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BLINCYTO®
(blinatumomab) for Injection
WARNING
CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME and NEUROLOGICAL TOXICITIES
BLINCYTO (blinatumomab) is a bispecific CD19-directed CD3 T-cell engager that binds to CD19 (expressed on cells of B-lineage origin) and CD3 (expressed on T cells). BLINCYTO is produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. It consists of 504 amino acids and has a molecular weight of approximately 54 kilodaltons.
Each BLINCYTO package contains 1 vial BLINCYTO and 1 vial IV Solution Stabilizer.
BLINCYTO is supplied in a single-dose vial as a sterile, preservative-free, white to off-white lyophilized powder for intravenous administration. Each single-dose vial of BLINCYTO contains 35 mcg blinatumomab, citric acid monohydrate (3.35 mg), lysine hydrochloride (23.23 mg), polysorbate 80 (0.64 mg), trehalose dihydrate (95.5 mg), and sodium hydroxide to adjust pH to 7.0. After reconstitution with 3 mL of preservative-free Sterile Water for Injection, USP, the resulting concentration is 12.5 mcg/mL blinatumomab.
IV Solution Stabilizer is supplied in a single-dose vial as a sterile, preservative-free, colorless to slightly yellow, clear solution. Each single-dose vial of IV Solution Stabilizer contains citric acid monohydrate (52.5 mg), lysine hydrochloride (2283.8 mg), polysorbate 80 (10 mg), sodium hydroxide to adjust pH to 7.0, and water for injection.
BLINCYTO is indicated for the treatment of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in first or second complete remission with minimal residual disease (MRD) greater than or equal to 0.1% in adults and children.
This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on MRD response rate and hematological relapse-free survival. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in the confirmatory trials.
BLINCYTO is indicated for the treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults and children.
Table 1. Recommended BLINCYTO Dose and Schedule for the Treatment of MRD-positive B-cell Precursor ALL
| Cycle | Patients Weighing 45 kg or More (Fixed-dose) | Patients Weighing Less Than 45 kg (BSA-based dose) |
| Induction Cycle 1 | ||
| Days 1-28 | 28 mcg/day | 15 mcg/m2/day (not to exceed 28 mcg/day) |
| Days 29-42 | 14-day treatment-free interval | 14-day treatment-free interval |
| Consolidation Cycles 2-4 | ||
| Days 1-28 | 28 mcg/day | 15 mcg/m2/day (not to exceed 28 mcg/day) |
| Days 29-42 | 14-day treatment-free interval | 14-day treatment-free interval |
Table 2. Recommended BLINCYTO Dose and Schedule for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory B-cell Precursor ALL
| Cycle | Patients Weighing 45 kg or More (Fixed-dose) | Patients Weighing Less Than 45 kg (BSA-based dose) |
| Induction Cycle 1 | ||
| Days 1-7 | 9 mcg/day | 5 mcg/m2/day (not to exceed 9 mcg/day) |
| Days 8-28 | 28 mcg/day | 15 mcg/m2/day (not to exceed 28 mcg/day) |
| Days 29-42 | 14-day treatment-free interval | 14-day treatment-free interval |
| Induction Cycle 2 | ||
| Days 1-28 | 28 mcg/day | 15 mcg/m2/day (not to exceed 28 mcg/day) |
| Days 29-42 | 14-day treatment-free interval | 14-day treatment-free interval |
| Consolidation Cycles 3-5 | ||
| Days 1-28 | 28 mcg/day | 15 mcg/m2/day (not to exceed 28 mcg/day) |
| Days 29-42 | 14-day treatment-free interval | 14-day treatment-free interval |
| Continued Therapy Cycles 6-9 | ||
| Days 1-28 | 28 mcg/day | 15 mcg/m2/day (not to exceed 28 mcg/day) |
| Days 29-84 | 56-day treatment-free interval | 56-day treatment-free interval |
If the interruption after an adverse reaction is no longer than 7 days, continue the same cycle to a total of 28 days of infusion inclusive of days before and after the interruption in that cycle. If an interruption due to an adverse reaction is longer than 7 days, start a new cycle.
Table 3. Dosage Modifications for Adverse Reactions
| Adverse Reaction | Grade* | Patients Weighing 45 kg or More | Patients Weighing Less Than 45 kg |
| Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) | Grade 3 |
|
|
| Grade 4 | Discontinue BLINCYTO permanently. Administer dexamethasone as instructed for Grade 3 CRS. | ||
| Neurological Toxicity | Seizure | Discontinue BLINCYTO permanently if more than one seizure occurs. | |
| Grade 3 | Withhold BLINCYTO until no more than Grade 1 (mild) and for at least 3 days, then restart BLINCYTO at 9 mcg/day. Escalate to 28 mcg/day after 7 days if the adverse reaction does not recur. If the adverse reaction occurred at 9 mcg/day, or if the adverse reaction takes more than 7 days to resolve, discontinue BLINCYTO permanently. | Withhold BLINCYTO until no more than Grade 1 (mild) and for at least 3 days, then restart BLINCYTO at 5 mcg/m2/day. Escalate to 15 mcg/m2/day after 7 days if the adverse reaction does not recur. If the adverse reaction occurred at 5 mcg/m2/day, or if the adverse reaction takes more than 7 days to resolve, discontinue BLINCYTO permanently. | |
| Grade 4 | Discontinue BLINCYTO permanently. | ||
| Other Clinically Relevant Adverse Reactions | Grade 3 | Withhold BLINCYTO until no more than Grade 1 (mild), then restart BLINCYTO at 9 mcg/day. Escalate to 28 mcg/day after 7 days if the adverse reaction does not recur. If the adverse reaction takes more than 14 days to resolve, discontinue BLINCYTO permanently. | Withhold BLINCYTO until no more than Grade 1 (mild), then restart BLINCYTO at 5 mcg/m2/day. Escalate to 15 mcg/m2/day after 7 days if the adverse reaction does not recur. If the adverse reaction takes more than 14 days to resolve, discontinue BLINCYTO permanently. |
| Grade 4 | Consider discontinuing BLINCYTO permanently. | ||
| * Based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Grade 3 is severe, and Grade 4 is life-threatening. | |||
It is very important that the instructions for preparation (including admixing) and administration provided in this section are strictly followed to minimize medication errors (including underdose and overdose) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
BLINCYTO can be infused over 24 hours (preservative-free), 48 hours (preservative-free), or 7 days (with preservative). The choice between these options for the infusion duration should be made by the treating healthcare provider considering the frequency of the infusion bag changes and the weight of the patient. The administration of BLINCYTO as a 7-day infusion is not recommended for patients weighing less than 22 kg.
For preparation, reconstitution, and administration of BLINCYTO:
Call 1-800-77-AMGEN (1-800-772-6436) if you have questions about the reconstitution and preparation of BLINCYTO.
Strictly observe aseptic technique when preparing the solution for infusion since BLINCYTO vials do not contain antimicrobial preservatives. To prevent accidental contamination, prepare BLINCYTO according to aseptic standards, including but not limited to:
1 package BLINCYTO includes 1 vial of BLINCYTO and 1 vial of IV Solution Stabilizer.
BLINCYTO is incompatible with di-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) due to the possibility of particle formation, leading to a cloudy solution.
Reconstitute BLINCYTO with preservative-free Sterile Water for Injection, USP. Do not reconstitute BLINCYTO vials with the IV Solution Stabilizer.
To prime the intravenous tubing, use only the solution in the bag containing the FINAL prepared BLINCYTO solution for infusion. Do not prime with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP.
Verify the prescribed dose and infusion duration for each BLINCYTO infusion bag. To minimize errors, use the specific volumes described in Tables 4 and 5 to prepare the BLINCYTO infusion bag.
