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AVELOX
(moxifloxacin hydrochloride) Tablets
and Intravenous Solution
WARNING
SERIOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS INCLUDING TENDINITIS, TENDON RUPTURE, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM EFFECTS and EXACERBATION OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
AVELOX (moxifloxacin hydrochloride) is a synthetic antibacterial agent for oral and intravenous administration. Moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, is available as the monohydrochloride salt of 1- cyclopropyl-7-[(S,S)-2,8-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-8-yl]-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3 quinoline carboxylic acid. It is a slightly yellow to yellow crystalline substance with a molecular weight of 437.9. Its empirical formula is C21H24FN3O4
 |
AVELOX is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia caused by susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae [MDRSP]), Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Chlamydophila pneumonia [see Clinical Studies].
MDRSP isolates are isolates resistant to two or more of the following antibacterial drugs: penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC] ≥ 2 mcg/mL), 2nd generation cephalosporins (for example, cefuroxime), macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
AVELOX is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by susceptible isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes [see Clinical Studies].
AVELOX is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by susceptible isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Enterobacter cloacae[see Clinical Studies].
AVELOX is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections including polymicrobial infections such as abscess caused by susceptible isolates of Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, or Peptostreptococcus species [see Clinical Studies].
AVELOX is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of plague, including pneumonic and septicemic plague, due to susceptible isolates of Yersinia pestis and prophylaxis of plague in adult patients. Efficacy studies of moxifloxacin could not be conducted in humans with plague for feasibility reasons. Therefore this indication is based on an efficacy study conducted in animals only [see Clinical Studies].
AVELOX is indicated in adult patients (18 years of age and older) for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) caused by susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis [see Clinical Studies].
Because fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have been associated with serious adverse reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] and for some patients ABS is self-limiting, reserve AVELOX for treatment of ABS in patients who have no alternative treatment options.
AVELOX is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (ABECB) caused by susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, or Moraxella catarrhalis [see Clinical Studies].
Because fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have been associated with serious adverse reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] and for some patients ABECB is self-limiting, reserve AVELOX for treatment of ABECB in patients who have no alternative treatment options.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of AVELOX and other antibacterial drugs, AVELOX should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
The dose of AVELOX is 400 mg (orally or as an intravenous infusion) once every 24 hours. The duration of therapy depends on the type of infection as described in Table 1.
Table 1: Dosage and Duration of Therapy in Adult
Patients
| Type of Infectiona | Dose Every 24 hours | Durationb (days) |
| Community Acquired Pneumonia | 400 mg | 7-14 |
| Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (SSSI ) | 400 mg | 7 |
| Complicated SSSI | 400 mg | 7-21 |
| Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections | 400 mg | 5-14 |
| Plaguec | 400 mg | 10-14 |
| Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (ABS) | 400 mg | 10 |
| Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (ABECB) | 400 mg | 5 |
| aDue to the designated pathogens [see INDICATIONS
AND USAGE]. bSequential therapy (intravenous to oral) may be instituted at the discretion of the physician cDrug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to Yersinia pestis. |
||
Intravenous formulation is indicated when it offers a route of administration advantageous to the patient (for example, patient cannot tolerate an oral dosage form). When switching from intravenous to oral formulation, no dosage adjustment is necessary. Patients whose therapy is started with AVELOX Injection may be switched to AVELOX Tablets when clinically indicated at the discretion of the physician.
Administer AVELOX Tablets at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after products containing magnesium, aluminum, iron or zinc, including antacids, sucralfate, multivitamins and didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the pediatric powder for oral solution [see DRUG INTERACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
AVELOX Tablets can be taken with or without food, drink fluids liberally.
Administer by Intravenous infusion only. It is not intended for intra-arterial, intramuscular, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration.
Administer by intravenous infusion over a period of 60 minutes by direct infusion or through a Y-type intravenous infusion set which may already be in place. Avoid rapid or bolus intravenous infusion.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Discard any unused portion because the premix flexible containers are for single-use only.
Because only limited data are available on the compatibility of AVELOX intravenous injection with other intravenous substances, additives or other medications should not be added to AVELOX Injection or infused simultaneously through the same intravenous line. If the same intravenous line or a Y-type line is used for sequential infusion of other drugs, or if the “piggyback” method of administration is used, the line should be flushed before and after infusion of AVELOX Injection with an infusion solution compatible with AVELOX Injection as well as with other drug(s) administered via this common line.
Compatible Intravenous Solutions: AVELOX Injection is compatible with the following intravenous solutions at ratios from 1:10 to 10:1:
0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
1 Molar Sodium Chloride Injection
5% Dextrose Injection, USP
Sterile Water for Injection, USP
10% Dextrose for Injection, USP
Lactated Ringer’s for Injection
Refer to complete directions that have been provided with the administration set.
To prepare AVELOX Injection premix in flexible containers:
Close flow control clamp of administration set.
Remove cover from port at bottom of container.
Insert piercing pin from an appropriate transfer set (for example, one that does not require excessive force, such as ISO compatible administration set) into port with a gentle twisting motion until pin is firmly seated.
Oblong, dull red, film-coated tablets imprinted with “BAYER” on one side and “M400” on the other containing moxifloxacin hydrochloride (equivalent to 400 mg moxifloxacin).
Ready-to-use 250 mL flexibags containing moxifloxacin hydrochloride (equivalent to 400 mg moxifloxacin) in 0.8% sodium chloride aqueous solution. The appearance of the intravenous solution is yellow.
AVELOX (moxifloxacin hydrochloride) tablets are available as oblong, dull red film-coated tablets containing 400 mg moxifloxacin.
The tablet is coded with the word “BAYER” on one side and “M400” on the reverse side.
| Package | NDC Code |
| Bottles of 30: | 50419-530-01 |
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Avoid high humidity.
AVELOX (moxifloxacin hydrochloride) in sodium chloride injection is available in ready-to-use 250 mL flexible bags containing 400 mg of moxifloxacin in 0.8% saline. The flexibag is not made with natural rubber latex. No further dilution of this preparation is necessary.
| Package | NDC Code |
| 250 mL flexible container | 50419-537-01 |
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Do not refrigerate - product precipitates upon refrigeration.
Manufactured for: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Whippany NJ, 07981. Revised July 2016
The following serious and otherwise important adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in the WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS section of the label:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The data described below reflect exposure to AVELOX in 14981 patients in 71 active controlled Phase II-IV clinical trials in different indications [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE]. The population studied had a mean age of 50 years (approximately 73% of the population was less than 65 years of age), 50% were male, 63% were Caucasian, 12% were Asian and 9% were Black. Patients received AVELOX 400 mg once daily oral, intravenous, or sequentially (intravenous followed by oral). Treatment duration was usually 6 to 10 days, and the mean number of days on therapy was 9 days.
Discontinuation of AVELOX due to adverse reactions occurred in 5% of patients overall, 4% of patients treated with 400 mg PO, 4% with 400 mg intravenous and 8% with sequential therapy 400 mg oral/intravenous. The most common adverse reactions ( > 0.3%) leading to discontinuation with the 400 mg oral doses were nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, and vomiting. The most common adverse reaction leading to discontinuation with the 400 mg intravenous dose was rash. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation with the 400 mg intravenous/oral sequential dose were diarrhea, pyrexia.
Adverse reactions occurring in 1% of AVELOX-treated patients and less common adverse reactions, occurring in 0.1 to 1% of AVELOX-treated patients, are shown in Tables 2 and Table 3, respectively. The most common adverse drug reactions (3%) are nausea, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness.
