), quinidine, ritonavir |
| Alkalinizing Agents | |
| Clinical Impact | Increase blood levels and potentiate the action of amphetamine. |
| Intervention | Co-administration of DYANAVEL XR and gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents should be avoided. |
| Examples | Gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate). Urinary alkalinizing agents (e.g. acetazolamide, some thiazides). |
| Acidifying Agents | |
| Clinical Impact | Lower blood levels and efficacy of amphetamines. |
| Intervention | Increase dose based on clinical response. |
| Examples | Gastrointestinal acidifying agents (e.g., guanethidine, reserpine, glutamic acid HCl, ascorbic acid). Urinary acidifying agents (e.g., ammonium chloride, sodium acid phosphate, methenamine salts). |
| Tricyclic Antidepressants | |
| Clinical Impact | May enhance the activity of tricyclic or sympathomimetic agents causing striking and sustained increases in the concentration of d-amphetamine in the brain; cardiovascular effects can be potentiated. |
Amphetamines can cause a significant elevation in plasma corticosteroid levels. This increase is greatest in the evening. Amphetamines may interfere with urinary steroid determinations.
DYANAVEL XR contains amphetamine, which is a Schedule II controlled substance in the U.S. Controlled Substance Act (CSA).
DYANAVEL XR, is a CNS stimulant that contains amphetamine which has a high potential for abuse. Abuse is characterized by impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving.
Signs and symptoms of amphetamine abuse may include increased heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and/or sweating, dilated pupils, hyperactivity, restlessness, insomnia, decreased appetite, loss of coordination, tremors, flushed skin, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain. Anxiety, psychosis, hostility, aggression, suicidal or homicidal ideation have also been observed. Abusers of amphetamines may use other unapproved routes of administration which can result in overdose and death [see OVERDOSAGE].
To reduce the abuse of DYANAVEL XR, assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing. After prescribing, keep careful prescription records, educate patients and their families about abuse and on proper storage and disposal of CNS stimulants, monitor for signs of abuse while on therapy, and re-evaluate the need for DYANAVEL XR use.
Tolerance (a state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug results in a reduction of the drug's desired and/or undesired effects over time) may occur during the chronic therapy of CNS stimulants including DYANAVEL XR.
Physical dependence (which is manifested by a withdrawal syndrome produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, or administration of an antagonist) may occur in patients treated with CNS stimulants including DYANAVEL XR. Withdrawal symptoms after abrupt cessation following prolonged high-dosage administration of CNS stimulants include dysphoric mood; fatigue; vivid, unpleasant dreams; insomnia or hypersomnia; increased appetite; and psychomotor retardation or agitation.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
CNS stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, other amphetamine-containing products, and methylphenidate, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing, and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy [see BOXED WARNING, Drug Abuse and Dependence].
Sudden death, stroke and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults with CNS stimulant treatment at recommended doses. Sudden death has been reported in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities and other serious heart problems taking CNS stimulants at recommended doses for ADHD. Avoid use in patients with known structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, and other serious heart problems. Further evaluate patients who develop exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or arrhythmias during DYANAVEL XR treatment.
CNS stimulants cause an increase in blood pressure (mean increase about 2-4 mm Hg) and heart rate (mean increase about 3-6 bpm). Monitor all patients for potential tachycardia and hypertension.
CNS stimulants may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with a preexisting psychotic disorder.
CNS stimulants may induce a mixed or manic episode in patients with bipolar disorder. Prior to initiating treatment, screen patients for risk factors for developing a manic episode (e.g., comorbid or history of depressive symptoms or a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, or depression).
CNS stimulants, at recommended doses, may cause psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in patients without prior history of psychotic illness or mania. If such symptoms occur, consider discontinuing DYANAVEL XR. In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo-controlled studies of CNS stimulants, psychotic or manic symptoms occurred in 0.1% of CNS stimulant-treated patients compared to 0% in placebo-treated patients.
CNS stimulants have been associated with weight loss and slowing of growth rate in pediatric patients. Closely monitor growth (weight and height) in pediatric patients treated with CNS stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR.
Stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, used to treat ADHD are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon. Signs and symptoms are usually intermittent and mild; however, very rare sequelae include digital ulceration and/or soft tissue breakdown. Effects of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon, were observed in post-marketing reports at different times and at therapeutic doses in all age groups throughout the course of treatment. Signs and symptoms generally improve after reduction in dose or discontinuation of drug. Careful observation for digital changes is necessary during treatment with ADHD stimulants. Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients.
Serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening reaction, may occur when amphetamines are used in combination with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter systems such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, and St. John's Wort [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Amphetamines and amphetamine derivatives are known to be metabolized, to some degree, by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction exists with the co-administration of CYP2D6 inhibitors which may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome with increased exposure to DYANAVEL XR. In these situations, consider an alternative non-serotonergic drug or an alternative drug that does not inhibit CYP2D6 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Serotonin syndrome symptoms may include mental status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, delirium, and coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, dizziness, diaphoresis, flushing, hyperthermia), neuromuscular symptoms (e.g., tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, incoordination), seizures, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
Concomitant use of DYANAVEL XR with MAOI drugs is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
If symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur, discontinue all serotonergic agents immediately, and initiate supportive symptomatic treatment. If concomitant use of DYANAVEL XR with other serotonergic drugs or CYP2D6 inhibitors is clinically warranted, initiate DYANAVEL XR with lower doses, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome during drug initiation or titration, and inform patients of the increased risk for serotonin syndrome.
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Advise patients that DYANAVEL XR is a federally controlled substance because it can be abused or lead to dependence. Advise patients to store DYANAVEL XR in a safe place, preferably locked, to prevent abuse. Advise patients to comply with laws and regulations on drug disposal. Advise patients to dispose of remaining, unused, or expired DYANAVEL XR by a medicine take-back program if available [see BOXED WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Drug Abuse and Dependence].
Provide the following instructions on administration to the patient:
Advise patients of serious cardiovascular risk (including sudden death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hypertension) with DYANAVEL XR. Instruct patients to contact a healthcare provider immediately if they develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Instruct patients that DYANAVEL XR can cause elevations of their blood pressure and pulse rate [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that DYANAVEL XR, at recommended doses, may cause psychotic or manic symptoms, even in patients without a prior history of psychotic symptoms or mania [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that DYANAVEL XR may cause slowing of growth and weight loss [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Instruct patients beginning treatment with DYANAVEL XR about the risk of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon, and associated signs and symptoms: fingers or toes may feel numb, cool, painful, and/or may change color from pale, to blue, to red.
Instruct patients to report to their physician any new numbness, pain, skin color change, or sensitivity to temperature in fingers or toes.
Instruct patients to call their physician immediately with any signs of unexplained wounds appearing on fingers or toes while taking DYANAVEL XR.
Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Caution patients about the risk of serotonin syndrome with concomitant use of DYANAVEL XR and other serotonergic drugs including SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, St. John's Wort, and with drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin (in particular MAOIs, both those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others such as linezolid [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider or report to the emergency room if they experience signs or symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Advise patients to notify their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take, any prescription or over-thecounter drugs because there is a potential for interactions [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during treatment with DYANAVEL XR. Advise patients of the potential fetal effects from the use of DYANAVEL XR during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations].
Patients should be advised not to breastfeed if they are taking DYANAVEL XR [see Use in Specific Populations].
Advise patients to avoid alcohol while taking DYANAVEL XR. Consumption of alcohol while taking DYANAVEL XR may result in a more rapid release of the dose of amphetamine [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in studies in which d, l-amphetamine (enantiomer ratio of 1:1) was administered to mice and rats in the diet for 2 years at doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day in male mice, 19 mg/kg/day in female mice, and 5 mg/kg/day in male and female rats. These doses are approximately 2.4, 1.5, and 0.8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose of 20 mg/day (as base) on a mg/m² body surface area basis for a child.
Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in DYANAVEL XR (d- to l-ratio of 3.2 to 1), was not clastogenic in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test in vivo and was negative when tested in the E. coli component of the Ames test in vitro. d, l-Amphetamine (1:1 enantiomer ratio) has been reported to produce a positive response in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, an equivocal response in the Ames test, and negative responses in the in vitro sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration assays.
Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in DYANAVEL XR (d- to l- ratio of approximately 3.2 to 1), did not adversely affect fertility or early embryonic development in the rat at doses of up to 20 mg/kg/day [approximately 5 times the maximum recommended human dose of 20 mg/day (as base) on a mg/m² body surface area basis for an adolescent].
There are limited published data on the use of amphetamines in pregnant women. These data are insufficient to determine a drug-associated risk of major congenital malformations or miscarriage. Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including premature delivery and low birth weight, have been seen in infants born to mothers dependent on amphetamines. No effects on morphological development were observed in embryo-fetal development studies with oral administration of amphetamine to rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses 1.5 and 8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD). However, long-term neurochemical and behavioral effects have been reported in published animal developmental studies using clinically relevant doses of amphetamine (d- or d, l-) [see Data]. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Amphetamines, such as DYANAVEL XR, may cause vasoconstriction, including vasoconstriction of placental blood vessels, and may increase the risk for intrauterine growth restriction. In addition, amphetamines can stimulate uterine contractions increasing the risk of premature delivery. Premature delivery and low birth weight infants have been reported in amphetamine-dependent mothers.