Table 4. For Patients Weighing 45 kg or More: Volumes to Add to Intravenous Bag
| 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP (starting volume) | 270 mL | |||
| IV Solution Stabilizer (fixed volume for 24-hour and 48-hour infusion durations) | 5.5 mL | |||
| Infusion Duration | Dose | Infusion Rate | Reconstituted BLINCYTO | |
| Volume | Vials | |||
| 24 hours | 9 mcg/day | 10 mL/hour | 0.83 mL | 1 |
| 28 mcg/day | 10 mL/hour | 2.6 mL | 1 | |
| 48 hours | 9 mcg/day | 5 mL/hour | 1.7 mL | 1 |
| 28 mcg/day | 5 mL/hour | 5.2 mL | 2 | |
Table 5. For Patients Weighing Less Than 45 kg: Volumes to Add to Intravenous Bag
| 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP (starting volume) | 270 mL | ||||
| IV Solution Stabilizer (fixed volume for 24-hour and 48-hour infusion) | 5.5 mL | ||||
| Infusion Duration | Dose | Infusion Rate | BSA (m2) | Reconstituted BLINCYTO | |
| Volume | Vials | ||||
| 24 hours | 5 mcg/m2/day | 10 mL/hour | 1.5 – 1.59 | 0.7 mL | 1 |
| 1.4 – 1.49 | 0.66 mL | 1 | |||
| 1.3 – 1.39 | 0.61mL | 1 | |||
| 1.2 – 1.29 | 0.56 mL | 1 | |||
| 1.1 – 1.19 | 0.52 mL | 1 | |||
| 1 – 1.09 | 0.47 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.9 – 0.99 | 0.43 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.8 – 0.89 | 0.38 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.7 – 0.79 | 0.33 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.6 – 0.69 | 0.29 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.5 – 0.59 | 0.24 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.4 – 0.49 | 0.2 mL | 1 | |||
| 24 hours | 15 mcg/m2/day | 10 mL/hour | 1.5 – 1.59 | 2.1 mL | 1 |
| 1.4 – 1.49 | 2 mL | 1 | |||
| 1.3 – 1.39 | 1.8 mL | 1 | |||
| 1.2 – 1.29 | 1.7 mL | 1 | |||
| 1.1 – 1.19 | 1.6 mL | 1 | |||
| 1 – 1.09 | 1.4 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.9 – 0.99 | 1.3 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.8 – 0.89 | 1.1 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.7 – 0.79 | 1 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.6 – 0.69 | 0.86 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.5 – 0.59 | 0.72 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.4 – 0.49 | 0.59 mL | 1 | |||
| 48 hours | 5 mcg/m2/day | 5 mL/hour | 1.5 – 1.59 | 1.4 mL | 1 |
| 1.4 – 1.49 | 1.3 mL | 1 | |||
| 1.3 – 1.39 | 1.2 mL | 1 | |||
| 1.2 – 1.29 | 1.1 mL | 1 | |||
| 1.1 – 1.19 | 1 mL | 1 | |||
| 1 – 1.09 | 0.94 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.9 – 0.99 | 0.85 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.8 – 0.89 | 0.76 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.7 – 0.79 | 0.67 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.6 – 0.69 | 0.57 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.5 – 0.59 | 0.48 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.4 – 0.49 | 0.39 mL | 1 | |||
| 48 hours | 15 mcg/m2/day | 5 mL/hour | 1.5 – 1.59 | 4.2 mL | 2 |
| 1.4 – 1.49 | 3.9 mL | 2 | |||
| 1.3 – 1.39 | 3.7 mL | 2 | |||
| 1.2 – 1.29 | 3.4 mL | 2 | |||
| 1.1 – 1.19 | 3.1 mL | 2 | |||
| 1 – 1.09 | 2.8 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.9 – 0.99 | 2.6 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.8 – 0.89 | 2.3 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.7 – 0.79 | 2 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.6 – 0.69 | 1.7 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.5 – 0.59 | 1.4 mL | 1 | |||
| 0.4 – 0.49 | 1.2 mL | 1 | |||
Administration of BLINCYTO as a 7-day infusion is not recommended for patients weighing less than 22 kg [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Use In Specific Populations].
Use preservative-free Sterile Water for Injection to reconstitute BLINCYTO. Do not reconstitute BLINCYTO vials with the IV Solution Stabilizer.
Do not use an in-line filter with a 7-day infusion bag.
Prime the intravenous tubing only with the solution in the bag containing the FINAL prepared solution for infusion. Do not prime with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP.
Verify the prescribed dose and infusion duration for each BLINCYTO infusion bag. To minimize errors, use the specific volumes described in Table 6 to prepare the BLINCYTO infusion bag.
Table 6. For 7-Day Infusion: Volumes to Add to Intravenous Bag for 28 mcg/day and 15 mcg/m2/day
| Bacteriostatic 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP (starting volume) | 90 mL | ||||
| IV Solution Stabilizer (fixed volume for 7-day infusion) | 2.2 mL | ||||
| Reconstituted BLINCYTO | Specific volume listed below in table | ||||
| Quantity Sufficient (q.s.) with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP to a Final Volume of 110 mL | Specific volume listed below in table | ||||
| Infusion Duration | 7 days | ||||
| Infusion Rate | 0.6 mL/hour | ||||
| Patient Weight | Dose | BSA (m2) | Reconstituted BLINCYTO | Volume of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP needed to q.s. to a Final Volume of 110 mL | |
| Volume | Vials | ||||
| Fixed-Dose | |||||
| 45 kg or More | 28 mcg/day | N/A | 16.8 mL | 6 | 1 mL |
| BSA-Based Dose | |||||
| 22 kg to less than 45 kg | 15 mcg/m2/day | 1.5 – 1.59 | 14 mL | 5 | 3.8 mL |
| 1.4 – 1.49 | 13.1 mL | 5 | 4.7 mL | ||
| 1.30 – 1.39 | 12.2 mL | 5 | 5.6 mL | ||
| 1.20 – 1.29 | 11.3 mL | 5 | 6.5 mL | ||
| 1.10 – 1.19 | 10.4 mL | 4 | 7.4 mL | ||
| 1 – 1.09 | 9.5 mL | 4 | 8.3 mL | ||
| 0.9 – 0.99 | 8.6 mL | 4 | 9.2 mL | ||
| Less than 22 kg | 7-day infusion not recommended | ||||
The information in Table 7 indicates the storage time for the reconstituted BLINCYTO vial and prepared infusion bag.
Table 7. Storage Time for Reconstituted BLINCYTO Vial and Prepared BLINCYTO Infusion Bag
| Maximum Storage Time | ||
| Room Temperature 23°C to 27°C (73°F to 81°F) | Refrigerated 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) | |
| Reconstituted BLINCYTO Vial | 4 hours | 24 hours |
| Prepared BLINCYTO Infusion Bag (Preservative-free) | 48 hours* | 8 days |
| Prepared BLINCYTO Infusion Bag (with Preservative) | 7 days* | 14 days |
| * Storage time includes infusion time. If the prepared BLINCYTO infusion bag is not administered within the time frames and temperatures indicated, it must be discarded; it should not be refrigerated again. | ||
35 mcg of white to off-white lyophilized powder in a single-dose vial for reconstitution.
Each BLINCYTO package (NDC 55513-160-01) contains:
Store BLINCYTO and IV Solution Stabilizer vials in the original package refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) and protect from light until time of use. Do not freeze.
BLINCYTO and IV Solution Stabilizer vials may be stored for a maximum of 8 hours at room temperature [23°C to 27°C (73°F to 81°F)] in the original carton to protect from light.
Manufactured by: Amgen Inc. One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799. Revised: Mar 2020
The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The safety of BLINCYTO in patients with MRD-positive B-cell precursor ALL was evaluated in two single-arm clinical studies in which 137 patients were treated with BLINCYTO. The median age of the study population was 45 years (range: 18 to 77 years).
The most common adverse reactions (≥ 20%) were pyrexia, infusion related reactions, headache, infections (pathogen unspecified), tremor, and chills. Serious adverse reactions were reported in 61% of patients. The most common serious adverse reactions (≥ 2%) included pyrexia, tremor, encephalopathy, aphasia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, overdose, device related infection, seizure, and staphylococcal infection. Adverse reactions of Grade 3 or higher were reported in 64% of patients. Discontinuation of therapy due to adverse reactions occurred in 17% of patients; neurologic events were the most frequently reported reasons for discontinuation. There were 2 fatal adverse reactions that occurred within 30 days of the end of BLINCYTO treatment (atypical pneumonia and subdural hemorrhage).
Table 8 summarizes the adverse reactions occurring at a ≥ 10% incidence for any grade or ≥ 5% incidence for Grade 3 or higher.
