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WARNING
ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
CNS stimulants, including APTENSIO XR, other methylphenidate-containing products, and amphetamines, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing, and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Drug Abuse And Dependence].
APTENSIO XR is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. APTENSIO XR capsules contain multi layered beads, which are composed of an immediate-release layer which contains approximately 40% of the methylphenidate dose, and a controlled release layer which contains approximately 60% of the methylphenidate dose. APTENSIO XR is available in seven capsule strengths. Each extended-release capsule for once-a-day oral administration contains 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, or 60 mg of methylphenidate HCl USP, which is equivalent to 8.6 mg, 13.0 mg, 17.3 mg, 25.9 mg, 34.6 mg, 43.2 mg, or 51.9 mg of methylphenidate free base, respectively. Chemically, methylphenidate HCl is d,l (racemic) methyl α-phenyl-2piperidineacetate hydrochloride. Its molecular formula is C14H19NO2•HCl. Its structural formula is:
 |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride USP is a white to off-white, odorless, fine crystalline powder. Its solutions are acid to litmus. It is freely soluble in water and in methanol, soluble in alcohol, and slightly soluble in chloroform and in acetone. Its molecular weight is 269.77.
sugar spheres, hypromelloses, polyethylene glycol, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, type B; methacrylic acid copolymer, type C; triethyl citrate, talc, colloidal silicon dioxide (added if necessary), titanium oxide, and gelatin.
Each strength capsule also contains colorant ingredients in the capsule shell as follows:
10 mg: FD&C Blue No. 1
15 mg: D&C Red No. 28, D&C Yellow No. 10, FD&C Red No. 40 20 mg: D&C Red No. 33, D&C Yellow No. 10
30 mg: FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No. 3
40 mg: D&C Red No. 28, FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No. 40
50 mg: D&C Yellow No. 10, FD&C Green No. 3
60 mg: Black Iron Oxide
APTENSIO XR is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in patients 6 years and older [see Clinical Studies].
Pediatric patients younger than 6 years of age experienced higher plasma exposure than patients 6 years and older at the same dose and high rates of adverse reactions, most notably weight loss [see Use In Specific Populations].
Prior to treating patients with APTENSIO XR, assess:
The recommended starting dose of APTENSIO XR in patients 6 years and older is 10 mg once daily orally in the morning with or without food. Advise patients to establish a routine pattern with regard to meals. The dose should be individualized according to the needs and response of the patient.
The dose may be titrated weekly in increments of 10 mg. Daily doses above 60 mg have not been studied and are not recommended.
APTENSIO XR may be taken whole or the capsule may be opened and the entire contents sprinkled onto applesauce. If the patient is using the sprinkled administration method, the sprinkled applesauce should be consumed immediately; it should not be stored. Patients should take the applesauce with sprinkled beads in its entirety without chewing. The dose of a single capsule should not be divided. The contents of the entire capsule should be taken, and patients should not take anything less than one capsule per day.
If paradoxical aggravation of symptoms or other adverse reactions occur; the dosage should be reduced, or, if necessary, discontinue APTENSIO XR.
If improvement is not observed after appropriate dosage adjustment over a one-month period, discontinue APTENSIO XR.
APTENSIO XR (methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release) capsules are available as follows:
10 mg Capsules - light turquoise blue cap/white body, (imprinted with “APTENSIO XR” on cap and “10 mg” on the body) Bottles of 90 ...................... NDC 42858-401-45
15 mg Capsules - orange cap/white body, (imprinted with “APTENSIO XR” on cap and “15 mg” on the body) Bottles of 90 ...................... NDC 42858-402-45
20 mg Capsules - yellow cap/white body, (imprinted with “APTENSIO XR” on cap and “20 mg” on the body) Bottles of 90 ...................... NDC 42858-403-45
30 mg Capsules - blue violet cap/white body, (imprinted with “APTENSIO XR” on cap and “30 mg” on the body) Bottles of 90 ...................... NDC 42858-404-45
40 mg Capsules - pink cap/white body, (imprinted with “APTENSIO XR” on cap and “40 mg” on the body) Bottles of 90 ...................... NDC 42858-405-45
50 mg Capsules - green cap/white body, (imprinted with “APTENSIO XR” on cap and “50 mg” on the body) Bottles of 90 ...................... NDC 42858-406-45
60 mg Capsules - gray cap/white body, (imprinted with “APTENSIO XR” on cap and “60 mg” on the body) Bottles of 90 ...................... NDC 42858-407-45
APTENSIO XR (methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release) capsules should be stored at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture.