Monitor infants born to mothers taking amphetamines for symptoms of withdrawal, such as feeding difficulties, irritability, agitation, and excessive drowsiness.
Animal Data
Amphetamine had no apparent effects on embryofetal morphological development or survival when orally administered to pregnant rats and rabbits throughout the period of organogenesis at doses of up to 6 and 16 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are approximately 1.5 and 8 times, respectively, the MRHD of 20 mg/day (as base), on a mg/m² body surface area basis for an adolescent. Fetal malformations and death have been reported in mice following parenteral administration of d-amphetamine doses of 50 mg/kg/day (approximately 6 times the MRHD) or greater to pregnant animals. Administration of these doses was also associated with severe maternal toxicity.
A number of studies in rodents indicate that prenatal or early postnatal exposure to amphetamine (d- or d, l-), at doses similar to those used clinically, can result in long-term neurochemical and behavioral alterations. Reported behavioral effects include learning and memory deficits, altered locomotor activity, and changes in sexual function.
Based on limited case reports in published literature, amphetamine (d- or d, l-) is present in human milk, at relative infant doses of 2% to 13.8% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk/plasma ratio ranging between 1.9 and 7.5. There are no reports of adverse effects on the breastfed infant and no effects on milk production. However, long term neurodevelopmental effects on infants from stimulant exposure are unknown. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with DYANAVEL XR.
Safety and effectiveness have been established in pediatric patients with ADHD ages 6-17 years [see ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, and Clinical Studies]. Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients younger than 6 years with ADHD have not been established.
Growth should be monitored during treatment with stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, and children who are not growing or gaining weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
DYANAVEL XR has not been studied in the geriatric population.
Consult with a Certified Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) for up-to-date guidance and advice for treatment of overdosage. Individual patient response to amphetamines varies widely. Toxic symptoms may occur idiosyncratically at low doses.
Manifestations of amphetamine overdose include restlessness, tremor, hyperreflexia, rapid respiration, confusion, assaultiveness, hallucinations, panic states, hyperpyrexia, and rhabdomyolysis. Fatigue and depression usually follow the central nervous system stimulation. Other reactions include arrhythmias, hypertension or hypotension, circulatory collapse, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Fatal poisoning is usually preceded by convulsions and coma.
DYANAVEL XR is contraindicated:
Amphetamines are non-catecholamine sympathomimetic amines with CNS stimulant activity. The mode of therapeutic action in ADHD is not known. Amphetamines are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space.
Following a single, 18.8 mg oral dose of DYANAVEL XR in 29 healthy adult subjects in a crossover study under fasting conditions, d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine, the median (range) time to peak plasma concentrations (Tmax) were 4.0 (2 - 7) hours after dosing and peak concentration (Cmax) were 102% and 106%, respectively of the Cmax of immediate-release (IR) mixed amphetamine salts tablets. The relative bioavailability of DYANAVEL XR compared to an equal dose of mixed amphetamine salts IR tablets is 106% of d-amphetamine and 111% for l-amphetamine.
DYANAVEL XR contains d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine in a ratio of 3.2 to 1. Following a single 18.8 mg oral dose of DYANAVEL XR in 29 healthy adult subjects under fasting conditions, the mean (± SD) plasma terminal elimination half-life of d-amphetamine was 12.36 (± 2.95 h) hours and the mean (± SD) plasma terminal half-life for l-amphetamine was 15.12 (± 4.40 h) hours. Amphetamine is reported to be oxidized at the 4 position of the benzene ring to form 4-hydroxyamphetamine, or on the side chain A or B carbons to form alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine or norephedrine, respectively. Norephedrine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine are both active and each is subsequently oxidized to form 4-hydroxy-norephedrine. Alphahydroxy-amphetamine undergoes deamination to form phenylacetone, which ultimately forms benzoic acid and its glucuronide and the glycine conjugate hippuric acid. Although the enzymes involved in amphetamine metabolism have not been clearly defined, CYP2D6 is known to be involved with formation of 4-hydroxy-amphetamine. Since CYP2D6 is genetically polymorphic, population variations in amphetamine metabolism are a possibility.