Table 8. Adverse Reactions Occurring at ≥ 10% Incidence for Any Grade or ≥ 5% Incidence for Grade 3 or Higher in BLINCYTO-Treated Patients with MRD-Positive B-cell Precursor ALL
| Adverse Reaction | BLINCYTO (N=137) | |
| Any Grade* n (%) | Grade ≥ 3* n (%) | |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | ||
| Neutropenia1 | 21 (15) | 21 (15) |
| Leukopenia2 | 19 (14) | 13(9) |
| Thrombocytopenia3 | 14 (10) | 8 (6) |
| Cardiac disorders | ||
| Arrhythmia4 | 17 (12) | 3(2) |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | ||
| Pyrexia5 | 125 (91) | 9(7) |
| Chills | 39 (28) | 0(0) |
| Infections and infestations | ||
| Infections -pathogen unspecified | 53 (39) | 11(8) |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | ||
| Infusion related reaction6 | 105 (77) | 7(5) |
| Investigations | ||
| Decreased immunoglobulins7 | 25 (18) | 7(5) |
| Weight increased | 14 (10) | 1 (<1) |
| Hypertransaminasemia8 | 13 (9) | 9 (7) |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | ||
| Back pain | 16 (12) | 1 (<1) |
| Nervous system disorders | ||
| Headache | 54 (39) | 5 (4) |
| Tremor9 | 43 (31) | 6 (4) |
| Aphasia | 16 (12) | 1 (<1) |
| Dizziness | 14 (10) | 1 (<1) |
| Encephalopathy10 | 14 (10) | 6 (4) |
| Psychiatric disorders | ||
| Insomnia11 | 24 (18) | 1 (<1) |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | ||
| Cough | 18 (13) | 0 (0) |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | ||
| Rash12 | 22 (16) | 1 (<1) |
| Vascular disorders | ||
| Hypotension | 19 (14) | 1 (<1) |
| *Grading based on NCI Common Terminology for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. 1 Neutropenia includes febrile neutropenia, neutropenia, and neutrophil count decreased. 2 Leukopenia includes leukopenia and white blood cell count decreased. 3 Thrombocytopenia includes platelet count decreased and thrombocytopenia. 4 Arrhythmia includes bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, tachycardia and ventricular extrasystoles. 5 Pyrexia includes body temperature increased and pyrexia. 6 Infusion-related reaction is a composite term that includes the term infusion-related reaction and the following events occurring with the first 48 hours of infusion and the event lasted ≤ 2 days: cytokine release syndrome, eye swelling, hypertension, hypotension, myalgia, periorbital edema, pruritus generalized, pyrexia, and rash. 7 Decreased immunoglobulins includes blood immunoglobulin A decreased, blood immunoglobulin G decreased, blood immunoglobulin M decreased, hypogammaglobulinemia, hypoglobulinemia, and immunoglobulins decreased. 8 Hypertransaminasemia includes alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, and hepatic enzyme increased. 9 Tremor includes essential tremor, intention tremor, and tremor. 10 Encephalopathy includes cognitive disorder, depressed level of consciousness, disturbance in attention, encephalopathy, lethargy, leukoencephalopathy, memory impairment, somnolence, and toxic encephalopathy. 11 Insomnia includes initial insomnia, insomnia, and terminal insomnia. 12 Rash includes dermatitis contact, eczema, erythema, rash, and rash maculopapular. | ||
Additional adverse reactions in patients with MRD-positive ALL that did not meet the threshold criteria for inclusion in Table 8 were:
Blood and lymphatic system disorders: anemia
General disorders and administration site conditions: edema peripheral, pain, and chest pain (includes chest pain and musculoskeletal chest pain)
Hepatobiliary disorders: blood bilirubin increased
Immune system disorders: hypersensitivity and cytokine release syndrome
Infections and infestations: viral infectious disorders, bacterial infectious disorders, and fungal infectious disorders
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications: medication error and overdose (includes overdose and accidental overdose)
Investigations: blood alkaline phosphatase increased
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: pain in extremity and bone pain
Nervous system disorders: seizure (includes seizure and generalized tonic-clonic seizure), speech disorder, and hypoesthesia
Psychiatric disorders: confusional state, disorientation, and depression
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: dyspnea and productive cough
Vascular disorders: hypertension (includes blood pressure increased and hypertension) flushing (includes flushing and hot flush), and capillary leak syndrome
The safety of BLINCYTO was evaluated in a randomized, open-label, active-controlled clinical study (TOWER Study) in which 376 patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL were treated with BLINCYTO (n = 267) or standard of care (SOC) chemotherapy (n = 109). The median age of BLINCYTO-treated patients was 37 years (range: 18 to 80 years), 60% were male, 84% were White, 7% Asian, 2% were Black or African American, 2% were American Indian or Alaska Native, and 5% were Multiple/Other.
The most common adverse reactions (≥ 20%) in the BLINCYTO arm were infections (bacterial and pathogen unspecified), pyrexia, headache, infusion-related reactions, anemia, febrile neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. Serious adverse reactions were reported in 62% of patients. The most common serious adverse reactions (≥ 2%) included febrile neutropenia, pyrexia, sepsis, pneumonia, overdose, septic shock, CRS, bacterial sepsis, device related infection, and bacteremia. Adverse reactions of Grade 3 or higher were reported in 87% of patients. Discontinuation of therapy due to adverse reactions occurred in 12% of patients treated with BLINCYTO; neurologic events and infections were the most frequently reported reasons for discontinuation of treatment due to an adverse reaction. Fatal adverse events occurred in 16% of patients. The majority of the fatal events were infections.
The adverse reactions occurring at a ≥ 10% incidence for any grade or ≥ 5% incidence for Grade 3 or higher in the BLINCYTO-treated patients in first cycle of therapy are summarized in Table 10.
Table 9. Adverse Reactions Occurring at ≥ 10% Incidence for Any Grade or ≥ 5% Incidence for Grade 3 or Higher in BLINCYTO-treated Patients in First Cycle of Therapy
| Adverse Reaction | BLINCYTO | Standard of Care (SOC) Chemotherapy (N = 109) | ||
| Any Grade* n (%) | Grade ≥ 3* n (%) | Any Grade* n (%) | Grade ≥ 3* n (%) | |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | ||||
| Neutropenia1 | 84 (31) | 76 (28) | 67 (61) | 61 (56) |
| Anemia2 | 68 (25) | 52(19) | 45(41) | 37(34) |
| Thrombocytopenia3 | 57 (21) | 47 (18) | 42 (39) | 40 (37) |
| Leukopenia4 | 21 (8) | 18 (7) | 9 (8) | 9 (8) |
| Cardiac disorders | ||||
| Arrhythmia5 | 37 (14) | 5 (2) | 18 (17) | 0 (0) |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | ||||
| Pyrexia | 147 (55) | 15 (6) | 43 (39) | 4 (4) |
| Edema6 | 48 (18) | 3 (1) | 20 (18) | 1 (1) |
| Immune system disorders | ||||
| Cytokine release syndrome7 | 37 (14) | 8 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Infections and infestations | ||||
| Infections - pathogen unspecified | 74 (28) | 40 (15) | 50 (46) | 35 (32) |
| Bacterial infectious disorders | 38 (14) | 19 (7) | 35 (32) | 21 (19) |
| Viral infectious disorders | 30 (11) | 4 (1) | 14 (13) | 0 (0) |
| Fungal infectious disorders | 27 (10) | 13 (5) | 15 (14) | 9 (8) |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | ||||
| Infusion-related reaction8 | 79 (30) | 9 (3) | 9 (8) | 1 (1) |
| Investigations | ||||
| Hypertransaminasemia9 | 40 (15) | 22 (8) | 13 (12) | 7 (6) |
| Nervous system disorders | ||||
| Headache | 61 (23) | 1 (<1) | 30 (28) | 3 (3) |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | ||||
| Rash10 | 31 (12) | 2 (1) | 21 (19) | 0 (0) |
| * Grading based on NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. 1 Neutropenia includes agranulocytosis, febrile neutropenia, neutropenia, and neutrophil count decreased 2 Anemia includes anemia and hemoglobin decreased. 3 Thrombocytopenia includes platelet count decreased and thrombocytopenia. 4 Leukopenia includes leukopenia and white blood cell count decreased. 5 Arrhythmia includes arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, bradycardia, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, and tachycardia. 6 Edema includes face edema, fluid retention, edema, edema peripheral, peripheral swelling, and swelling face 7 Cytokine release syndrome includes cytokine release syndrome and cytokine storm. 8 Infusion-related reaction is a composite term that includes the term infusion-related reaction and the following events occurring with the first 48 hours of infusion and the event lasted ≤ 2 days: pyrexia, cytokine release syndrome, hypotension, myalgia, acute kidney injury, hypertension, and rash erythematous. 9 Hypertransaminasemia includes alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, hepatic enzyme increased, and transaminases increased. 10 Rash includes erythema, rash, rash erythematous, rash generalized, rash macular, rash maculo-papular, rash pruritic, skin exfoliation, and toxic skin eruption. | ||||
Selected laboratory abnormalities worsening from baseline Grade 0-2 to treatment-related maximal Grade 3-4 in first cycle of therapy are shown in Table 10.