Dispense in tight container (USP).
Marketed by: Rhodes Pharmaceuticals, Wilson, NC 27893. Manufactured by: Patheon Manufacturing Services LLC, Greenville, North Carolina 27834. Revised: Oct 2023
The following are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Commonly reported (≥2% of the methylphenidate group and at least twice the rate of the placebo group) adverse reactions from placebo-controlled trials of methylphenidate products include: decreased appetite, decreased weight, nausea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, dry mouth, vomiting, insomnia, anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, affect lability, agitation, irritability, dizziness, vertigo, tremor, blurred vision, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, tachycardia, palpitations, hyperhidrosis, and pyrexia.
The safety data in this section is based on data from two one-week controlled clinical studies of APTENSIO XR in pediatric patients with ADHD, one in children ages 6 to 12 years (RP-BP-EF001, hereafter “Study 1”), and one in children and adolescents ages 6 to 17 years (RP-BP-EF002, hereafter “Study 2”).
Two APTENSIO XR clinical studies evaluated a total of 256 patients with ADHD. Two hundred and forty-three (243) patients participated in the double-blind phase of these two clinical studies.
Study 1 was a randomized, double-blind, single center, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose, cross-over study to evaluate the time of onset, duration of efficacy, tolerability and safety of APTENSIO XR 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, or 40 mg administered for one week in 26 pediatric patients aged 6 to 12 years who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD [see Clinical Studies].
Most Common Adverse Reactions (incidence of ≥ 5% and at a rate at least twice placebo): abdominal pain, pyrexia and headache.
Adverse Reactions Leading To Discontinuation: No subjects discontinued due to adverse reactions during the double-blind phase of this study.
Study 2 was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel group, fixed-dose study of 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg of APTENSIO XR administered for one week in 221 pediatric patients (6 to 17 years of age) who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD [see Clinical Studies].
Most Common Adverse Reactions (incidence of ≥ 5% and at a rate of at least twice placebo): abdominal pain, decreased appetite, headache and insomnia.
Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation: Two patients (4.4%) in the APTENSIO XR 40 mg group discontinued due to insomnia, nausea and rapid heart rate, respectively during the double-blind phase of the study.
Table 1: Common Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 2% of Pediatric Patients (6 to 17 years of age) with ADHD Taking APTENSIO XR and at a Rate Greater than Placebo (Study 2)
| System Organ Class Adverse Reaction |
Aptensio XR (n=183) |
Placebo (n=47) |
| Nervous System Disorders | ||
| Headache | 10.9% | 8.5% |
| Insomnia | 9.8% | 2.1% |
| Dizziness | 2.2% | 2.1% |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | ||
| Abdominal pain upper | 8.2% | 0% |
| Nausea | 3.8% | 2.1% |
| Vomiting | 3.8% | 0% |
| Metabolism and Nutritional | ||
| Decreased Appetite | 4.9% | 0% |
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of methylphenidate products. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These adverse reactions are as follows:
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Pancytopenia, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytopenic purpura
Cardiac Disorders: Angina pectoris, Bradycardia, Extrasystole, Supraventricular tachycardia, Ventricular extrasystole
Eye Disorders: Diplopia, Increased intraocular pressure, Mydriasis, Visual impairment
General Disorders: Chest pain, Chest discomfort, Hyperpyrexia
Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity reactions such as Angioedema, Anaphylactic reactions, Auricular swelling, Bullous conditions, Exfoliative conditions, Urticarias, Pruritus NEC, Rashes, Eruptions, and Exanthems NEC
Investigations: Alkaline phosphatase increased, Bilirubin increased, Hepatic enzyme increased, Platelet count decreased, White blood cell count abnormal, severe hepatic injury
Musculoskeletal, Connective Tissue and Bone Disorders: Arthralgia, Myalgia, Muscle twitching, Rhabdomyolysis
Nervous System: Convulsion, Grand mal convulsion, Dyskinesia, serotonin syndrome in combination with serotonergic drugs, Motor and Verbal Tics
Psychiatric Disorders: Disorientation, Libido changes
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Alopecia, Erythema
Do not administer APTENSIO XR concomitantly or within 14 days after discontinuing MAOI treatment. Concomitant use of MAOIs and CNS stimulants can cause hypertensive crisis. Potential outcomes include death, stroke, myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, ophthalmological complications, eclampsia, pulmonary edema, and renal failure [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
Aptensio XR may decrease the effectiveness of drugs used to treat hypertension. Monitor blood pressure and adjust the dosage of the antihypertensive drug as needed [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Concomitant use of halogenated anesthetics and APTENSIO XR may increase the risk of sudden blood pressure and heart rate increase during surgery. Avoid use of APTENSIO XR in patients being treated with anesthetics on the day of surgery.