Table 2: Common (1% or more) Adverse Reactions
Reported in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials with AVELOX
| System Organ Class | Adverse Reactions | % (N=14,981) |
| Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | Anemia | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | Nausea | 7 |
| Diarrhea | 6 | |
| Vomiting | 2 | |
| Constipation | 2 | |
| Abdominal pain | 2 | |
| Dyspepsia | 1 | |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | Pyrexia | 1 |
| Investigations | Alanine aminotransferase increased | 1 |
| Metabolism and Nutritional Disorder | Hypokalemia | 1 |
| Nervous System Disorders | Headache | 4 |
| Dizziness | 3 | |
| Psychiatric Disorders | Insomnia | 2 |
Table 3: Less Common (0.1 to less than 1%) Adverse
Reactions Reported in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials with AVELOX (N=14,981)
| System Organ Class | Adverse Reactions |
| Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | Thrombocythemia Eosinophilia Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Leukopenia Leukocytosis |
| Cardiac Disorders | Atrial fibrillation Palpitations Tachycardia Angina pectoris Cardiac failure Cardiac arrest Bradycardia |
| Ear and Labyrinth Disorders | Vertigo Tinnitus |
| Eye Disorders | Vision blurred |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | Dry mouth Abdominal discomfort Flatulence Abdominal distention Gastritis |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | Fatigue Chest pain Asthenia Pain Malaise Infusion site extravasation Edema Chills Chest discomfort Facial pain |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Hepatic function abnormal |
| Infections and Infestations | Candidiasis Vaginal infection Fungal infection Gastroenteritis |
| Investigations | Aspartate aminotransferase increased Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased Blood alkaline phosphatase increased Electrocardiogram QT prolonged Blood lactate dehydrogenase increased Blood amylase increased Lipase increased Blood creatinine increased Blood urea increased Hematocrit decreased Prothrombin time prolonged Eosinophil count increased Activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged Blood triglycerides increased Blood uric acid increased |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | Hyperglycemia Anorexia Hyperlipidemia Decreased appetite Dehydration |
| Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders | Back pain Pain in extremity Arthralgia Muscle spasms |
| Musculoskeletal pain | |
| Nervous System Disorders | Dysgeusia Somnolence Tremor Lethargy Paresthesia Hypoesthesia Syncope |
| Psychiatric Disorders | Anxiety Confusional state Agitation Depression Nervousness Restlessness Hallucination Disorientation |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | Renal failure Dysuria |
| Reproductive System and Breast Disorders | Vulvovaginal pruritus |
| Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders | Dyspnea Asthma Wheezing Bronchospasm |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue | Rash |
| Disorders | Pruritus Hyperhidrosis Erythema Urticaria Dermatitis allergic Night sweats |
| Vascular Disorders | Hypertension Hypotension Phlebitis |
Changes in laboratory parameters, which are not listed above and which occurred in 2% or more of patients and at an incidence greater than in controls included: increases in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), neutrophils, white blood cells (WBCs), prothrombin time (PT) ratio, ionized calcium, chloride, albumin, globulin, bilirubin; decreases in hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBCs), neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, glucose, oxygen partial pressure (Po2), bilirubin, and amylase. It cannot be determined if any of the above laboratory abnormalities were caused by the drug or the underlying condition being treated.
Table 4 below lists adverse reactions that have been identified during post-approval use of AVELOX. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Table 4: Postmarketing Reports of Adverse Drug
Reactions
| System Organ Class | Adverse Reactions |
| Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | Agranulocytosis Pancytopenia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] |
| Cardiac Disorders | Ventricular tachyarrhythmias (including in very rare cases cardiac arrest and torsade de pointes, and usually in patients with concurrent severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions) |
| Ear and Labyrinth Disorders | Hearing impairment, including deafness(reversible in majority of cases) |
| Eye Disorders | Vision loss (especially in the course of CNS reactions, transient in majority of cases) |
| Hepatobiliary Disorders | Hepatitis (predominantly cholestatic) Hepatic failure (including fatal cases) Jaundice Acute hepatic necrosis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] |
| Immune System Disorders | Anaphylactic reaction Anaphylactic shock Angioedema (including laryngeal edema) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] |
| Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders | Tendon rupture [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] |
| Nervous System Disorders | Altered coordination Abnormal gait [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Myasthenia gravis (exacerbation of) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Muscle weakness Peripheral neuropathy (that may be irreversible), polyneuropathy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] |
| Psychiatric Disorders | Psychotic reaction (very rarely culminating in self-injurious behavior, such as suicidal ideation/thoughts or suicide attempts [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | Interstitial nephritis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] |
| Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders | Allergic pneumonitis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | Photosensitivity/phototoxicity reaction [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Stevens-Johnson syndrome Toxic epidermal necrolysis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] |
Fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, form chelates with alkaline earth and transition metal cations. Oral administration of AVELOX with antacids containing aluminum or magnesium, with sucralfate, with metal cations such as iron, or with multivitamins containing iron or zinc, or with formulations containing divalent and trivalent cations such as didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the pediatric powder for oral solution, may substantially interfere with the absorption of AVELOX, resulting in systemic concentrations considerably lower than desired. Therefore, AVELOX should be taken at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after these agents [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have been reported to enhance the anticoagulant effects of warfarin or its derivatives in the patient population. In addition, infectious disease and its accompanying inflammatory process, age, and general status of the patient are risk factors for increased anticoagulant activity. Therefore the prothrombin time, International Normalized Ratio (INR), or other suitable anticoagulation tests should be closely monitored if AVELOX is administered concomitantly with warfarin or its derivatives [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, and an antidiabetic agent. Therefore, careful monitoring of blood glucose is recommended when these agents are coadministered. If a hypoglycemic reaction occurs, AVELOX should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be initiated immediately [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
The concomitant administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a fluoroquinolone, including AVELOX, may increase the risks of CNS stimulation and convulsions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
There is limited information available on the potential for a pharmacodynamic interaction in humans between AVELOX and other drugs that prolong the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram. Sotalol, a Class III antiarrhythmic, has been shown to further increase the QTc interval when combined with high doses of intravenous AVELOX in dogs. Therefore, AVELOX should be avoided with Class IA and Class III antiarrhythmics [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Nonclinical Toxicology].
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
Fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions from different body systems that can occur together in the same patient. Commonly seen adverse reactions include tendinitis, tendon rupture, arthralgia, myalgia, peripheral neuropathy, and central nervous system effects (hallucinations, anxiety, depression, insomnia, severe headaches, and confusion).These reactions can occur within hours to weeks after starting AVELOX.
Patients of any age or without pre-existing risk factors have experienced these adverse reactions [see sections below].
Discontinue AVELOX immediately at the first signs or symptoms of any serious adverse reaction. In addition, avoid the use of fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, in patients who have experienced any of these serious adverse reactions associated with fluoroquinolones.
Fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have been associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all ages [see above and ADVERSE REACTIONS]. This adverse reaction most frequently involves the Achilles tendon, and has also been reported with the rotator cuff (the shoulder), the hand, the biceps, the thumb, and other tendons. Tendinitis or tendon rupture can occur within hours or days of starting moxifloxacin or as long as several months after completion of therapy. Tendinitis and tendon rupture can occur bilaterally.
The risk of developing fluoroquinolone-associated tendinitis and tendon rupture is increased in patients over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants. Other factors that may independently increase the risk of tendon rupture include strenuous physical activity, renal failure, and previous tendon disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Tendinitis and tendon rupture have also occurred in patients taking fluoroquinolones who do not have the above risk factors. Discontinue AVELOX immediately if the patient experiences pain, swelling, inflammation or rupture of a tendon. Patients should be advised to rest at the first sign of tendinitis or tendon rupture, and to contact their healthcare provider regarding changing to a non-quinolone antimicrobial drug. Avoid fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, in patients who have a history of tendon disorders or who have experienced tendinitis or tendon rupture [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have been associated with an increased risk of peripheral neuropathy. Cases of sensory or sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy affecting small and/or large axons resulting in paresthesias, hypoesthesias, dysesthesias and weakness have been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolones including AVELOX. Symptoms may occur soon after initiation of AVELOX and may be irreversible in some patients [see Disabling And Potentially Irreversible Serious Adverse Reactions Including Tendinitis And Tendon Rupture, Peripheral Neuropathy, And Central Nervous System Effects and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Discontinue AVELOX immediately if the patient experiences symptoms of peripheral neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness or other alterations of sensation including light touch, pain, temperature, position sense, and vibratory sensation. Avoid fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, in patients who have previously experienced peripheral neuropathy
Fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have been associated with an increased risk of central nervous system (CNS) reactions, including: convulsions and increased intracranial pressure (including pseudotumor cerebri) and toxic psychosis, Fluoroquinolones may also cause CNS reactions of nervousness, agitation, insomnia, anxiety, nightmares, paranoia, dizziness, confusion, tremors, hallucinations, depression, and, suicidal thoughts or acts. These adverse reactions may occur following the first dose. If these reactions occur in patients receiving AVELOX, discontinue AVELOX immediately and institute appropriate measures. As with all fluoroquinolones, use AVELOX when the benefits of treatment exceed the risks in patients with known or suspected CNS disorders (for example, severe cerebral arteriosclerosis, epilepsy) or in the presence of other risk factors that may predispose to seizures or lower the seizure threshold [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have neuromuscular blocking activity and may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. Postmarketing serious adverse reactions, including deaths and requirement for ventilatory support, have been associated with fluoroquinolone use in patients with myasthenia gravis. Avoid AVELOX in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis.