Table 10. Selected Laboratory Abnormalities Worsening from Baseline Grade 0-2 to Treatment-related Maximal Grade 3-4* in First Cycle of Therapy
| BLINCYTO Grade 3 or 4 (%) | SOC Chemotherapy Grade 3 or 4 (%) | |
Hematology | ||
| Decreased lymphocyte count | 80 | 83 |
| Decreased white blood cell count | 53 | 97 |
| Decreased hemoglobin | 29 | 43 |
| Decreased neutrophil count | 57 | 68 |
| Decreased platelet count | 47 | 85 |
| Chemistry | ||
| Increased ALT | 11 | 11 |
| Increased bilirubin | 5 | 4 |
| Increased AST | 8 | 4 |
| * Includes only patients who had both baseline and at least one laboratory measurement during first cycle of therapy available. | ||
Other important adverse reactions from pooled relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL studies were:
Blood and lymphatic system disorders: lymphadenopathy, hematophagic histiocytosis, and leukocytosis (includes leukocytosis and white blood cell count increased)
General disorders and administration site conditions: chills, chest pain (includes chest discomfort, chest pain, musculoskeletal chest pain, and non-cardiac chest pain), pain, body temperature increased, hyperthermia, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Hepatobiliary disorders: hyperbilirubinemia (includes blood bilirubin increased and hyperbilirubinemia)
Immune system disorders: hypersensitivity (includes hypersensitivity, anaphylactic reaction, angioedema, dermatitis allergic, drug eruption, drug hypersensitivity, erythema multiforme, and urticaria)
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications: medication error and overdose (includes overdose, medication error, and accidental overdose)
Investigations: weight increased, decreased immunoglobulins (includes immunoglobulins decreased, blood immunoglobulin A decreased, blood immunoglobulin G decreased, blood immunoglobulin M decreased, and hypogammaglobulinemia), blood alkaline phosphatase increased, and hypertransaminasemia
Metabolism and nutrition disorders: tumor lysis syndrome
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: back pain, bone pain, and pain in extremity
Nervous system disorders: tremor (resting tremor, intention tremor, essential tremor, and tremor), altered state of consciousness (includes altered state of consciousness, depressed level of consciousness, disturbance in attention, lethargy, mental status changes, stupor, and somnolence), dizziness, memory impairment, seizure (includes seizure, and atonic seizure), aphasia, cognitive disorder, speech disorder, hypoesthesia, encephalopathy, and cranial nerve disorders (trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal nerve disorder, sixth nerve paralysis, cranial nerve disorder, facial nerve disorder, and facial paresis)
Psychiatric disorders: insomnia, disorientation, confusional state, and depression (includes depressed mood, depression, suicidal ideation, and completed suicide)
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: dyspnea (includes acute respiratory failure, dyspnea, dyspnea exertional, respiratory failure, respiratory distress, bronchospasm, bronchial hyperreactivity, tachypnea, and wheezing), cough, and productive cough
Vascular disorders: hypotension (includes blood pressure decreased, hypotension, hypovolemic shock, and circulatory collapse), hypertension (includes blood pressure increased, hypertension, and hypertensive crisis), flushing (includes flushing and hot flush), and capillary leak syndrome
As with all therapeutic proteins, there is potential for immunogenicity. The detection of antibody formation is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Additionally, the observed incidence of antibody (including neutralizing antibody) positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors, including assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to blinatumomab with the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading.
The immunogenicity of BLINCYTO has been evaluated using either an electrochemiluminescence detection technology (ECL) or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening immunoassay for the detection of binding anti-blinatumomab antibodies. For patients whose sera tested positive in the screening immunoassay, an in vitro biological assay was performed to detect neutralizing antibodies.
In clinical studies, less than 2% of patients treated with BLINCYTO tested positive for binding anti-blinatumomab antibodies. Of patients who developed anti-blinatumomab antibodies, 7 out of 9 (78%) had in vitro neutralizing activity. Anti-blinatumomab antibody formation may affect pharmacokinetics of BLINCYTO.
If formation of anti-blinatumomab antibodies with a clinically significant effect is suspected, contact Amgen at 1-800-77-AMGEN (1-800-772-6436) to discuss antibody testing.
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of BLINCYTO. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
No formal drug interaction studies have been conducted with BLINCYTO. Initiation of BLINCYTO treatment causes transient release of cytokines that may suppress CYP450 enzymes. The highest drug-drug interaction risk is during the first 9 days of the first cycle and the first 2 days of the second cycle in patients who are receiving concomitant CYP450 substrates, particularly those with a narrow therapeutic index. In these patients, monitor for toxicity (e.g., warfarin) or drug concentrations (e.g., cyclosporine). Adjust the dose of the concomitant drug as needed [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS), which may be life-threatening or fatal, occurred in patients receiving BLINCYTO. The median time to onset of CRS was 2 days after the start of infusion and the median time to resolution of CRS was 5 days among cases that resolved. Manifestations of CRS include fever, headache, nausea, asthenia, hypotension, increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), increased total bilirubin, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The manifestations of CRS after treatment with BLINCYTO overlap with those of infusion reactions, capillary leak syndrome (CLS), and hemophagocytic histiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Using all of these terms to define CRS in clinical trials of BLINCYTO, CRS was reported in 15% of patients with relapsed or refractory ALL and in 7% of patients with MRD-positive ALL.
Monitor patients for signs or symptoms of these events. Advise outpatients on BLINCYTO to contact their healthcare professional for signs and symptoms associated with CRS. If severe CRS occurs, interrupt BLINCYTO until CRS resolves. Discontinue BLINCYTO permanently if life-threatening CRS occurs. Administer corticosteroids for severe or life-threatening CRS [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
In patients with ALL receiving BLINCYTO in clinical studies, neurological toxicities have occurred in approximately 65% of patients. Among patients that experienced a neurologic event, the median time to the first event was within the first 2 weeks of BLINCYTO treatment and the majority of events resolved. The most common (≥ 10%) manifestations of neurological toxicity were headache, and tremor; the neurological toxicity profile varied by age group [see Use In Specific Populations]. Grade 3 or higher (severe, life-threatening, or fatal) neurological toxicities following initiation of BLINCYTO administration occurred in approximately 13% of patients and included encephalopathy, convulsions, speech disorders, disturbances in consciousness, confusion and disorientation, and coordination and balance disorders. Manifestations of neurological toxicity included cranial nerve disorders. The majority of neurologic events resolved following interruption of BLINCYTO, but some resulted in treatment discontinuation.
There is limited experience with BLINCYTO in patients with active ALL in the central nervous system (CNS) or a history of neurologic events. Patients with a history or presence of clinically relevant CNS pathology were excluded from clinical studies.
Monitor patients receiving BLINCYTO for signs and symptoms of neurological toxicities. Advise outpatients on BLINCYTO to contact their healthcare professional if they develop signs or symptoms of neurological toxicities. Interrupt or discontinue BLINCYTO as recommended [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
In patients with ALL receiving BLINCYTO in clinical studies, serious infections such as sepsis, pneumonia, bacteremia, opportunistic infections, and catheter-site infections were observed in approximately 25% of patients, some of which were life-threatening or fatal. As appropriate, administer prophylactic antibiotics and employ surveillance testing during treatment with BLINCYTO. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of infection and treat appropriately.
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), which may be life-threatening or fatal, has been observed in patients receiving BLINCYTO. Appropriate prophylactic measures, including pretreatment nontoxic cytoreduction and on-treatment hydration, should be used for the prevention of TLS during BLINCYTO treatment. Monitor for signs or symptoms of TLS. Management of these events may require either temporary interruption or discontinuation of BLINCYTO [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Neutropenia and febrile neutropenia, including life-threatening cases, have been observed in patients receiving BLINCYTO. Monitor laboratory parameters (including, but not limited to, white blood cell count and absolute neutrophil count) during BLINCYTO infusion. Interrupt BLINCYTO if prolonged neutropenia occurs.
Due to the potential for neurologic events, including seizures, patients receiving BLINCYTO are at risk for loss of consciousness [see Neurological Toxicities]. Advise patients to refrain from driving and engaging in hazardous occupations or activities such as operating heavy or potentially dangerous machinery while BLINCYTO is being administered.