Combined use of methylphenidate with risperidone when there is a change, whether an increase or decrease, in dosage of either or both medications, may increase the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Monitor for signs of EPS.
APTENSIO XR contains methylphenidate, a Schedule II controlled substance.
APTENSIO XR has a high potential for abuse and misuse which can lead to the development of a substance use disorder, including addiction [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. APTENSIO XR can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels or distribution.
Abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a drug, even once, to achieve a desired psychological or physiological effect. Misuse is the intentional use, for therapeutic purposes, of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a health care provider or for whom it was not prescribed. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence.
Misuse and abuse of methylphenidate may cause increased heart rate, respiratory rate, or blood pressure; sweating; dilated pupils; hyperactivity; restlessness; insomnia; decreased appetite; loss of coordination; tremors; flushed skin; vomiting; and/or abdominal pain. Anxiety, psychosis, hostility, aggression, and suicidal or homicidal ideation have also been observed with CNS stimulants abuse and/or misuse. Misuse and abuse of CNS stimulants, including APTENSIO XR, can result in overdose and death [see OVERDOSAGE], and this risk is increased with higher doses or unapproved methods of administration, such as snorting or injection.
Physical Dependence
APTENSIO XR may produce physical dependence. Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug.
Withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or dose reduction following prolonged use of CNS stimulants including APTENSIO XR include dysphoric mood; depression; fatigue; vivid, unpleasant dreams; insomnia or hypersomnia; increased appetite; and psychomotor retardation or agitation.
Tolerance
APTENSIO XR may produce tolerance. Tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose).
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
APTENSIO XR has a high potential for abuse and misuse. The use of APTENSIO XR exposes individuals to the risks of abuse and misuse, which can lead to the development of a substance use disorder, including addiction. APTENSIO XR can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels or distribution [see Drug Abuse And Dependence]. Misuse and abuse of CNS stimulants, including APTENSIO XR, can result in overdose and death [see OVERDOSAGE], and this risk is increased with higher doses or unapproved methods of administration, such as snorting or injection.
Before prescribing APTENSIO XR, assess each patient’s risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction. Educate patients andtheir families about these risks and proper disposal of any unused drug. Advise patients to store APTENSIO XR in a safe place, preferably locked, and instruct patients to not give APTENSIO XR to anyone else. Throughout APTENSIO XR treatment, reassess each patient’s risk of abuse, misuse, and addiction and frequently monitor for signs and symptoms of abuse, misuse, and addiction.
Sudden death has been reported in patients with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious cardiac disease who were treated with CNS stimulants at the recommended ADHD dosage.
Avoid APTENSIO XR use in patients with known structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, or other serious cardiac disease.
CNS stimulants cause an increase in blood pressure (mean increase approximately 2 to 4 mmHg) and heart rate (mean increase approximately 3 to 6 bpm). Some patients may have larger increases.
Monitor all APTENSIO XR-treated patients for hypertension and tachycardia.
CNS stimulants may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with a pre-existing psychotic disorder.
CNS stimulants may induce a manic or mixed episode in patients. Prior to initiating APTENSIO XR treatment, screen patients for risk factors for developing a manic episode (e.g., comorbid or history of depressive symptoms or a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, or depression).
CNS stimulants, at the recommended dosage, may cause psychotic or manic symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania) in patients without a prior history of psychotic illness or mania. In a pooled analysis of multiple shortterm, placebo-controlled studies of CNS stimulants, psychotic or manic symptoms occurred in approximately 0.1% of CNS stimulant-treated patients, compared to 0% of placebo-treated patients. If such symptoms occur, consider discontinuing APTENSIO XR.