AVELOX has been shown to prolong the QT interval of the electrocardiogram in some patients. Following oral dosing with 400 mg of AVELOX the mean (± SD) change in QTc from the pre-dose value at the time of maximum drug concentration was 6 msec (± 26) (n = 787). Following a course of daily intravenous dosing (400 mg; 1 hour infusion each day) the mean change in QTc from the Day 1 pre-dose value was 10 msec (±22) on Day 1 (n=667) and 7 msec (± 24) on Day 3 (n = 667).
Avoid AVELOX in patients with the following risk factors due to the lack of clinical experience with the drug in these patient populations:
Elderly patients using intravenous AVELOX may be more susceptible to drug-associated QT prolongation [see Use In Specific Populations].
In patients with mild, moderate, or severe liver cirrhosis, metabolic disturbances associated with hepatic insufficiency may lead to QT prolongation. Monitor ECG in patients with liver cirrhosis treated with AVELOX [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
The magnitude of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of the drug or increasing rates of infusion of the intravenous formulation. Therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
In premarketing clinical trials, the rate of cardiovascular adverse reactions was similar in 798 AVELOX and 702 comparator treated patients who received concomitant therapy with drugs known to prolong the QTc interval. No excess in cardiovascular morbidity or mortality attributable to QTc prolongation occurred with AVELOX treatment in over 15,500 patients in controlled clinical studies, including 759 patients who were hypokalemic at the start of treatment, and there was no increase in mortality in over 18,000 AVELOX tablet treated patients in a postmarketing observational study in which ECGs were not performed.
Other serious and sometimes fatal adverse reactions, some due to hypersensitivity, and some due to uncertain etiology, have been reported in patients receiving therapy with fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX. These reactions may be severe and generally occur following the administration of multiple doses. Clinical manifestations may include one or more of the following:
Discontinue AVELOX immediately at the first appearance of a skin rash, jaundice, or any other sign of hypersensitivity and institute supportive measures.
Serious anaphylactic reactions, some following the first dose, have been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolone therapy, including AVELOX. Some reactions were accompanied by cardiovascular collapse, loss of consciousness, tingling, pharyngeal or facial edema, dyspnea, urticaria, and itching. Discontinue AVELOX at the first appearance of a skin rash or any other sign of hypersensitivity [see Other Serious and Sometimes Fatal Adverse Reactions].
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including AVELOX, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
In immature dogs, oral administration of AVELOX caused lameness. Histopathological examination of the weight-bearing joints of these dogs revealed permanent lesions of the cartilage. Related quinoloneclass drugs also produce erosions of cartilage of weight-bearing joints and other signs of arthropathy in immature animals of various species [see Nonclinical Toxicology].
As with all fluoroquinolones, disturbances in blood glucose, including both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia have been reported with AVELOX. In AVELOX-treated patients, dysglycemia occurred predominantly in elderly diabetic patients receiving concomitant treatment with an oral hypoglycemic agent (for example, sulfonylurea) or with insulin. In diabetic patients, careful monitoring of blood glucose is recommended. If a hypoglycemic reaction occurs, AVELOX should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be initiated immediately [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Moderate to severe photosensitivity/phototoxicity reactions, the latter of which may manifest as exaggerated sunburn reactions (for example, burning, erythema, exudation, vesicles, blistering, edema) involving areas exposed to light (typically the face, “V” area of the neck, extensor surfaces of the forearms, dorsa of the hands), can be associated with the use of fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, after sun or UV light exposure. Therefore, excessive exposure to these sources of light should be avoided. AVELOX should be discontinued if phototoxicity occurs [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Prescribing AVELOX in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide)
Advise patients to stop taking AVELOX if they experience an adverse reaction and to call their healthcare provider for advice on completing the full course of treatment with another antibacterial drug.
Inform patients of the following serious adverse reactions that have been associated with AVELOX or other fluoroquinolone use:
Inform patients that antibacterial drugs including AVELOX should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (for example, the common cold). When AVELOX is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by AVELOX or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Inform patients that AVELOX tablets may be taken with or without food. Advise patients drink fluids liberally.
Inform patients that AVELOX tablets should be taken at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after multivitamins (containing iron or zinc), antacids (containing magnesium or aluminum), sucralfate, or didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the pediatric powder for oral solution.
Inform patients given AVELOX for plague that efficacy studies could not be conducted in humans for feasibility reasons. Therefore, approval for plague was based on efficacy studies conducted in animals.
Long term studies in animals to determine the carcinogenic potential of moxifloxacin have not been performed.
Moxifloxacin was not mutagenic in 4 bacterial strains (TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537) used in the Ames Salmonella reversion assay. As with other fluoroquinolones, the positive response observed with moxifloxacin in strain TA 102 using the same assay may be due to the inhibition of DNA gyrase.
Moxifloxacin was not mutagenic in the CHO/HGPRT mammalian cell gene mutation assay. An equivocal result was obtained in the same assay when v79 cells were used. Moxifloxacin was clastogenic in the v79 chromosome aberration assay, but it did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. There was no evidence of genotoxicity in vivo in a micronucleus test or a dominant lethal test in mice.
Moxifloxacin had no effect on fertility in male and female rats at oral doses as high as 500 mg/kg/day, approximately 12 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area) or at intravenous doses as high as 45 mg/kg/day, approximately equal to the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area). At 500 mg/kg orally there were slight effects on sperm morphology (head-tail separation) in male rats and on the estrous cycle in female rats.
Pregnancy Category C. Because no adequate or well-controlled studies have been conducted in pregnant women, AVELOX should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Moxifloxacin was not teratogenic when administered to pregnant rats during organogenesis at oral doses as high as 500 mg/kg/day or 0.24 times the maximum recommended human dose based on systemic exposure (AUC), but decreased fetal body weights and slightly delayed fetal skeletal development (indicative of fetotoxicity) were observed. Intravenous administration of 80 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area) to pregnant rats resulted in maternal toxicity and a marginal effect on fetal and placental weights and the appearance of the placenta. There was no evidence of teratogenicity at intravenous doses as high as 80 mg/kg/day. Intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg/day (approximately equal to the maximum recommended human oral dose based upon systemic exposure) to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis resulted in decreased fetal body weights and delayed fetal skeletal ossification. When rib and vertebral malformations were combined, there was an increased fetal and litter incidence of these effects. Signs of maternal toxicity in rabbits at this dose included mortality, abortions, marked reduction of food consumption, decreased water intake, body weight loss and hypoactivity. There was no evidence of teratogenicity when pregnant cynomolgus monkeys were given oral doses as high as 100 mg/kg/day (2.5 times the maximum recommended human dose based upon systemic exposure). An increased incidence of smaller fetuses was observed at 100 mg/kg/day. In an oral pre- and postnatal development study conducted in rats, effects observed at 500 mg/kg/day included slight increases in duration of pregnancy and prenatal loss, reduced pup birth weight and decreased neonatal survival. Treatment-related maternal mortality occurred during gestation at 500 mg/kg/day in this study.
Moxifloxacin is excreted in the breast milk of rats. Moxifloxacin may also be excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in infants who are nursing from mothers taking AVELOX, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients and adolescents less than 18 years of age have not been established. AVELOX causes arthropathy in juvenile animals [see BOXED WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Geriatric patients are at increased risk for developing severe tendon disorders including tendon rupture when being treated with a fluoroquinolone such as AVELOX. This risk is further increased in patients receiving concomitant corticosteroid therapy. Tendinitis or tendon rupture can involve the Achilles, hand, shoulder, or other tendon sites and can occur during or after completion of therapy; cases occurring up to several months after fluoroquinolone treatment have been reported. Caution should be used when prescribing AVELOX to elderly patients especially those on corticosteroids. Patients should be informed of this potential side effect and advised to discontinue AVELOX and contact their healthcare provider if any symptoms of tendinitis or tendon rupture occur [see BOXED WARNING, and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
In controlled multiple-dose clinical trials, 23% of patients receiving oral AVELOX were greater than or equal to 65 years of age and 9% were greater than or equal to 75 years of age. The clinical trial data demonstrate that there is no difference in the safety and efficacy of oral AVELOX in patients aged 65 or older compared to younger adults.