Treatment with BLINCYTO was associated with transient elevations in liver enzymes. In patients with ALL receiving BLINCYTO in clinical studies, the median time to onset of elevated liver enzymes was 3 days.
The majority of these transient elevations in liver enzymes were observed in the setting of CRS. For the events that were observed outside the setting of CRS, the median time to onset was 19 days. Grade 3 or greater elevations in liver enzymes occurred in approximately 7% of patients outside the setting of CRS and resulted in treatment discontinuation in less than 1% of patients.
Monitor alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and total blood bilirubin prior to the start of and during BLINCYTO treatment. Interrupt BLINCYTO if the transaminases rise to greater than 5 times the upper limit of normal or if total bilirubin rises to more than 3 times the upper limit of normal.
Fatal pancreatitis has been reported in patients receiving BLINCYTO in combination with dexamethasone in clinical studies and the postmarketing setting [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Evaluate patients who develop signs and symptoms of pancreatitis. Management of pancreatitis may require either temporary interruption or discontinuation of BLINCYTO and dexamethasone [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes showing leukoencephalopathy have been observed in patients receiving BLINCYTO, especially in patients with prior treatment with cranial irradiation and antileukemic chemotherapy (including systemic high-dose methotrexate or intrathecal cytarabine). The clinical significance of these imaging changes is unknown.
Preparation and administration errors have occurred with BLINCYTO treatment. Follow instructions for preparation (including admixing) and administration strictly to minimize medication errors (including underdose and overdose) [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
The safety of immunization with live viral vaccines during or following BLINCYTO therapy has not been studied. Vaccination with live virus vaccines is not recommended for at least 2 weeks prior to the start of BLINCYTO treatment, during treatment, and until immune recovery following last cycle of BLINCYTO.
Serious and fatal adverse reactions including “gasping syndrome” can occur in neonates and infants treated with benzyl alcohol-preserved drugs, including BLINCYTO (with preservative). The “gasping syndrome” is characterized by central nervous system depression, metabolic acidosis, and gasping respirations.
When prescribing BLINCYTO (with preservative) for pediatric patients, consider the combined daily metabolic load of benzyl alcohol from all sources including BLINCYTO (with preservative) (contains 7.4 mg of benzyl alcohol per mL) and other drugs containing benzyl alcohol. The minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which serious adverse reactions may occur is not known [see Use In Specific Populations].
Due to the addition of bacteriostatic saline, 7-day infusion bags of BLINCYTO solution contain benzyl alcohol and are not recommended for use in any patients weighing less than 22 kg [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and Use In Specific Populations].
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Advise patients of the risk of CRS and infusion reactions, and to contact their healthcare professional for signs and symptoms associated with CRS or infusion reactions (pyrexia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, chills, hypotension, rash, and wheezing) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Advise patients of the risk of neurological toxicities, and to contact their healthcare professional for signs and symptoms associated with this event (convulsions, speech disorders, and confusion) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Advise patients of the risk of infections, and to contact their healthcare professional for signs or symptoms of infection [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Inform patients of the importance of keeping the skin clean around the intravenous catheter to reduce the risk of infection.
Advise patients of the risk of pancreatitis and to contact their healthcare provider for signs or symptoms of pancreatitis, which include severe and persistent stomach pain, with or without nausea and vomiting [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Advise patients to refrain from driving and engaging in hazardous occupations or activities such as operating heavy or potentially dangerous machinery while BLINCYTO is being administered. Patients should be advised that they may experience neurological events [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform patients they should not adjust the setting on the infusion pump. Any changes to pump function may result in dosing errors. If there is a problem with the infusion pump or the pump alarms, patients should contact their doctor or nurse immediately.
No carcinogenicity or genotoxicity studies have been conducted with blinatumomab.
No studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of blinatumomab on fertility. A murine surrogate molecule had no adverse effects on male and female reproductive organs in a 13-week repeat-dose toxicity study in mice.
Based on its mechanism of action, BLINCYTO may cause fetal harm, including B-cell lymphocytopenia, when administered to a pregnant woman [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. There are no data on the use of BLINCYTO in pregnant women. In animal reproduction studies, a murine surrogate molecule administered to pregnant mice crossed the placental barrier (see Data). Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.
The background rate of major birth defects and miscarriage is unknown for the indicated population. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Due to the potential for B-cell lymphocytopenia in infants following exposure to BLINCYTO in utero, the infant’s B lymphocytes should be monitored before the initiation of live virus vaccination [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Animal Data
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with blinatumomab. In embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies, a murine surrogate molecule was administered intravenously to pregnant mice during the period of organogenesis. The surrogate molecule crossed the placental barrier and did not cause embryo-fetal toxicity or teratogenicity. The expected depletions of B and T cells were observed in the pregnant mice, but hematological effects were not assessed in fetuses.
There is no information regarding the presence of blinatumomab in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed infants from BLINCYTO, including B-cell lymphocytopenia, advise patients not to breastfeed during treatment with BLINCYTO and for at least 48 hours after the last dose.
Verify the pregnancy status of females of reproductive potential prior to initiating BLINCYTO treatment.
Females
BLINCYTO may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Pregnancy]. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with BLINCYTO and for at least 48 hours after the last dose.
The safety and efficacy of BLINCYTO have been established in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL. Use of BLINCYTO is supported by a single-arm trial in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL. This study included pediatric patients in the following age groups: 10 infants (1 month up to less than 2 years), 40 children (2 years up to less than 12 years), and 20 adolescents (12 years to less than 18 years). No differences in efficacy were observed between the different age subgroups. The efficacy has also been established based on extrapolation from adequate and well-controlled studies in adults with MRD-positive B-cell precursor ALL.
In general, the adverse reactions in BLINCYTO-treated pediatric patients were similar in type to those seen in adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Adverse reactions that were observed more frequently (≥ 10% difference) in the pediatric population compared to the adult population were pyrexia (80% vs. 61%), hypertension (26% vs. 8%), anemia (41% vs. 24%), infusion-related reaction (49% vs. 34%), thrombocytopenia (34% vs. 21%), leukopenia (24% vs. 11%), and weight increased (17% vs. 6%).
In pediatric patients less than 2 years old (infants), the incidence of neurologic toxicities was not significantly different than for the other age groups, but its manifestations were different; the only event terms reported were agitation, headache, insomnia, somnolence, and irritability. Infants also had an increased incidence of hypokalemia (50%) compared to other pediatric age cohorts (15-20%) or adults (17%).
The steady-state concentrations of blinatumomab were comparable in adult and pediatric patients at the equivalent dose levels based on BSA-based regimens.
Serious adverse reactions including fatal reactions and the “gasping syndrome” occurred in premature neonates and infants in the neonatal intensive care unit who received drugs containing benzyl alcohol as a preservative. In these cases, benzyl alcohol dosages of 99 to 234 mg/kg/day produced high levels of benzyl alcohol and its metabolites in the blood and urine (blood levels of benzyl alcohol were 0.61 to 1.378 mmol/L). Additional adverse reactions included gradual neurological deterioration, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, hematologic abnormalities, skin breakdown, hepatic and renal failure, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse. Preterm, low-birth weight infants may be more likely to develop these reactions because they may be less able to metabolize benzyl alcohol.
When prescribing BLINCYTO (with preservative) in pediatric patients, consider the combined daily metabolic load of benzyl alcohol from all sources including BLINCYTO (with preservative) (contains 7.4 mg of benzyl alcohol per mL) and other drugs containing benzyl alcohol. The minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which serious adverse reactions may occur is not known [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Due to the addition of bacteriostatic saline, 7-day infusion bags of BLINCYTO solution contain benzyl alcohol and are not recommended for use in patients weighing less than 22 kg. Prepare BLINCYTO solution for infusion with preservative-free saline in 24-hour or 48-hour infusion bags for patients weighing less than 22 kg [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Of the total number of patients with ALL treated in clinical studies of BLINCYTO, approximately 12% were 65 and over, while 2% were 75 and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. However, elderly patients experienced a higher rate of serious infections and neurological toxicities, including cognitive disorder, encephalopathy, and confusion [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Overdoses have been observed, including one adult patient who received 133-fold the recommended therapeutic dose of BLINCYTO delivered over a short duration.