Amphetamine is known to inhibit monoamine oxidase, whereas the ability of amphetamine and its metabolites to inhibit various P450 isozymes and other enzymes has not been adequately elucidated. In vitro experiments with human microsomes indicate minor inhibition of CYP2D6 by amphetamine and minor inhibition of CYP1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 by one or more metabolites. However, due to the probability of auto-inhibition and the lack of information on the concentration of these metabolites relative to in vivo concentrations, no predications regarding the potential for amphetamine or its metabolites to inhibit the metabolism of other drugs by CYP isozymes in vivo can be made.
With normal urine pHs approximately half of an administered dose of amphetamine is recoverable in urine as derivatives of alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine and approximately another 30% to 40% of the dose is recoverable in urine as amphetamine itself. Since amphetamine has a pKa of 9.9, urinary recovery of amphetamine is highly dependent on pH and urine flow rates. Alkaline urine pHs result in less ionization and reduced renal elimination, and acidic pHs and high flow rates result in increased renal elimination with clearances greater than glomerular filtration rates, indicating the involvement of active secretion. Urinary recovery of amphetamine has been reported to range from 1% to 75%, depending on urinary pH, with the remaining fraction of the dose hepatically metabolized. Consequently, both hepatic and renal dysfunctions have the potential to inhibit the elimination of amphetamine and result in prolonged exposures. In addition, drugs that affect urinary pH are known to alter the elimination of amphetamine, and any decrease in amphetamine's metabolism that might occur due to drug interactions or genetic polymorphisms is more likely to be clinically significant when renal elimination is decreased [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
In a study in adult volunteers to investigate the effects of a high-fat meal on the bioavailability of DYANAVEL XR at a dose of 18.8 mg, the presence of food delayed the time to peak concentration of both d- and l-amphetamine by approximately 1 hour (fed: median [range] 5 [3 - 8] hours vs. fasted: 4 [2 - 7] hours). Overall, a high-fat meal increased the average Cmax of both isomers of DYANAVEL XR by about 2% and decreased the AUC by 5-7% (5.7% decrease for d-amphetamine and 7.4% for l-amphetamine). These changes are not considered clinically significant.
Following a single 10 mg oral dose of DYANAVEL XR in 12 pediatric subjects with ADHD (aged 6-12 years) under fasting conditions, d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine peak plasma concentrations occurred at a median time of 3.9 and 4.5 hours after dosing, respectively. The mean plasma terminal elimination half-life of d-amphetamine was 10.43 (± 2.01 h) hours and the mean plasma terminal half-life for l-amphetamine was 12.14 (± 3.15 h) hours.
There is no in vivo study conducted for the effect of alcohol on drug exposure. An in vitro dissolution study showed alcohol-induced dose dumping potential in the presence of 40% alcohol. Dose dumping was not observed in the presence of lower alcohol concentrations.
Acute administration of high doses of amphetamine (d- or d, l-) has been shown to produce long-lasting neurotoxic effects, including irreversible nerve fiber damage, in rodents. The significance of these findings to humans is unknown.
The efficacy of DYANAVEL XR was evaluated in a laboratory classroom study conducted in 108 pediatric patients (aged 6 to 12 years) with ADHD. The study began with an open-label dose optimization period (5 weeks) with an initial DYANAVEL XR dose of 2.5 or 5 mg once daily in the morning. The dose could be titrated weekly in increments of 2.5 to 10 mg until an optimal dose or the maximum dose of 20 mg/day was reached. Subjects then entered a 1-week randomized, double-blind treatment with the individually optimized dose of DYANAVEL XR or placebo. At the end of the week, school teachers and raters evaluated the attention and behavior of the subjects in a laboratory classroom using the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP) rating scale. SKAMP is a 13-item teacher-rated scale that assesses manifestations of ADHD in a classroom setting. Each item is rated on a 7-point impairment scale.
The primary efficacy endpoint was change from pre-dose in the SKAMP-Combined score at 4 hours post-dosing. The key secondary efficacy parameters were onset and duration of clinical effect. The change scores from pre-dose SKAMP-Combined scores at post-dose time points (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 hours) were used to evaluate the key secondary efficacy. Results from the double-blind, placebo-controlled week of the study are summarized in Table 3 and Figure 1.
SKAMP-Combined change scores from pre-dose demonstrated a statistically significant improvement at all time points (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13 hours) post-dosing with DYANAVEL XR compared to placebo.