In trials of intravenous use, 42% of AVELOX patients were greater than or equal to 65 years of age, and 23% were greater than or equal to 75 years of age. The clinical trial data demonstrate that the safety of intravenous AVELOX in patients aged 65 or older was similar to that of comparator-treated patients. In general, elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-associated effects of the QT interval. Therefore, AVELOX should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval (for example, class IA or class III antiarrhythmics) or in patients with risk factors for torsade de pointes (for example, known QT prolongation, uncorrected hypokalemia) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
The pharmacokinetic parameters of moxifloxacin are not significantly altered in mild, moderate, severe, or end-stage renal disease. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal impairment, including those patients requiring hemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
No dosage adjustment is recommended for mild, moderate, or severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh Classes A, B, or C). However, due to metabolic disturbances associated with hepatic insufficiency, which may lead to QT prolongation, AVELOX should be used with caution in these patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Single oral overdoses up to 2.8 g were not associated with any serious adverse events. In the event of acute overdose, Empty the stomach and maintain adequate hydration. Monitor ECG due to the possibility of QT interval prolongation. Carefully observe the patient and give supportive treatment. The administration of activated charcoal as soon as possible after oral overdose may prevent excessive increase of systemic moxifloxacin exposure. About 3% and 9% of the dose of moxifloxacin, as well as about 2% and 4.5% of its glucuronide metabolite are removed by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis, respectively.
AVELOX is contraindicated in persons with a history of hypersensitivity to moxifloxacin or any member of the quinolone class of antibacterials [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
AVELOX is a member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents [see Microbiology].
A study of the skin response to ultraviolet (UVA and UVB) and visible radiation conducted in 32 healthy volunteers (8 per group) demonstrated that AVELOX does not show phototoxicity in comparison to placebo. The minimum erythematous dose (MED) was measured before and after treatment with AVELOX (200 mg or 400 mg once daily), lomefloxacin (400 mg once daily), or placebo. In this study, the MED measured for both doses of AVELOX were not significantly different from placebo, while lomefloxacin significantly lowered the MED [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Moxifloxacin, given as an oral tablet, is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The absolute bioavailability of moxifloxacin is approximately 90 percent. Co-administration with a high fat meal (that is, 500 calories from fat) does not affect the absorption of moxifloxacin.
Consumption of 1 cup of yogurt with moxifloxacin does not affect the rate or extent of the systemic absorption (that is, area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC).
Table 5: Mean (± SD) Cmax and AUC values following single
and multiple doses of 400 mg moxifloxacin given orally
| Cmax (mg/L) | AUC (mg•h/L) | Half-life (hr) | |
| Single Dose Oral Healthy (n = 372) | 3.1 ± 1 | 36.1 ± 9.1 | 11.5-15.6a |
| Multiple Dose Oral | |||
| Healthy young male/female (n = 15) | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 48 ± 2.7 | 12.7 ± 1.9 |
| Healthy elderly male (n = 8) | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 51.8 ± 6.7 | |
| Healthy elderly female (n = 8) | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 54.6 ± 6.7 | |
| Healthy young male (n = 8) | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 48.2 ± 9 | |
| Healthy young female (n = 9) | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 49.3 ± 9.5 | |
| aRange of means from different studies | |||
Table 6: Mean (± SD) Cmax and AUC values following
single and multiple doses of 400 mg moxifloxacin given by 1-hour intravenous
infusion
| Cmax (mg/L) | AUC (mg•h/L) | Half-life (hour) | |
| Single Dose intravenous | |||
| Healthy young male/female (n = 56) | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 39.3 ± 8.6 | 8.2-15.4a |
| Patients (n = 118) | |||
| Male (n = 64) | 4.4 ± 3.7 | ||
| Female (n = 54) | 4.5 ± 2 | ||
| < 65 years (n = 58) | 4.6 ± 4.2 | ||
| ≥ 65 years (n = 60) | 4.3 ± 1.3 | ||
| Multiple Dose intravenous | |||
| Healthy young male (n = 8) | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 38 ± 4.7 | 14.8 ± 2.2 |
| Healthy elderly (n =12; 8 male, 4 female) | 6.1 ± 1.3 | 48.2 ± 0.9 | 10.1 ± 1.6 |
| Patientsb (n = 107) | |||
| Male (n = 58) | 4.2 ± 2.6 | ||
| Female (n = 49) | 4.6 ± 1.5 | ||
| < 65 years (n = 52) | 4.1 ± 1.4 | ||
| ≥ 65 years (n = 55) | 4.7 ± 2.7 | ||
| aRange of means from different studies bExpected Cmax (concentration obtained around the time of the end of the infusion) |
|||
Plasma concentrations increase proportionately with dose up to the highest dose tested (1200 mg single oral dose). The mean (± SD) elimination half-life from plasma is 12 ± 1.3 hours; steady-state is achieved after at least three days with a 400 mg once daily regimen.
Mean Steady-State Plasma Concentrations of
Moxifloxacin Obtained With Once Daily Dosing of 400 mg Either Orally (n=10) or
by Intravenous Infusion (n=12)
 |
Moxifloxacin is approximately 30-50% bound to serum proteins, independent of drug concentration. The volume of distribution of moxifloxacin ranges from 1.7 to 2.7 L/kg. Moxifloxacin is widely distributed throughout the body, with tissue concentrations often exceeding plasma concentrations. Moxifloxacin has been detected in the saliva, nasal and bronchial secretions, mucosa of the sinuses, skin blister fluid, subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, and abdominal tissues and fluids following oral or intravenous administration of 400 mg. Moxifloxacin concentrations measured post-dose in various tissues and fluids following a 400 mg oral or intravenous dose are summarized in Table 7. The rates of elimination of moxifloxacin from tissues generally parallel the elimination from plasma.
Table 7: Moxifloxacin Concentrations (mean ± SD) in
Tissues and the Corresponding Plasma  Concentrations After a Single 400 mg Oral
or Intravenous Dosea
| Tissue or Fluid | N | Plasma Concentration (mcg/mL) | Tissue or Fluid Concentration (mcg/mL or mcg/g) | Tissue Plasma Ratio |
| Respiratory | ||||
| Alveolar Macrophages | 5 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 61.8 ± 27.3 | 21.2 ± 10 |
| Bronchial Mucosa | 8 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 0.3 |
| Epithelial Lining Fluid | 5 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 24.4 ± 14.7 | 8.7 ± 6.1 |
| Sinus | ||||
| Maxillary Sinus Mucosa | 4 | 3.7 ± 1.1b | 7.6 ± 1.7 | 2 ± 0.3 |
| Anterior Ethmoid Mucosa | 3 | 3.7 ± 1.1b | 8.8 ± 4.3 | 2.2 ± 0.6 |
| Nasal Polyps | 4 | 3.7 ± 1.1b | 9.8 ± 4.5 | 2.6 ± 0.6 |
| Skin, Musculoskeletal | ||||
| Blister Fluid | 5 | 3 ± 0.5c | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.2 |
| Subcutaneous Tissue | 6 | 2.3 ± 0.4d | 0.9 ± 0.3e | 0.4 ± 0.6 |
| Skeletal Muscle | 6 | 2.3 ± 0.4d | 0.9 ± 0.2e | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| Intra-Abdominal | ||||
| Abdominal tissue | 8 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 7.6 ± 2 | 2.7 ± 0.8 |
| Abdominal exudate | 10 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ±1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.7 |
| Abscess fluid | 6 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ±1.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
| aAll moxifloxacin concentrations were measured
3 hours after a single 400 mg dose, except the abdominal tissue and exudate
concentrations which were measured at 2 hours post-dose and the sinus
concentrations which were measured 3 hours post-dose after 5 days of dosing. bN = 5 cN = 7 dN = 12 eReflects only non-protein bound concentrations of drug. |
||||
Approximately 52% of an oral or intravenous dose of moxifloxacin is metabolized via glucuronide and sulfate conjugation. The cytochrome P450 system is not involved in moxifloxacin metabolism, and is not affected by moxifloxacin. The sulfate conjugate (M1) accounts for approximately 38% of the dose, and is eliminated primarily in the feces. Approximately 14% of an oral or intravenous dose is converted to a glucuronide conjugate (M2), which is excreted exclusively in the urine. Peak plasma concentrations of M2 are approximately 40% those of the parent drug, while plasma concentrations of M1 are generally less than 10% those of moxifloxacin.
In vitro studies with cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzymes indicate that moxifloxacin does not inhibit CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP1A2.
Approximately 45% of an oral or intravenous dose of moxifloxacin is excreted as unchanged drug (~20% in urine and ~25% in feces). A total of 96% ± 4% of an oral dose is excreted as either unchanged drug or known metabolites. The mean (± SD) apparent total body clearance and renal clearance are 12 ± 2 L/hr and 2.6 ± 0.5 L/hr, respectively.