In the dose evaluation phase of a study in pediatric and adolescent patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL, one patient experienced a fatal cardiac failure event in the setting of life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) at a 30 mcg/m2/day (higher than the maximum tolerated/recommended) dose [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Overdoses resulted in adverse reactions, which were consistent with the reactions observed at the recommended dosage and included fever, tremors, and headache. In the event of overdose, interrupt the infusion, monitor the patient for signs of adverse reactions, and provide supportive care [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Consider re-initiation of BLINCYTO at the recommended dosage when all adverse reactions have resolved and no earlier than 12 hours after interruption of the infusion [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
BLINCYTO is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to blinatumomab or to any component of the product formulation.
Blinatumomab is a bispecific CD19-directed CD3 T-cell engager that binds to CD19 expressed on the surface of cells of B-lineage origin and CD3 expressed on the surface of T cells. It activates endogenous T cells by connecting CD3 in the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex with CD19 on benign and malignant B cells. Blinatumomab mediates the formation of a synapse between the T-cell and the tumor cell, upregulation of cell adhesion molecules, production of cytolytic proteins, release of inflammatory cytokines, and proliferation of T cells, which result in redirected lysis of CD19+ cells.
During the continuous intravenous infusion over 4 weeks, the pharmacodynamic response was characterized by T-cell activation and initial redistribution, reduction in peripheral B cells, and transient cytokine elevation.
Peripheral T-cell redistribution (ie, T-cell adhesion to blood vessel endothelium and/or transmigration into tissue) occurred after start of BLINCYTO infusion or dose escalation. T-cell counts initially declined within 1 to 2 days and then returned to baseline levels within 7 to 14 days in the majority of patients. Increase of T-cell counts above baseline (T-cell expansion) was observed in few patients.
Peripheral B cell counts decreased to less than or equal to 10 cells/microliter during the first treatment cycle at doses ≥ 5 mcg/m²/day or ≥ 9 mcg/day in the majority of patients. No recovery of peripheral B-cell counts was observed during the 2-week BLINCYTO-free period between treatment cycles. Incomplete depletion of B cells occurred at doses of 0.5 mcg/m²/day and 1.5 mcg/m²/day and in a few patients at higher doses.
Cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were measured, and IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ were elevated. The highest elevation of cytokines was observed in the first 2 days following start of BLINCYTO infusion. The elevated cytokine levels returned to baseline within 24 to 48 hours during the infusion. In subsequent treatment cycles, cytokine elevation occurred in fewer patients with lesser intensity compared to the initial 48 hours of the first treatment cycle.
The pharmacokinetics of blinatumomab appear linear over a dose range from 5 to 90 mcg/m²/day (approximately equivalent to 9 to 162 mcg/day) in adult patients. Following continuous intravenous infusion, the steady-state serum concentration (Css) was achieved within a day and remained stable over time. The increase in mean Css values was approximately proportional to the dose in the range tested. At the clinical doses of 9 mcg/day and 28 mcg/day for the treatment of relapsed or refractory ALL, the mean (SD) Css was 228 (356) pg/mL and 616 (537) pg/mL, respectively.
The estimated mean (SD) volume of distribution based on terminal phase (Vz) was 4.35 (2.45) L with continuous intravenous infusion of blinatumomab.
The metabolic pathway of blinatumomab has not been characterized. Like other protein therapeutics, BLINCYTO is expected to be degraded into small peptides and amino acids via catabolic pathways.
The estimated mean (SD) systemic clearance with continuous intravenous infusion in patients receiving blinatumomab in clinical studies was 3.11 (2.98) L/hour. The mean (SD) half-life was 2.10 (1.41) hours. Negligible amounts of blinatumomab were excreted in the urine at the tested clinical doses.
Results of population pharmacokinetic analyses indicate that age (0.62 to 80 years of age) and gender do not influence the pharmacokinetics of blinatumomab. Body surface area (0.4 to 2.70 m²) influences the pharmacokinetics of blinatumomab, however, the clinical relevance of this effect is unknown.
No formal pharmacokinetic studies using BLINCYTO have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment.
No formal pharmacokinetic studies of blinatumomab have been conducted in patients with renal impairment.
Pharmacokinetic analyses showed an approximately 2-fold difference in mean blinatumomab clearance values between patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCL ranging from 30 to 59 mL/min, N = 21) and normal renal function (CrCL more than 90 mL/min, N = 215). However, high interpatient variability was discerned (CV% up to 96.8%), and clearance values in renal impaired patients were essentially within the range observed in patients with normal renal function. There is no information available in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCL less than 30 mL/min) or patients on hemodialysis.
Transient elevation of cytokines may suppress CYP450 enzyme activities [see DRUG INTERACTIONS and Pharmacodynamics].
The pharmacokinetics of blinatumomab appear linear over a dose range from 5 to 30 mcg/m²/day in pediatric patients. At the recommended doses, the mean (SD) steady-state concentration (Css) values were 162 (179) and 533 (392) pg/mL at 5 and 15 mcg/m²/day doses, respectively. The estimated mean (SD) volume of distribution (Vz), clearance (CL), and terminal half-life (t½,z) were 3.14 (2.97) L/m², 1.88 (1.90) L/hour/m², and 2.04 (1.35) hours, respectively.
The efficacy of BLINCYTO was evaluated in an open-label, multicenter, single-arm study (BLAST Study) [NCT01207388] that included patients who were ≥ 18 years of age, had received at least 3 chemotherapy blocks of standard ALL therapy, were in hematologic complete remission (defined as < 5% blasts in bone marrow, absolute neutrophil count > 1 Gi/L, platelets > 100 Gi/L) and had MRD at a level of ≥ 0.1% using an assay with a minimum sensitivity of 0.01%. BLINCYTO was administered at a constant dose of 15 mcg/m²/day (equivalent to the recommended dosage of 28 mcg/day) intravenously for all treatment cycles. Patients received up to 4 cycles of treatment. Dose adjustment was possible in case of adverse events.
The treated population included 86 patients in first or second hematologic complete remission (CR1 or CR2). The demographics and baseline characteristics are shown in Table 12. The median number of treatment cycles was 2 (range: 1 to 4). Following treatment with BLINCYTO, 45 out of 61 (73.8%) patients in CR1 and 14 out of 25 (56.0%) patients in CR2 underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in continuous hematologic complete remission.
Table 12: Demographics and Baseline Characteristics in
BLAST Study
| Characteristic | BLINCYTO (N = 86) |
| Age | |
| Median, years (min, max) | 43 (18, 76) |
| ≥ 65 years, n (%) | 10 (12) |
| Males, n (%) | 50 (58) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| Asian | 1 (1) |
| Other (mixed) | 0 (0) |
| White | 76 (88) |
| Unknown | 9 (11) |
| Philadelphia chromosome disease status, n (%) | |
| Positive | 1 (1) |
| Negative | 85 (99) |
| Relapse history, n (%) | |
| Patients in 1st CR | 61 (71) |
| Patients in 2nd CR | 25 (29) |
| MRD level at baseline*, n (%) | |
| ≥ 10% | 7 (8) |
| ≥ 1% and < 10% | 34 (40) |
| ≥ 0.1% and < 1% | 45 (52) |
| * Assessed centrally using an assay with minimum sensitivity of 0.01%. | |
Efficacy was based on achievement of undetectable MRD within one cycle of BLINCYTO treatment and hematological relapse-free survival (RFS). The assay used to assess MRD response had a sensitivity of 0.01% for 6 patients and < 0.005% for 80 patients. Overall, undetectable MRD was achieved by 70 patients (81.4%: 95% CI: 71.6%, 89.0%). The median hematological RFS was 22.3 months. Table 13 shows the MRD response and hematological RFS by remission number.
Table 13: Efficacy Results in Patients ≥ 18
Years of Age With MRD-positive B-cell Precursor ALL (BLAST Study)
| Patients in CR1 (n=61) |
Patients in CR2 (n=25) |
|
| Complete MRD response1, n (%), [95% CI] | 52 (85.2) [73.8, 93.0] | 18 (72.0) [50.6, 87.9] |
| Median hematological relapse-free survival2 in months (range) | 35.2 (0.4, 53.5) | 12.3 (0.7, 42.3) |
| 1Complete MRD response was defined as the
absence of detectable MRD confirmed in an assay with minimum sensitivity of
0.01%. 2. Relapse was defined as either hematological or extramedullary relapse, secondary leukemia, or death due to any cause; Includes time after transplantation; Kaplan Meier estimate. |
||
ndetectable MRD was achieved by 65 of 80 patients (81.3%: 95% CI: 71.0%, 89.1%) with an assay sensitivity of at least 0.005%. The estimated median hematological RFS among the 80 patients using the higher sensitivity assay was 24.2 months (95% CI: 17.9, NE).