Prolonged and painful erections, sometimes requiring surgical intervention, have been reported with methylphenidateuse, in both adult and pediatric male patients. Although priapism was not reported with methylphenidate initiation, it developed after some time on methylphenidate, often subsequent to an increase in dosage. Priapism also occured during methylphenidate withdrawal (drug holidays or during discontinuation).
APTENSIO XR patients who develop abnormally sustained or frequent and painful erections should seek immediate medical attention.
CNS stimulants, including APTENSIO XR, used to treat ADHD are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon. Signs and symptoms are usually intermittent and mild; however, sequelae have included digital ulceration and/or soft tissue breakdown. Effects of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon, were observed in post-marketing reports and at the therapeutic dosages of CNS stimulants in all age groups throughout the course of treatment. Signs and symptoms generally improved after dosage reduction or discontinuation of the CNS stimulant.
Careful observation for digital changes is necessary during APTENSIO XR treatment. Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for APTENSIO XR-treated patients who develop signs or symptoms of peripheral vasculopathy.
CNS stimulants have been associated with weight loss and slowing of growth rate in pediatric patients.
Careful follow-up of weight and height in pediatric patients ages 7 to 10 years who were randomized to either methylphenidate or non-medication treatment groups over 14 months, as well as in naturalistic subgroups of newly methylphenidate-treated and non-medication treated pediatric patients over 36 months (to the ages of 10 to 13 years), suggests that pediatric patients who received methylphenidate for 7 days per week throughout the year had a temporary slowing in growth rate (on average, a total of about 2 cm less growth in height and 2.7 kg less growth in weight over 3 years), without evidence of growth rebound during this development period.
Closely monitor growth (weight and height) in APTENSIO XR-treated pediatric patients. Pediatric patients who are not growing or gaining height or weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted. APTENSIO XR is not approved for use in pediatric patients below 6 years of age [see Use In Specific Popultations].
There have been reports of angle closure glaucoma associated with methylphenidate treatment.
Although the mechanism is not clear, APTENSIO XR-treated patients considered at risk for acute angle closure glaucoma (e.g., patients with significant hyperopia) should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist.
There have been reports of an elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) associated with methylphenidate treatment [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Prescribe APTENSIO XR to patients with open-angle glaucoma or abnormally increased IOP only if the benefit of treatment is considered to outweigh the risk. Closely monitor APTENSIO XR-treated patients with a history of abnormally increased IOP or open angle glaucoma.
CNS stimulants, including methylphenidate, have been associated with the onset or exacerbation of motor and verbal tics. Worsening of Tourette’s syndrome has also been reported [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Before initiating APTENSIO XR, assess the family history and clinically evaluate patients for tics or Tourette’s syndrome. Regularly monitor APTENSIO XR-treated patients for the emergence or worsening of tics or Tourette’s syndrome, and discontinue treatment if clinically appropriate.
Advise patients to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Educate patients and their families about the risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction of APTENSIO XR, which can lead to overdose and death, and proper disposal of any unused drug [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Drug Abuse And Dependence, OVERDOSAGE]. Advise patients to store APTENSIO XR in a safe place, preferably locked, and instruct patients to not give APTENSIO XR to anyone else.
Advise patients that APTENSIO XR can be taken with or without food and that they should establish a routine pattern of taking APTENSIO XR with regard to meals. For patients who take APTENSIO XR sprinkled over applesauce, the contents of the entire capsule should be consumed immediately; it should not be stored. Patients should take the applesauce with sprinkled beads in its entirety without chewing. When initiating treatment with APTENSIO XR, provide dosage escalation and administration instructions [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Advise patients that there are potential risks to patient with serious cardiac disease, including sudden death, with APTENSIO XR use. Instruct patients to contact a healthcare provider immediately if they develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Instruct patients that APTENSIO XR can cause elevations of their blood pressure and pulse rate [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that APTENSIO XR, at recommended doses, can cause psychotic or manic symptoms, even in patients without prior history of psychotic symptoms or mania [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients of the possibility of painful or prolonged penile erections (priapism). Instruct them to seek immediate medical attention in the event of priapism [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Instruct patients beginning treatment with APTENSIO XR about the risk of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s Phenomenon, and associated signs and symptoms: fingers or toes may feel numb, cool, painful, and/or may change from pale, to blue, to red. Instruct patients to report to their physician any new numbness, pain, skin color change, or sensitivity to temperature in fingers or toes.