Following oral administration of 400 mg moxifloxacin for 10 days in 16 elderly (8 male; 8 female) and 17 young (8 male; 9 female) healthy volunteers, there were no age-related changes in moxifloxacinpharmacokinetics. In 16 healthy male volunteers (8 young; 8 elderly) given a single 200 mg dose of oral moxifloxacin, the extent of systemic exposure (AUC and Cmax) was not statistically different between young and elderly males and elimination half-life was unchanged. No dosage adjustment is necessary based on age. In large phase III studies, the concentrations around the time of the end of the infusion in elderly patients following intravenous infusion of 400 mg were similar to those observed in young patients [see Use in Specific Populations].
The pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in pediatric subjects has not been studied [see Use in Specific Populations].
Following oral administration of 400 mg moxifloxacin daily for 10 days to 23 healthy males (19-75 years) and 24 healthy females (19-70 years), the mean AUC and Cmax were 8% and 16% higher, respectively, in females compared to males. There are no significant differences in moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics between male and female subjects when differences in body weight are taken into consideration.
A 400 mg single dose study was conducted in 18 young males and females. The comparison of moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics in this study (9 young females and 9 young males) showed no differences in AUC or Cmax due to gender. Dosage adjustments based on gender are not necessary.
Steady-state moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics in male Japanese subjects were similar to those determined in Caucasians, with a mean Cmax of 4.1 mcg/mL, an AUC24 of 47 mcg•h/mL, and an elimination half-life of 14 hours, following 400 mg p.o. daily.
The pharmacokinetic parameters of moxifloxacin are not significantly altered in mild, moderate, severe, or end-stage renal disease. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal impairment, including those patients requiring hemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).
In a single oral dose study of 24 patients with varying degrees of renal function from normal to severely impaired, the mean peak concentrations (Cmax) of moxifloxacin were reduced by 21% and 28% in the patients with moderate (CLCR ≥ 30 and ≤ 60 mL/min) and severe (CLCR < 30 mL/min) renal impairment, respectively. The mean systemic exposure (AUC) in these patients was increased by 13%. In the moderate and severe renally impaired patients, the mean AUC for the sulfate conjugate (M1) increased by 1.7-fold (ranging up to 2.8-fold) and mean AUC and Cmax for the glucuronide conjugate (M2) increased by 2.8-fold (ranging up to 4.8-fold) and 1.4-fold (ranging up to 2.5-fold), respectively [see Use in Specific Populations].
The pharmacokinetics of single dose and multiple dose moxifloxacin were studied in patients with CLCR < 20 mL/min on either hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (8 HD, 8 CAPD). Following a single 400 mg oral dose, the AUC of moxifloxacin in these HD and CAPD patients did not vary significantly from the AUC generally found in healthy volunteers. Cmax values of moxifloxacin were reduced by about 45% and 33% in HD and CAPD patients, respectively, compared to healthy, historical controls. The exposure (AUC) to the sulfate conjugate (M1) increased by 1.4- to 1.5-fold in these patients. The mean AUC of the glucuronide conjugate (M2) increased by a factor of 7.5, whereas the mean Cmax values of the glucuronide conjugate (M2) increased by a factor of 2.5 to 3, compared to healthy subjects. The sulfate and the glucuronide conjugates of moxifloxacin are not microbiologically active, and the clinical implication of increased exposure to these metabolites in patients with renal disease including those undergoing HD and CAPD has not been studied.
Oral administration of 400 mg QD AVELOX for 7 days to patients on HD or CAPD produced mean systemic exposure (AUCss) to moxifloxacin similar to that generally seen in healthy volunteers. Steadystate Cmax values were about 22% lower in HD patients but were comparable between CAPD patients and healthy volunteers. Both HD and CAPD removed only small amounts of moxifloxacin from the body (approximately 9% by HD, and 3% by CAPD). HD and CAPD also removed about 4% and 2% of the glucuronide metabolite (M2), respectively.
No dosage adjustment is recommended for mild, moderate, or severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh Classes A, B, or C). However, due to metabolic disturbances associated with hepatic insufficiency, which may lead to QT prolongation, AVELOX should be used with caution in these patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Use in Specific Populations].
In 400 mg single oral dose studies in 6 patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) and 10 patients with moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic insufficiency, moxifloxacin mean systemic exposure (AUC) was 78% and 102%, respectively, of 18 healthy controls and mean peak concentration (Cmax) was 79% and 84% of controls.
The mean AUC of the sulfate conjugate of moxifloxacin (M1) increased by 3.9-fold (ranging up to 5.9- fold) and 5.7-fold (ranging up to 8-fold) in the mild and moderate groups, respectively. The mean Cmax of M1 increased by approximately 3-fold in both groups (ranging up to 4.7- and 3.9-fold). The mean AUC of the glucuronide conjugate of moxifloxacin (M2) increased by 1.5-fold (ranging up to 2.5-fold) in both groups. The mean Cmax of M2 increased by 1.6- and 1.3-fold (ranging up to 2.7- and 2.1-fold), respectively. The clinical significance of increased exposure to the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates has not been studied. In a subset of patients participating in a clinical trial, the plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin and metabolites determined approximately at the moxifloxacin Tmax following the first intravenous or oral AVELOX dose in the Child-Pugh Class Cmax patients (n=10) were similar to those in the Child-Pugh Class A/B patients (n=5), and also similar to those observed in healthy volunteer studies.
The following drug interactions were studied in healthy volunteers or patients.
Antacids and iron significantly reduced bioavailability of moxifloxacin, as observed with other fluoroquinolones [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Calcium, digoxin, itraconazole, morphine, probenecid, ranitidine, theophylline, cyclosporine and warfarin did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin. These results and the data from in vitro studies suggest that moxifloxacin is unlikely to significantly alter the metabolic clearance of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP1A2 enzymes.
Moxifloxacin had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of atenolol, digoxin, glyburide, itraconazole, oral contraceptives, theophylline, cyclosporine and warfarin. However, fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have been reported to enhance the anticoagulant effects of warfarin or its derivatives in the patient population [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
When moxifloxacin (single 400 mg tablet dose) was administered two hours before, concomitantly, or 4 hours after an aluminum/magnesium-containing antacid (900 mg aluminum hydroxide and 600 mg magnesium hydroxide as a single oral dose) to 12 healthy volunteers there was a 26%, 60% and 23% reduction in the mean AUC of moxifloxacin, respectively. Moxifloxacin should be taken at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after antacids containing magnesium or aluminum, as well as sucralfate, metal cations such as iron, and multivitamin preparations with zinc, or didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the pediatric powder for oral solution [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
In a crossover study involving 24 healthy volunteers (12 male; 12 female), the mean atenolol AUC following a single oral dose of 50 mg atenolol with placebo was similar to that observed when atenolol was given concomitantly with a single 400 mg oral dose of moxifloxacin. The mean Cmax of single dose atenolol decreased by about 10% following co-administration with a single dose of moxifloxacin.
Twelve healthy volunteers were administered concomitant moxifloxacin (single 400 mg dose) and calcium (single dose of 500 mg Ca++ dietary supplement) followed by an additional two doses of calcium 12 and 24 hours after moxifloxacin administration. Calcium had no significant effect on the mean AUC of moxifloxacin. The mean Cmax was slightly reduced and the time to maximum plasma concentration was prolonged when moxifloxacin was given with calcium compared to when moxifloxacin was given alone (2.5 hours versus 0.9 hours). These differences are not considered to be clinically significant.
No significant effect of moxifloxacin (400 mg once daily for two days) on digoxin (0.6 mg as a single dose) AUC was detected in a study involving 12 healthy volunteers. The mean digoxin Cmax increased by about 50% during the distribution phase of digoxin. This transient increase in digoxin Cmax is not viewed to be clinically significant. Moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics were similar in the presence or absence of digoxin. No dosage adjustment for moxifloxacin or digoxin is required when these drugs are administered concomitantly.
In diabetics, glyburide (2.5 mg once daily for two weeks pretreatment and for five days concurrently) mean AUC and Cmax were 12% and 21% lower, respectively, when taken with moxifloxacin (400 mg once daily for five days) in comparison to placebo. Nonetheless, blood glucose levels were decreased slightly in patients taking glyburide and moxifloxacin in comparison to those taking glyburide alone, suggesting no interference by moxifloxacin on the activity of glyburide. These interaction results are not viewed as clinically significant.