The efficacy of BLINCYTO was compared to standard of care (SOC) chemotherapy in a randomized, open-label, multicenter study (TOWER Study) [NCT02013167]. Eligible patients were ≥ 18 years of age with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL [> 5% blasts in the bone marrow and refractory to primary induction therapy or refractory to last therapy, untreated first relapse with first remission duration < 12 months, untreated second or later relapse, or relapse at any time after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT)]. BLINCYTO was administered at 9 mcg/day on Days 1-7 and 28 mcg/day on Days 8-28 for Cycle 1, and 28 mcg/day on Days 1-28 for Cycles 2-5 in 42-day cycles and for Cycles 6-9 in 84-day cycles. Dose adjustment was possible in case of adverse events. SOC chemotherapy included fludarabine, cytarabine arabinoside, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (FLAG); high-dose cytarabine arabinoside (HiDAC); high-dose methotrexate- (HDMTX) based combination; or clofarabine/clofarabine-based regimens.
There were 405 patients randomized 2:1 to receive BLINCYTO or investigator-selected SOC chemotherapy. Randomization was stratified by age (< 35 years vs. ≥ 35 years of age), prior salvage therapy (yes vs. no), and prior alloHSCT (yes vs. no) as assessed at the time of consent. The demographics and baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the two arms (see Table 14).
Table 14: Demographics and Baseline Characteristics in
TOWER Study
| Characteristic | BLINCYTO (N = 271) |
Standard of Care (SOC) Chemotherapy (N = 134) |
| Age | ||
| Median, years (min, max) | 37 (18, 80) | 37 (18, 78) |
| < 35 years, n (%) | 124 (46) | 60 (45) |
| ≥ 35 years, n (%) | 147 (54) | 74 (55) |
| ≥ 65 years, n (%) | 33 (12) | 15 (11) |
| ≥ 75 years, n (%) | 10 (4) | 2 (2) |
| Males, n (%) | 162 (60) | 77 (58) |
| Race, n (%) | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 4 (2) | 1 (1) |
| Asian | 19 (7) | 9 (7) |
| Black (or African American) | 5 (2) | 3 (2) |
| Multiple | 2 (1) | 0 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 (0) | 1 (1) |
| Other | 12 (4) | 8 (6) |
| White | 228 (84) | 112 (84) |
| Prior salvage therapy | 171 (63) | 70 (52) |
| Prior alloHSCT1 | 94 (35) | 46 (34) |
| Eastern Cooperative Group Status - n (%) | ||
| 0 | 96 (35) | 52 (39) |
| 1 | 134 (49) | 61 (46) |
| 2 | 41 (15) | 20 (15) |
| Unknown | 0 | 1 (1) |
| Refractory to salvage treatment - n (%) | ||
| Yes | 87 (32) | 34 (25) |
| No | 182 (67) | 99 (74) |
| Unknown | 2 (1) | 1 (1) |
| Maximum of central/local bone marrow blasts - n (%) | ||
| ≤ 5% | 0 | 0 |
| > 5 to < 10% | 9 (3) | 7 (5) |
| 10 to < 50% | 60 (22) | 23 (17) |
| ≥ 50% | 201 (74) | 104 (78) |
| Unknown | 1 (0) | 0 |
| 1 alloHSCT = allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | ||
Of the 271 patients randomized to the BLINCYTO arm, 267 patients received BLINCYTO treatment. The median number of treatment cycles was two (range: 1 to 9 cycles); 267 (99%) received Cycles 1-2 (induction), 86 (32%) received Cycles 3-5 (consolidation), and 27 (10%) received Cycles 6-9 (continued therapy). Of the 134 patients on the SOC arm, 25 dropped out prior to start of study treatment, and 109 patients received a median of 1 treatment cycle (range: 1 to 4 cycles).
The determination of efficacy was based on overall survival (OS). The study demonstrated statistically significant improvement in OS for patients treated with BLINCYTO as compared to SOC chemotherapy.
See Figure 1 and Table 15 below for efficacy results from the TOWER Study.
Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Curve of Overall Survival in
TOWER Study
 |
Table 15: Efficacy Results in Patients ≥ 18
Years of Age With Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Relapsed or Refractory
B-cell Precursor ALL (TOWER Study)
| BLINCYTO (N = 271) |
SOC Chemotherapy (N = 134) |
|
| Overall Survival | ||
| Number of deaths (%) | 164 (61) | 87 (65) |
| Median, months [95% CI] | 7.7 [5.6, 9.6] | 4.0 [2.9, 5.3] |
| Hazard Ratio [95% CI]1 | 0.71 [0.55, 0.93] | |
| p-value2 | 0.012 | |
| Overall Response | ||
| CR4/CRh*5, n (%) [95% CI] | 115 (42) [37, 49] | 27 (20) [14, 28] |
| Treatment difference [95% CI] | 22 [13, 31] | |
| p-value3 | < 0.001 | |
| CR, n (%) [95% CI] | 91 (34) [28, 40] | 21 (16) [10, 23] |
| Treatment difference [95% CI] | 18 [10, 26] | |
| p-value3 | < 0.001 | |
| MRD Response6 for CR/CRh* | ||
| n1/n2 (%)7 [95% CI] | 73/115 (64) [54, 72] | 14/27 (52) [32, 71] |
| 1 Based on stratified Cox’s model. 2 The p-value was derived using stratified log rank test. 3 The p-value was derived using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. 4 CR (complete remission) was defined as ≤ 5% blasts in the bone marrow, no evidence of disease, and full recovery of peripheral blood counts (platelets > 100,000/microliter and absolute neutrophil counts [ANC] > 1,000/microliter). 5 CRh* (complete remission with partial hematologic recovery) was defined as ≤ 5% blasts in the bone marrow, no evidence of disease, and partial recovery of peripheral blood counts (platelets > 50,000/microliter and ANC > 500/microliter). 6 MRD (minimum residual disease) response was defined as MRD by PCR or flow cytometry < 1 x 10-4 (0.01%). 7 n1: number of patients who achieved MRD response and CR/CRh*; n2: number of patients who achieved CR/CRh* and had a postbaseline assessment. |
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Study MT103-211 [NCT01466179] was an open-label, multicenter, single-arm study. Eligible patients were ≥ 18 years of age with Philadelphia chromosome-negative relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL (relapsed with first remission duration of ≤ 12 months in first salvage or relapsed or refractory after first salvage therapy or relapsed within 12 months of alloHSCT, and had ≥ 10% blasts in bone marrow).
BLINCYTO was administered as a continuous intravenous infusion. The recommended dose for this study was determined to be 9 mcg/day on Days 1-7 and 28 mcg/day on Days 8-28 for Cycle 1, and 28 mcg/day on Days 1-28 for subsequent cycles. Dose adjustment was possible in case of adverse events. The treated population included 185 patients who received at least 1 infusion of BLINCYTO; the median number of treatment cycles was 2 (range: 1 to 5). Patients who responded to BLINCYTO but later relapsed had the option to be retreated with BLINCYTO. Among treated patients, the median age was 39 years (range: 18 to 79 years), 63 out of 185 (34.1%) had undergone HSCT prior to receiving BLINCYTO, and 32 out of 185 (17.3%) had received more than 2 prior salvage therapies.