Instruct patients to call their physician immediately with any signs of unexplained wounds appearing on fingers or toes while taking APTENSIO XR. Further clinical evaluation (e.g. rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that APTENSIO XR may cause slowing of growth and weight loss [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that IOP and glaucoma may occur during treatment with APTENSIO XR [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients that motor and verbal tics and worsening of Tourette’s syndrome may occur during treatment with APTENSIO XR. Instruct patients to notify their healthcare provider if emergence of new tics or worsening of tics or Tourette’s syndrome occurs [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Advise patients to avoid alcohol while taking APTENSIO XR. Consumption of alcohol while taking APTENSIO XR may result in a more rapid release of the dose of methylphenidate [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Advise patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to APTENSIO XR during pregnancy [see Use In Specific Populations].
In a lifetime carcinogenicity study carried out in B6C3F1 mice, methylphenidate caused an increase in hepatocellular adenomas and, in males only, an increase in hepatoblastomas, at a daily dose of approximately 60 mg/kg/day. This dose is approximately 2 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 60 mg/day given to children on a mg/m² basis. Hepatoblastoma is a relatively rare rodent malignant tumor type. There was no increase in total malignant hepatic tumors. The mouse strain used is sensitive to the development of hepatic tumors, and the significance of these results to humans is unknown.
Methylphenidate did not cause any increase in tumors in a lifetime carcinogenicity study carried out in F344 rats; the highest dose used was approximately 45 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 4 times the MRHD (children) on a mg/m² basis.
Methylphenidate was not mutagenic in the in vitro Ames reverse mutation assay or in the in vitro mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations were increased, indicative of a weak clastogenic response, in an in vitro assay in cultured Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Methylphenidate was negative in vivo in males and females in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay.
Methylphenidate did not impair fertility in male or female mice that were fed diets containing the drug in an 18-week Continuous Breeding study. The study was conducted at doses of up to 160 mg/kg/day, approximately 10 times the maximum recommended human dose of 60 mg/day given to adolescents on a mg/m² basis.
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to APTENSIO XR during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the National Pregnancy Registry for Psychostimulants at 1-866-961-2388.
Limited published studies report on the use of methylphenidate in pregnant women; however, the data are insufficient to inform any drug-associated risks. No effects on morphological development were observed in embryo-fetal development studies with oral administration of methylphenidate to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses up to 10 and 15 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 60 mg/day given to adolescents on a mg/m² basis. However, spina bifida was observed in rabbits at a dose 52 times the MRHD given to adolescents. A decrease in pup body weight was observed in a pre-and post-natal development study with oral administration of methylphenidate to rats throughout pregnancy and lactation at the highest dose of 60 mg/kg/day (6 times the MRHD given to adolescents) [see Data]. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population are unknown. However, the background risk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2% to 4% and of miscarriage is 15% to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies.
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
CNS stimulants, such as APTENSIO XR, can cause vasoconstriction and thereby decrease placental perfusion. No fetal and/or neonatal adverse reactions have been reported with the use of therapeutic doses of methylphenidate during pregnancy; however, premature delivery and low birth weight infants have been reported in amphetamine-dependent mothers.
Animal Data
In embryo-fetal development studies conducted in rats and rabbits, methylphenidate was administered orally at doses of up to 75 and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively, during the period of organogenesis. Malformations (increased incidence of fetal spina bifida) were observed in rabbits at the highest dose, which is approximately 52 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 60 mg/day given to adolescents on a mg/m² basis. The no effect level for embryo-fetal development in rabbits was 60 mg/kg/day (15 times the MRHD given to adolescents on a mg/m² basis). There was no evidence of morphological development effects in rats, although increased incidences of fetal skeletal variations were seen at the highest dose level (10 times the MRHD of 60 mg/day given to adolescents on a mg/m² basis), which was also maternally toxic. The no effect level for embryo-fetal development in rats was 25 mg/kg/day (2 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis). When methylphenidate was administered to rats throughout pregnancy and lactation at doses of up to 45 mg/kg/day, offspring body weight gain was decreased at the highest dose (6 times the MRHD of 60 mg/day given to adolescents on a mg/m² basis), but no other effects on postnatal development were observed. The no effect level for preand postnatal development in rats was 15 mg/kg/day (1.5 times the MRHD given to adolescents on a mg/m² basis).