When moxifloxacin tablets were administered concomitantly with iron (ferrous sulfate 100 mg once
daily for two days), the mean AUC and Cmax of moxifloxacin was reduced by 39% and 59%, respectively. Moxifloxacin should only be taken more than 4 hours before or 8 hours after iron products [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
In a study involving 11 healthy volunteers, there was no significant effect of itraconazole (200 mg once daily for 9 days), a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P4503A4, on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin (a single 400 mg dose given on the 7 day of itraconazole dosing). In addition, moxifloxacin was shown not to affect the pharmacokinetics of itraconazole.
No significant effect of morphine sulfate (a single 10 mg intramuscular dose) on the mean AUC and Cmax of moxifloxacin (400 mg single dose) was observed in a study of 20 healthy male and female volunteers.
A placebo-controlled study in 29 healthy female subjects showed that moxifloxacin 400 mg daily for 7 days did not interfere with the hormonal suppression of oral contraception with 0.15 mg levonorgestrel/0.03 mg ethinylestradiol (as measured by serum progesterone, FSH, estradiol, and LH), or with the pharmacokinetics of the administered contraceptive agents.
Probenecid (500 mg twice daily for two days) did not alter the renal clearance and total amount of moxifloxacin (400 mg single dose) excreted renally in a study of 12 healthy volunteers.
No significant effect of ranitidine (150 mg twice daily for three days as pretreatment) on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin (400 mg single dose) was detected in a study involving 10 healthy volunteers.
No significant effect of moxifloxacin (200 mg every twelve hours for 3 days) on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline (400 mg every twelve hours for 3 days) was detected in a study involving 12 healthy volunteers. In addition, theophylline was not shown to affect the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin. The effect of co-administration of 400 mg once daily of moxifloxacin with theophylline has not been studied.
No significant effect of moxifloxacin (400 mg once daily for eight days) on the pharmacokinetics of Rand S-warfarin (25 mg single dose of warfarin sodium on the fifth day) was detected in a study involving 24 healthy volunteers. No significant change in prothrombin time was observed. However, fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX, have been reported to enhance the anticoagulant effects of warfarin or its derivatives in the patient population [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
The bactericidal action of moxifloxacin results from inhibition of the topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination.
The mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, is different from that of macrolides, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, or tetracyclines; therefore, microorganisms resistant to these classes of drugs may be susceptible to moxifloxacin. Resistance to fluoroquinolones occurs primarily by a mutation in topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) or topoisomerase IV genes, decreased outer membrane permeability or drug efflux. In vitro resistance to moxifloxacin develops slowly via multiplestep mutations. Resistance to moxifloxacin occurs in vitro at a general frequency of between 1.8 x 10-9 to < 1 x 10-11 for Gram-positive bacteria.
Cross-resistance has been observed between moxifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones against Gramnegative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria resistant to other fluoroquinolones may, however, still be susceptible to moxifloxacin. There is no known cross-resistance between moxifloxacin and other classes of antimicrobials.
Moxifloxacin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE].
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus anginosus
Streptococcus constellatus
Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug
resistant isolates [MDRSP] **)
Streptococcus pyogenes
**MDRSP, Multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae includes isolates previously known as PRSP (Penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae), and are isolates resistant to two or more of the following antibiotics: penicillin (MIC) ≥ 2 mcg/mL), 2nd generation cephalosporins (for example, cefuroxime), macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Enterobacter cloacae
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Proteus mirabilis
Yersinia pestis
Anaerobic bacteria
Bacteroides fragilis
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Clostridium perfringens
Peptostreptococcus species
Other microorganisms
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown.At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for moxifloxacin. However, the efficacy of AVELOX in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria has not beenestablished in adequate and well controlled clinical trials.
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus viridans group
Citrobacter freundii
Klebsiella oxytoca
Legionella pneumophila
Anaerobic bacteria
Fusobacterium species
Prevotella species
When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drug products used in resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting an antibacterial drug product for treatment.
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method (broth and/or agar).1,2,4 The MIC values should be interpreted according to the criteria in Table 8.
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters can also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size provides an estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size prove should be determined using a standardized test method.2,3 This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 5 mcg moxifloxacin to test the susceptibility of bacteria to moxifloxacin. The disc diffusion interpretive criteria are provided in Table 8.
Anaerobic Techniques
For anaerobic bacteria, the susceptibility to moxifloxacin can be determined by a standardized test method.2,5 The MIC values obtained should be interpreted according to the criteria provided in Table 8.
Table 8: Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for
Moxifloxacin
| Species | MIC (mcg/mL) | Zone Diameter (mm) | ||||
| S | I | R | S | I | R | |
| Enterobacteriaceae | ≤ 2 | 4 | ≥ 8 | ≥ 19 | 16-18 | ≤ 15 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | ≤ 1 | 2 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 18 | 15-17 | ≤ 14 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ≤ 2 | 4 | ≥ 8 | ≥ 19 | 16-18 | ≤ 15 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | ≤ 1 | a | a | ≥ 18 | a | a |
| Haemophilus parainfluenzae | ≤ 1 | a | a | ≥ 18 | a | a |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | ≤ 1 | 2 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 18 | 15-17 | ≤ 14 |
| Streptococcus species | ≤ 1 | 2 | ≥ 4 | ≥ 18 | 15-17 | ≤ 14 |
| Anaerobic bacteria | ≤ 2 | 4 | ≥ 8 | - | - | - |
| Yersinia pestis | ≤ 0.25 | a | a | - | - | - |
| S=susceptible, I=Intermediate, and R=resistant. a The current absence of data on moxifloxacin-resistant isolates precludes defining any results other than “Susceptible”. Isolates yielding test results (MIC or zone diameter) other than susceptible, should be submitted to a reference laboratory for additional testing. |
||||||
A report of “Susceptible” indicates that the antimicrobial is likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound reaches the concentrations at the infection site necessary to inhibit growth of the pathogen. A report of “Intermediate” indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where a high dosage of the drug product can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of “Resistant” indicates that the antimicrobial is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound reaches the concentrations usually achievable at the infection site; other therapy should be selected.
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay and the techniques of the individuals performing the test.1,2,3,4,5 Standard moxifloxacin powder should provide the following range of MIC values noted in Table 9. For the diffusion technique using the 5 mcg moxifloxacin disk, the criteria in Table 9 should be achieved.
Table 9: Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for
Moxifloxacin
| Strains | MIC range (mcg/mL) | Zone Diameter (mm) |
| Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 | 0.06-0.5 | - |
| Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 | 0.008-0.06 | 28-35 |
| Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 | 0.008-0.03 | 31-39 |
| Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 | 0.015-0.06 | - |
| Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 | - | 28-35 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 | 0.06-0.25 | 25-31 |
| Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 | 0.125-0.5 | - |
| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741 | 1-4 | - |
| Eubacterium lentum ATCC 43055 | 0.125-0.5 | - |
Fluoroquinolones have been shown to cause arthropathy in immature animals. In studies in juvenile dogs oral doses of moxifloxacin 30 mg/kg/day or more (approximately 1.5 times the maximum recommended human dose based upon systemic exposure) for 28 days resulted in arthropathy. There was no evidence of arthropathy in mature monkeys and rats at oral doses up to 135 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively.
Moxifloxacin at an oral dose of 300 mg/kg did not show an increase in acute toxicity or potential for CNS toxicity (for example, seizures) in mice when used in combination with NSAIDs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, or fenbufen. Some fluoroquinolones have been reported to have proconvulsant activity that is exacerbated with concomitant use of NSAIDs.
A QT-prolonging effect of moxifloxacin was found in dog studies, at plasma concentrations about five times the human therapeutic level. The combined infusion of sotalol, a Class III antiarrhythmic agent, with moxifloxacin induced a higher degree of QTc prolongation in dogs than that induced by the same dose (30 mg/kg) of moxifloxacin alone. Electrophysiological in vitro studies suggested an inhibition of the rapid activating component of the delayed rectifier potassium current (I ) as an underlying mechanism.
No signs of local intolerability were observed in dogs when moxifloxacin was administered intravenously. After intra-arterial injection, inflammatory changes involving the peri-arterial soft tissue were observed suggesting that intra-arterial administration of AVELOX should be avoided.