Table 3: Primary efficacy result.
| Study Number | Treatment Group | Primary Efficacy Measure: SKAMP-Combined Score | ||
| Mean Pre-dose Score (SD) | LS Mean Change from Pre-Dose at 4 Hours Post-Dosing (SE) | Placebo- subtracted Difference a (95% CI) | ||
| Study 1 | DYANAVEL XR | 17.3 (8.88) | -8.8 (1.14) | -14.8 (-17.9, -11.6) |
| Placebo | 15.5 (7.35) | 6.0 (1.19) | -- | |
| SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; LS Mean:
least-squares mean; CI: confidence interval. a Difference (drug minus placebo) in least-squares mean change from pre-dose. |
||||
Figure 1: Change from
pre-dose in SKAMP-Combined Score after treatment with DYANAVEL XR or Placebo.
 |
DYANAVEL™ XR
(di-an-uh-vel)
(amphetamine)
Extended-release Oral Suspension
Read this Medication Guide that comes with DYANAVEL XR before you or your child starts taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your or your child's treatment with DYANAVEL XR.
What is the most important information I should know about DYANAVEL XR?DYANAVEL XR is a federally controlled substance (CII) because it can be abused or lead to dependence. Keep DYANAVEL XR in a safe place to prevent misuse and abuse. Selling or giving away DYANAVEL XR may harm others and is against the law.
Tell your doctor if you or your child has ever abused or been dependent on alcohol, prescription medicines, or street drugs.
DYANAVEL XR is a stimulant medicine. Some patients have had the following problems when taking stimulant medicines such as DYANAVEL XR. The following have been reported with use of methylphenidate hydrochloride and other stimulant medicines.
1. Heart-related problems:
Tell your doctor if you or your child has any heart problems, heart defects, high blood pressure, or a family history of these problems.
Your doctor should check you or your child carefully for heart problems before starting DYANAVEL XR. Your doctor should check your or your child's blood pressure and heart rate regularly during treatment with DYANAVEL XR.
Call your doctor right away if you or your child has any signs of heart problems such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting while taking DYANAVEL XR.
2. Mental (Psychiatric) problems:
All Patients
Tell your doctor about any mental problems you or your child have, or about a family history of suicide, bipolar illness, or depression.
Call your doctor right away if you have or your child has any new or worsening mental symptoms or problems while taking DYANAVEL XR, especially seeing or hearing things that are not real, believing things that are not real, or are suspicious.
3. Circulation problems in fingers and toes [Peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon]:
Tell your doctor if you have or your child has numbness, pain, skin color change, or sensitivity to temperature in your fingers or toes.
Call your doctor right away if you have or your child has any signs of unexplained wounds appearing on fingers or toes while taking DYANAVEL XR.
What is DYANAVEL XR?
DYANAVEL XR is a central nervous system stimulant prescription medicine. It is used for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). DYANAVEL XR may help increase attention and decrease impulsiveness and hyperactivity in patients with ADHD.
It is not known if DYANAVEL XR is safe and effective in children under 6 years of age.
Who should not take DYANAVEL XR?
DYANAVEL XR should not be taken if you or your child:
What should I tell my doctor before taking DYANAVEL XR?
DYANAVEL XR may not be right for you or your child. Before starting DYANAVEL XR tell your or your child's doctor about all health conditions (or a family history of) including:
Tell your doctor:
Tell your doctor about all of the medicines that you or your child takes including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. DYANAVEL XR and some medicines may interact with each other and cause serious side effects. Sometimes the doses of other medicines will need to be adjusted while taking DYANAVEL XR. Your doctor will decide whether DYANAVEL XR can be taken with other medicines.
Especially tell your doctor if you or your child takes:
Know the medicines that you or your child take. Keep a list of your medicines with you to show your doctor and pharmacist.
Do not start any new medicine while taking DYANAVEL XR without talking to your doctor first.
How should DYANAVEL XR be taken?
What should I avoid while taking DYANAVEL XR?
What are possible side effects of DYANAVEL XR?
DYANAVEL XR can cause serious side effects, including:
Common side effects of amphetamine products include:
Talk to your doctor if you or your child have any side effects that bother you or do not go away.
These are not all the possible side effects of DYANAVEL XR. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I store DYANAVEL XR?
Keep DYANAVEL XR and all medicines out of the reach of children.
General information about the safe and effective use of DYANAVEL XR
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in the Medication Guide. Do not use DYANAVEL XR for a condition for which it has not been prescribed. Do not give DYANAVEL XR to other people, even if they have the same condition. It may harm them and it is against the law. This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about DYANAVEL XR. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about DYANAVEL XR that was written for healthcare professionals. For more information about DYANAVEL XR please contact Tris Pharma at 1-732-940-0358 or www.trispharma.com.
What are the ingredients in DYANAVEL XR?
Active Ingredient: amphetamine.
Inactive Ingredients: anhydrous citric acid, bubblegum flavor, glycerin, methylparaben, modified food starch, polysorbate 80, povidone, polyvinyl acetate, propylparaben, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, sucralose, triacetin and xanthan gum.