Limited published literature, based on breast milk sampling from five mothers, reports that methylphenidate is present in human milk, which resulted in infant doses of 0.16% to 0.7% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk/plasma ratio ranging between 1.1 and 2.7. There are no reports of adverse effects on the breastfed infant and no effects on milk production. However, long-term neurodevelopmental effects on infants from stimulant exposure are unknown. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for APTENSIO XR and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from APTENSIO XR or from the underlying maternal condition.
Monitor breastfeeding infants for adverse reactions, such as agitation, anorexia, and reduced weight gain.
The safety and effectiveness of APTENSIO XR in pediatric patients under 6 years have not been established. Safety and efficacy of APTENSIO XR were evaluated in a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group study in 119 children 4 to <6 years of age with ADHD followed by a 12-month open-label extension in 44 of these children. In these studies, patients experienced high rates of adverse reactions, most notably weight loss. Comparing weights prior to initiation of APTENSIO XR (in the safety and efficacy study) to weights after 12 months of treatment (in the open-label extension), 20 of 39 patients with data (50%) had lost enough weight to decrease 10 or more percentiles on a Centers for Disease Control growth chart for weight. In addition, systemic drug exposures in patients 4 to <6 years of age were higher than those observed in older children and adolescents at the same dose (2 to 3 fold higher Cmax and AUC). Therefore, the benefits of APTENSIO XR do not outweigh the risks in pediatric patients 4 to <6 years of age.
The safety and effectiveness of APTENSIO XR have been established in pediatric patients ages 6 to 17 years in two adequate and well-controlled clinical trials [see Clinical Studies]. The long-term efficacy of methylphenidate in pediatric patients has not been established.
Growth should be monitored during treatment with stimulants, including APTENSIO XR. Pediatric patients who are not growing or gaining weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Rats treated with methylphenidate early in the postnatal period through sexual maturation demonstrated a decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity in adulthood. A deficit in acquisition of a specific learning task was observed in females only. The doses at which these findings were observed are at least 6 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 60 mg/day given to children on a mg/m² basis.
In the study conducted in young rats, methylphenidate was administered orally at doses of up to 100 mg/kg/day for 9 weeks, starting early in the postnatal period (postnatal day 7) and continuing through sexual maturity (postnatal week 10). When these animals were tested as adults (postnatal weeks 13-14), decreased spontaneous locomotor activity was observed in males and females previously treated with 50 mg/kg/day (approximately 6 times the MRHD of 60 mg/day given to children on a mg/m² basis) or greater, and a deficit in the acquisition of a specific learning task was observed in females exposed to the highest dose (8 times the MRHD given to children on a mg/m² basis). The no effect level for juvenile neurobehavioral development in rats was 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.5 times the MRHD given to children on a mg/m² basis). The clinical significance of the long-term behavioral effects observed in rats is unknown.
Clinical trials of APTENSIO XR did not include any patients aged 65 years and over. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient start at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Signs and symptoms of acute methylphenidate overdose, resulting principally from overstimulation of the CNS and from excessive sympathomimetic effects, may include the following: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, anxiety, agitation, tremors, hyperreflexia, muscle twitching, convulsions (may be followed by coma), euphoria, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, sweating, flushing, headache, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, hypotension, tachypnea, mydriasis, dryness of mucous membranes, and rhabdomyolysis.
Consult with a Certified Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) for up-to-date guidance and advice on the management of overdosage with methylphenidate. Provide supportive care, including close medical supervision and monitoring. Treatment should consist of those general measures employed in the management of overdosage with any drug. Consider the possibility of multiple drug overdosages. Ensure an adequate airway, oxygenation, and ventilation. Monitor cardiac rhythm and vital signs. Use supportive and symptomatic measures.
Gastric contents may be evacuated by gastric lavage as indicated. Before performing gastric lavage, control agitation and seizures if present and protect the airway. Other measures to detoxify the gut include administration of activated charcoal and a cathartic. Intensive care must be provided to maintain adequate circulation and respiratory exchange; external cooling procedures may be required for pyrexia.
Methylphenidate HCl is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. The mode of therapeutic action in ADHD is not known.