In a controlled double-blind study conducted in the US, AVELOX Tablets (400 mg once daily for ten days) were compared with cefuroxime axetil (250 mg twice daily for ten days) for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. The trial included 457 patients valid for the efficacy analysis. Clinical success (cure plus improvement) at the 7 to 21 day post-therapy test of cure visit was 90% for AVELOX and 89% for cefuroxime.
An additional non-comparative study was conducted to gather bacteriological data and to evaluate microbiological eradication in adult patients treated with AVELOX 400 mg once daily for seven days. All patients (n = 336) underwent antral puncture in this study. Clinical success rates and eradication/presumed eradication rates at the 21 to 37 day follow-up visit were 97% (29 out of 30) for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 83% (15 out of 18) for Moraxella catarrhalis, and 80% (24 out of 30) for Haemophilus influenzae.
AVELOX Tablets (400 mg once daily for five days) were evaluated for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial conducted in the US. This study compared AVELOX with clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily for 10 days) and enrolled 629 patients. Clinical success was assessed at 7-17 days post-therapy. The clinical success for AVELOX was 89% (222/250) compared to 89% (224/251) for clarithromycin.
Table 10: Clinical Success Rates at Follow-Up Visit
for Clinically Evaluable Patients by Pathogen (Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of
Chronic Bronchitis)
| PATHOGEN | AVELOX | Clarithromycin |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 16/16 (100%) | 20/23 (87%) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 33/37 (89%) | 36/41 (88%) |
| Haemophilus parainfluenzae | 16/16 (100%) | 14/14 (100%) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 29/34 (85%) | 24/24 (100%) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 15/16 (94%) | 6/8 (75%) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 18/20 (90%) | 10/11 (91%) |
The microbiological eradication rates (eradication plus presumed eradication) in AVELOX treated patients were Streptococcus pneumoniae 100%, Haemophilus influenzae 89%, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 100%, Moraxella catarrhalis 85%, Staphylococcus aureus 94%, and Klebsiella pneumonia 85%.
A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted in the US to compare the efficacy of AVELOX Tablets (400 mg once daily) to that of high-dose clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) in the treatment of patients with clinically and radiologically documented community acquired pneumonia. This study enrolled 474 patients (382 of whom were valid for the efficacy analysis conducted at the 14-35 day follow-up visit). Clinical success for clinically evaluable patients was 95% (184/194) for AVELOX and 95% (178/188) for high dose clarithromycin.
A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted in the US and Canada to compare the efficacy of sequential intravenous/oral AVELOX 400 mg once a day for 7-14 days to an intravenous/oral fluoroquinolone control (trovafloxacin or levofloxacin) in the treatment of patients with clinically and radiologically documented community acquired pneumonia. This study enrolled 516 patients, 362 of whom were valid for the efficacy analysis conducted at the 7-30 day post-therapy visit. The clinical success rate was 86% (157/182) for AVELOX therapy and 89% (161/180) for the fluoroquinolone comparators.
An open-label ex-US study that enrolled 628 patients compared AVELOX to sequential intravenous/oral amoxicillin/clavulanate (1.2 gram intravenously every 8 hours/625 mg orally every 8 hours) with or without high-dose intravenous/oral clarithromycin (500 mg twice a day). The intravenous formulations of the comparators are not FDA approved. The clinical success rate at Day 5-7 for AVELOX therapy was 93% (241/258) and demonstrated superiority to amoxicillin/clavulanate ± clarithromycin (85%, 239/280) [95% C.I. of difference in success rates between moxifloxacin and comparator (2.9%, 13.2%)]. The clinical success rate at the 21-28 days post-therapy visit for AVELOX was 84% (216/258), which also demonstrated superiority to the comparators (74%, 208/280) [95% C.I. of difference in success rates between moxifloxacin and comparator (2.6%, 16.3%)].
The clinical success rates by pathogen across four CAP studies are presented in Table 11.
Table 11: Clinical Success Rates By Pathogen (Pooled
CAP Studies)
| PATHOGEN | AVELOX |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 80/85(94%) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 17/20(85%) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 11/12(92%) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 56/61(92%) |
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae | 119/128(93%) |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 73/76(96%) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 11/12(92%) |
AVELOX was effective in the treatment of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae MDRSP* isolates. Of 37 microbiologically evaluable patients with MDRSP isolates, 35 patients (95%) achieved clinical and bacteriological success post-therapy. The clinical and bacteriological success rates based on the number of patients treated are shown in Table 12.
* MDRSP, Multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae includes isolates previously known as PRSP (Penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae), and are isolates resistant to two or more of the following antibiotics: penicillin (MIC ≥ 2 mcg/mL), 2nd generation cephalosporins (for example, cefuroxime), macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Table 12: Clinical and Bacteriological Success Rates
for AVELOX-Treated MDRSP CAP Patients (Population: Valid for Efficacy)
| Screening Susceptibility | Clinical Success | Bacteriological Success | ||
| n/Na | % | n/Nb | % | |
| Penicillin-resistant | 21/21 | 100%c | 21/21 | 100%c |
| 2nd generation cephalosporin-resistant | 25/26 | 96%c | 25/26 | 96%c |
| Macrolide-resistantd | 22/23 | 96% | 22/23 | 96% |
| Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant | 28/30 | 93% | 28/30 | 93% |
| Tetracycline-resistant | 17/18 | 94% | 17/18 | 94% |
| an = number of patients successfully treated;
N = number of patients with MDRSP (from a total of 37 patients) bn = number of patients successfully treated (presumed eradication or eradication); N = number of patients with MDRSP (from a total of 37 patients) cOne patient had a respiratory isolate that was resistant to penicillin and cefuroxime but a blood isolate that was intermediate to penicillin and cefuroxime. The patient is included in the database based on the respiratory isolate. dAzithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin were the macrolide antimicrobials tested. |
||||
Not all isolates were resistant to all antimicrobial classes tested. Success and eradication rates are summarized in Table 13.
Table 13: Clinical Success Rates and Microbiological
Eradication Rates for Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (Community Acquired
Pneumonia)
| S. pneumoniae with MDRSP | Clinical Success | Bacteriological Eradication Rate |
| Resistant to 2 antimicrobials | 12/13 (92.3 %) | 12/13 (92.3 %) |
| Resistant to 3 antimicrobials | 10/11 (90.9 %)a | 10/11 (90.9 %)a |
| Resistant to 4 antimicrobials | 6/6 (100%) | 6/6 (100%) |
| Resistant to 5 antimicrobials | 7/7 (100%)a | 7/7 (100%)a |
| Bacteremia with MDRSP | 9/9 (100%) | 9/9 (100%) |
| aOne patient had a respiratory isolate resistant to 5 antimicrobials and a blood isolate resistant to 3 antimicrobials. The patient was included in the category resistant to 5 antimicrobials. | ||
A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial conducted in the US compared the efficacy of AVELOX 400 mg once daily for seven days with cephalexin HCl 500 mg three times daily for seven days. The percentage of patients treated for uncomplicated abscesses was 30%, furuncles 8%, cellulitis 16%, impetigo 20%, and other skin infections 26%. Adjunctive procedures (incision and drainage or debridement) were performed on 17% of the AVELOX treated patients and 14% of the comparator treated patients. Clinical success rates in evaluable patients were 89% (108/122) for AVELOX and 91% (110/121) for cephalexin HCl.
Two randomized, active controlled trials of cSSSI were performed. A double-blind trial was conducted primarily in North America to compare the efficacy of sequential intravenous/oral AVELOX 400 mg once a day for 7-14 days to an intravenous/oral beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor control in the treatment of patients with cSSSI. This study enrolled 617 patients, 335 of which were valid for the efficacy analysis. A second open-label International study compared AVELOX 400 mg once a day for 7-21 days to sequential intravenous/oral beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor control in the treatment of patients with cSSSI. This study enrolled 804 patients, 632 of which were valid for the efficacy analysis. Surgical incision and drainage or debridement was performed on 55% of the AVELOX treated and 53% of the comparator treated patients in these studies and formed an integral part of therapy for this indication. Success rates varied with the type of diagnosis ranging from 61% in patients with infected ulcers to 90% in patients with complicated erysipelas. These rates were similar to those seen with comparator drugs. The overall success rates in the evaluable patients and the clinical success by pathogen are shown in Tables 14 and 15.