Efficacy was based on the complete remission (CR) rate, duration of CR, and proportion of patients with an MRD-negative CR/CR with partial hematological recovery (CR/CRh*) within 2 cycles of treatment with BLINCYTO. Table 16 shows the efficacy results from this study. The HSCT rate among those who achieved CR/CRh* was 39% (30 out of 77). 33
Table 16: Efficacy Results in Patients ≥ 18
Years of Age With Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Relapsed or Refractory
B-cell Precursor ALL (Study MT103-211)
| N = 185 | |||
| CR1 | CRh*2 | CR/CRh* | |
| n (%) | 60 (32.4) | 17 (9.2) | 77 (41.6) |
| [95% CI] | [25.7 - 39.7] | [5.4 - 14.3] | [34.4 - 49.1] |
| MRD response3 | |||
| n1/n2 (%)4 | 48/60 (80.0) | 10/17 (58.8) | 58/77 (75.3) |
| [95% CI] | [67.7 - 89.2] | [32.9 - 81.6] | [64.2 - 84.4] |
| DOR/RFS5 | |||
| Median (months) (range) | 6.7 (0.46 - 16.5) | 5.0 (0.13 - 8.8) | 5.9 (0.13 - 16.5) |
| 1 CR (complete remission) was defined as
≤ 5% of blasts in the bone marrow, no evidence of disease, and full
recovery of peripheral blood counts (platelets > 100,000/microliter and
absolute neutrophil counts [ANC] > 1,000/microliter). 2 CRh* (complete remission with partial hematological recovery) was defined as ≤ 5% of blasts in the bone marrow, no evidence of disease, and partial recovery of peripheral blood counts (platelets > 50,000/microliter and ANC > 500/microliter). 3 MRD (minimal residual disease) response was defined as MRD by PCR < 1 x 10-4 (0.01%). 4 n1: number of patients who achieved MRD response and the respective remission status; n2: number of patients who achieved the respective remission status. Six CR/CRh* responders with missing MRD data were considered as MRD-nonresponders. 5 DOR (duration of response)/RFS (relapse-free survival) was defined as time since first response of CR or CRh* to relapse or death, whichever is earlier. Relapse was defined as hematological relapse (blasts in bone marrow greater than 5% following CR) or an extramedullary relapse. |
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The efficacy of BLINCYTO for treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-cell precursor ALL was evaluated in an open-label, multicenter, single-arm study (ALCANTARA Study) [NCT02000427]. Eligible patients were ≥ 18 years of age with Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-cell precursor ALL, relapsed or refractory to at least 1 second generation or later tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), or intolerant to second generation TKI, and intolerant or refractory to imatinib mesylate.
BLINCYTO was administered at 9 mcg/day on Days 1-7 and 28 mcg/day on Days 8-28 for Cycle 1, and 28 mcg/day on Days 1-28 for subsequent cycles. Dose adjustment was possible in case of adverse events.
The treated population included 45 patients who received at least one infusion of BLINCYTO; the median number of treatment cycles was 2 (range: 1 to 5). The demographics and baseline characteristics are shown in Table 17. 34
Table 17: Demographics and Baseline Characteristics in
ALCANTARA Study
| Characteristic | BLINCYTO (N = 45) |
| Age | |
| Median, years (min, max) | 55 (23, 78) |
| ≥ 65 years and < 75 years, n (%) | 10 (22) |
| ≥ 75 years, n (%) | 2 (4) |
| Males, n (%) | 24 (53) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| Asian | 1 (2) |
| Black (or African American) | 3 (7) |
| Other | 2 (4) |
| White | 39 (87) |
| Disease History | |
| Prior TKI treatment1, n (%) | |
| 1 | 7 (16) |
| 2 | 21 (47) |
| ≥ 3 | 17 (38) |
| Prior salvage therapy | 31 (62) |
| Prior alloHSCT2 | 20 (44) |
| Bone marrow blasts3 | |
| ≥ 50% to < 75% | 6 (13) |
| ≥ 75% | 28 (62) |
| 1 Number of patients that failed ponatinib =
23 (51%) 2 alloHSCT = allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 3 centrally assessed |
|
Efficacy was based on the complete remission (CR) rate, duration of CR, and proportion of patients with an MRD-negative CR/CR with partial hematological recovery (CR/CRh*) within 2 cycles of treatment with BLINCYTO. Table 18 shows the efficacy results from ALCANTARA Study. Five of the 16 responding (31%) patients underwent allogeneic HSCT in CR/CRh* induced with BLINCYTO. There were 10 patients with documented T315I mutation; four achieved CR within 2 cycles of treatment with BLINCYTO. 35
Table 18: Efficacy Results in Patients ≥ 18
Years of Age With Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Relapsed or Refractory
B-cell Precursor ALL (ALCANTARA Study)
| N = 45 | |||
| CR1 | CRh*2 | CR/CRh* | |
| n (%) | 14 (31) | 2 (4) | 16 (36) |
| [95% CI] | [18 - 47] | [1 - 15] | [22 - 51] |
| MRD response3 | |||
| n1/n2 (%)4 | 12/14 (86) | 2/2 (100) | 14/16 (88) |
| [95% CI] | [57 - 98] | [16, 100] | 6 2 - 9 ] |
| DOR/RFS5 | |||
| Median (months) (range) | 6.7 (3.6 - 12.0) | NE6 (3.7 - 9.0) | 6.7 (3.6 - 12.0) |
| 1 CR (complete remission) was defined as
≤ 5% of blasts in the bone marrow, no evidence of disease, and full
recovery of peripheral blood counts (platelets > 100,000/microliter and
absolute neutrophil counts [ANC] > 1,000/microliter). 2 CRh* (complete remission with partial hematological recovery) was defined as ≤ 5% of blasts in the bone marrow, no evidence of disease, and partial recovery of peripheral blood counts (platelets > 50,000/microliter and ANC > 500/microliter). 3 MRD (minimal residual disease) response was defined as MRD by PCR < 1 x 10-4 (0.01%). 4 n1: number of patients who achieved MRD response and the respective remission status; n2: number of patients who achieved the respective remission status. Six CR/CRh* responders with missing MRD data were considered as MRD-nonresponders. 5 DOR (duration of response)/RFS (relapse-free survival) was defined as time since first response of CR or CRh* to relapse or death, whichever is earlier. Relapse was defined as hematological relapse (blasts in bone marrow greater than 5% following CR) or an extramedullary relapse. 6 NE = not estimable |
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Study MT103-205 [NCT01471782] was an open-label, multicenter, single-arm study in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL (second or later bone marrow relapse, any marrow relapse after allogeneic HSCT, or refractory to other treatments, and had > 25% blasts in bone marrow). BLINCYTO was administered at 5 mcg/m²/day on Days 1-7 and 15 mcg/m²/day on Days 8-28 for Cycle 1, and 15 mcg/m²/day on Days 1-28 for subsequent cycles. Dose adjustment was possible in case of adverse events. Patients who responded to BLINCYTO but later relapsed had the option to be retreated with BLINCYTO.
Among the 70 treated patients, the median age was 8 years (range: 7 months to 17 years), 40 out of 70 (57.1%) had undergone allogeneic HSCT prior to receiving BLINCYTO, and 39 out of 70 (55.7%) had refractory disease. The median number of treatment cycles was 1 (range: 1 to 5).
Twenty-three out of 70 (32.9%) patients achieved CR/CRh* within the first 2 treatment cycles with 17 out of 23 (73.9%) occurring within Cycle 1 of treatment. See Table 19 for the efficacy results from the study. The HSCT rate among those who achieved CR/CRh* was 48% (11 out of 23).
Table 19: Efficacy Results in Patients < 18 Years
of Age With Relapsed or Refractory B-cell Precursor ALL (Study MT103-205)
| N = 70 | |||
| CR1 | CRh*2 | CR/CRh* | |
| n (%) | 12 (17.1) | 11 (15.7) | 23 (32.9) |
| [95% CI] | [9.2 - 28.0] | [8.1 - 26.4] | [22.1 - 45.1] |
| MRD response3 | |||
| n1/n2 (%)4 | 6/12 (50.0) | 4/11 (36.4) | 10/23 (43.5) |
| [95% CI] | [21.1 - 78.9] | [10.9 - 69.2] | [23.2 - 65.5] |
| DOR/RFS5 | |||
| Median (months) (range) | 6.0 (0.5 - 12.1) | 3.5 (0.5 - 16.4) | 6.0 (0.5 - 16.4) |
| 1 CR (complete remission) was defined as
≤ 5% of blasts in the bone marrow, no evidence of circulating blasts or
extra-medullary disease, and full recovery of peripheral blood counts
(platelets > 100,000/microliter and absolute neutrophil counts [ANC] >
1,000/microliter). 2 CRh* (complete remission with partial hematological recovery) was defined as ≤ 5% of blasts in the bone marrow, no evidence of circulating blasts or extramedullary disease, and partial recovery of peripheral blood counts (platelets > 50,000/microliter and ANC > 500/microliter). 3 MRD (minimal residual disease) response was defined as MRD by PCR or flow cytometry < 1 x 10-4 (0.01%). 4 n1: number of patients who achieved MRD response and the respective remission status; n2: number of patients who achieved the respective remission status. One CR/CRh* responder with missing MRD data was considered as a MRD-nonresponder. 5 DOR (duration of response)/RFS (relapse-free survival) was defined as time since first response of CR or CRh* to relapse or death, whichever is earlier. Relapse was defined as hematological relapse (blasts in bone marrow greater than 5% following CR) or an extramedullary relapse. |
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