Table 14: Overall Clinical Success Rates in Patients
with Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections
| Study | AVELOX n/N (%) | Comparator n/N (%) | 95% Confidence Interval a |
| North America | 125/162 (77.2%) | 141/173 (81.5%) | (-14.4%, 2%) |
| International | 254/315 (80.6%) | 268/317 (84.5%) | (-9.4%, 2.2%) |
| aof difference in success rates between Moxifloxacin and comparator (Moxifloxacin - comparator) | |||
Table 15: Clinical Success Rates by Pathogen in
Patients with Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections
| Pathogen | AVELOX n/ N (%) | Comparator n/N (%) |
| Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates)a | 106/129 (82.2%) | 120/137 (87.6%) |
| Escherichia coli | 31/38 (81.6 %) | 28/33 (84.8 %) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 11/12 (91.7 % ) | 7/10 (70%) |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 9/11 (81.8%) | 4/7 (57.1%) |
| amethicillin susceptibility was only determined in the North American Study | ||
Two randomized, active controlled trials of cIAI were performed. A double-blind trial was conducted primarily in North America to compare the efficacy of sequential intravenous/oral AVELOX 400 mg once a day for 5-14 days to intravenous/piperacillin/tazobactam followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of patients with cIAI, including peritonitis, abscesses, appendicitis with perforation, and bowel perforation. This study enrolled 681 patients, 379 of which were considered clinically evaluable. A second open-label international study compared AVELOX 400 mg once a day for 5-14 days to intravenous ceftriaxone plus intravenous metronidazole followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of patients with cIAI. This study enrolled 595 patients, 511 of which were considered clinically evaluable. The clinically evaluable population consisted of subjects with a surgically confirmed complicated infection, at least 5 days of treatment and a 25-50 day follow-up assessment for patients at the Test of Cure visit. The overall clinical success rates in the clinically evaluable patients are shown in Table 16.
Table 16: Clinical Success Rates in Patients with
Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections
| Study | AVELOX n/ N (%) | Comparator n/N (%) | 95% Confidence Intervala |
| North America (overall) | 146/183 (79.8%) | 153/196 (78.1%) | (-7.4%, 9.3%) |
| Abscess | 40/57 (70.2%) | 49/63 (77.8%)b | NAc |
| Non-abscess | 106/126 (84.1%) | 104/133 (78.2%) | NA |
| International (overall) | 199/246 (80.9%) | 218/265 (82.3%) | (-8.9%, 4.2%) |
| Abscess | 73/93 (78.5%) | 86/99 (86.9%) | NA |
| Non-abscess | 126/153 (82.4%) | 132/166 (79.5%) | NA |
| aof difference in success rates between AVELOX
and comparator (AVELOX - comparator) bExcludes 2 patients who required additional surgery within the first 48 hours. cNA - not applicable |
|||
Efficacy studies of AVELOX could not be conducted in humans with pneumonic plague for ethical and feasibility reasons. Therefore, approval of this indication was based on an efficacy study conducted in animals and supportive pharmacokinetic data in adult humans and animals.
A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted in an African Green Monkey (AGM) animal model of pneumonic plague. Twenty AGM (10 males and 10 females) were exposed to an inhaled mean (± SD) dose of 100 ± 50 LD50 (range 92 to 127 LD50) of Yersinia pestis (CO92 strain) aerosol. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of moxifloxacin for the Y. pestis strain used in this study was 0.06 mcg/mL. Development of sustained fever for at least 4 hours duration was used as the trigger for the initiation of 10 days of treatment with either a humanized regimen of moxifloxacin or placebo. All study animals were febrile and bacteremic with Y. pestis prior to the initiation of study treatment. Ten of 10 (100%) of the animals receiving the placebo succumbed to disease between 83 to 139 h (mean 115 ± 19 hours) post treatment. Ten of 10 (100%) moxifloxacin-treated animals survived for the 30-day period after completion of the study treatment. Compared to the placebo group, mortality in the moxifloxacin group was significantly lower (difference in survival: 100% with a two-sided 95% exact confidence interval [66.3%, 100%], p-value < 0.0001).
The mean plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin associated with a statistically significant improvement in survival over placebo in an AGM model of pneumonic plague are reached or exceeded in human adults receiving the recommended oral and intravenous dosage regimens. The mean (± SD) peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and total plasma exposure defined as the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) in human adults receiving 400 mg intravenously were 3.9 ± 0.9 mcg/mL and 39.3 ± 8.6 mcg•h/mL, respectively [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The mean (± SD) peak plasma concentration and AUC0-24 in AGM following one- day administration of a humanized dosing regimen simulating the human AUC0-24 at a 400 mg dose were 4.4 ± 1.5 mcg/mL and 22 ± 8.0 mcg·h/mL, respectively.
REFERENCES
1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically Approved Standard - Tenth Edition. CLSI Document M7- A10 [2015], CLSI, 950 West Valley Rd., Suite 2500, Wayne, PA 19087, USA.
2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-fifth Informational Supplement, CLSI document M100-S25 [2015], Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA. .
3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard - Twelfth Edition. CLSI document M02-A12 [2015], Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA.
4. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing for Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria: Approved Guidelines—Second Edition CLSI document M45-A2 [2010], Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA.
5. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; Approved Standard - Eighth Edition. CLSI document M11-A8 [2012]. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA.
AVELOX®
 (AV-eh-locks)
(moxifloxacin hydrochloride) Tablets
AVELOX®
(AV-eh-locks)
(moxifloxacin hydrochloride) Injection Solution for Intravenous
us e
Read the Medication Guide that comes with AVELOX before you start taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or your treatment.
What is the most important information I should know about AVELOX?
AVELOX belongs to a class of antibiotics called fluoroquinolones. AVELOX can cause serious side effects that can happen at the same time and could result in death. If you get any of the following serious side effects, you should stop taking AVELOX and get medical help right away. Talk with your healthcare provider about whether you should continue to take AVELOX.
1. Tendon rupture or s welling of the tendon (tendinitis).
2. Changes in sensation and possible nerve damage (Peripheral Neuropathy). Damage to the nerves in arms, hands, legs, or feet can happen in people who take fluoroquinolones, including AVELOX. Stop taking AVELOX immediately and talk to your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in your arms, hands, legs, or feet:
AVELOX may need to be stopped to prevent permanent nerve damage.
. Central Nervous System (CNS) effects. Seizures have been reported in people who take fluoroquinolone antibacterial medicines, including AVELOX. Tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of seizures before you start taking AVELOX. CNS side effects may happen as soon as after taking the first dose of AVELOX. Stop taking AVELOX immediately and talk to your healthcare provider right away if you get any of these side effects, or other changes in mood or behavior:
4. Worsening of myasthenia gravis (a disease which causes muscle weakness). Fluoroquinolones like AVELOX may cause worsening of myasthenia gravis symptoms, including muscle weakness and breathing problems. Tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of myasthenia gravis before you start taking AVELOX. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any worsening muscle weakness or breathing problems.
What is AVELOX?
AVELOX is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic medicine used to treat certain types of infections caused by certain germs called bacteria in adults 18 years or older. These bacterial infections include:
AVELOX should not be used in patients with acute bacterial sinusitis or acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis if there are other treatment options available.
Studies of AVELOX for use in the treatment of plague were done in animals only, because plague could not be studied in people.
It is not known if AVELOX is safe and works in people under 18 years of age. Children have a higher chance of getting bone, joint, and tendon (musculoskeletal) problems while taking fluoroquinolone antibiotic medicines.
Sometimes infections are caused by viruses rather than by bacteria. Examples include viral infections in the sinuses and lungs, such as the common cold or flu. Antibiotics, including AVELOX, do not kill viruses.
Call your healthcare provider if you think your condition is not getting better while you are taking AVELOX.
Who should not take AVELOX?
Do not take AVELOX if you have ever had a severe allergic reaction to an antibiotic known as a fluoroquinolone, or if you are allergic to any of the ingredients in AVELOX. Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure. See the list of ingredients in AVELOX at the end of this Medication Guide.
What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking AVELOX?
See “What is the most important information I should know about AVELOX?”
Tell your healthcare provider about all your medical conditions, including if you:
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins and herbal and dietary supplements. AVELOX and other medicines can affect each other causing side effects. Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take:
Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if any of your medicines are listed above.
Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.
How should I take AVELOX?
What should I avoid while taking AVELOX?
What are the possible side effects of AVELOX?
AVELOX can cause side effects that may be serious or even cause death. See “What is the most important information I should know about AVELOX?”
Other serious side effects of AVELOX include:
Serious allergic reactions
These are not all the possible side effects of AVELOX. Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I s tore AVELOX?
Keep AVELOX and all medicines out of the reach of children.
General Information about AVELOX
What are the ingredients in AVELOX?