Methylphenidate is a racemic mixture comprised of the d- and l-isomers. The d-isomer is more pharmacologically active than the l-isomer. Methylphenidate blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space.
Following oral administration of APTENSIO XR in adults, plasma methylphenidate concentrations increase rapidly, reaching an initial maximum at about 2 hours, followed by gradual descending concentrations over the next 4 to 6 hours, after which a gradual increase begins, reaching a second peak at approximately 8 hours (Figure 1). The relative bioavailability of APTENSIO XR given once daily as compared to a methylphenidate immediate-release oral product given three times daily in adults is comparable. The relative bioavailability is 102%.
The pharmacokinetic profiles and parameters of methylphenidate are similar when APTENSIO XR is administered either as a whole capsule or sprinkled onto applesauce in subjects under fasting conditions (see Table 2 and Figure 1).
Table 2: The Single Dose Pharmacokinetics of d,l-Methylphenidate1 ER Capsule and Sprinkle following an Oral Dose of 80 mg APTENSIO XR under Fasted Conditions in Healthy Adults
| Pharmacokinetic Parameters | Capsule | Sprinkle |
| Cmax2 (ng/mL) | 23.47 ± 11.4 | 21.78 ± 9.5 |
| AUC(0-t)2 (ng.hr/mL) | 262.7 ± 135 | 262.9 ± 128 |
| AUC(0-inf )2 (ng.hr/mL) | 258.1 ± 94.2 | 258.0 ± 84.4 |
| Tmax (hr) ‡ | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Half-life (hr) | 5.09 | 5.43 |
| Relative bioavailability | 102% | 101% |
| 1d,l (racemic) methylphenidate HCl 2 Cmax, AUC (0-t) AUC (0-inf) presented as mean ± SD ‡ data presented as median (range) |
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Figure 1: Mean d,l-Methylphenidate Plasma Concentration-Time Profiles following 80 mg Administered as Capsule and Sprinkle Dose in Healthy Adults
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In humans, methylphenidate is metabolized primarily via deesterification to alpha-phenyl-piperidine acetic acid (PPAA). The metabolite has little or no pharmacologic activity.
After oral dosing of radiolabeled methylphenidate in humans, about 90% of the radioactivity was recovered in urine. The main urinary metabolite was PPAA, accounting for approximately 80% of the dose.
Administration of APTENSIO XR with high fat meal showed a decreased or diminished second peak. A high-fat meal also increased the average Cmax of methylphenidate by about 28% and the AUC by about 19%. In the clinical trials of APTENSIO XR, it was administered without regard to meals.
At an alcohol concentration up to 40%, there was 96% release of methylphenidate from APTENSIO XR 80 mg capsule within two hours. The results with the 80 mg capsule are considered to be representative of the other available capsules strengths.
There is insufficient experience with the use of APTENSIO XR to detect gender variations in pharmacokinetics.
There is insufficient experience with the use of APTENSIO XR to detect ethnic variations in pharmacokinetics.
The pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate after APTENSIO XR administration was studied in pediatric patients with ADHD between 6 and 12 years of age. Following administration of APTENSIO XR, the bi-phasic plasma methylphenidate concentration profile was qualitatively similar in healthy adult volunteers and pediatric patients with ADHD. The bi-phasic profile in both groups is characterized by an early peak due to rapid absorption of the immediaterelease component followed by a delayed, secondary peak due to the controlled-release component of APTENSIO XR.
There is no experience with the use of APTENSIO XR in patients with renal insufficiency. After oral administration of radiolabeled methylphenidate in humans, methylphenidate was extensively metabolized and approximately 80% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine in the form of ritalinic acid metabolite. Since renal clearance is not an important route of methylphenidate clearance, renal insufficiency is expected to have little effect on the pharmacokinetics of APTENSIO XR.
There is no experience with the use of APTENSIO XR in patients with hepatic insufficiency.
The efficacy of APTENSIO XR for the treatment of ADHD was established in a randomized, double-blind, single center, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose, cross-over trial in pediatric patients aged 6 to 12 years and a second randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, fixed–dose trial in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose, cross-over, analog classroom study (Study 1) was conducted in pediatric patients ages 6 to 12 years (N=26) who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive or combined inattentive/hyperactive-impulsive subtypes.
Following a 2 to 4 week open-label dose optimization phase in which patients received flexible-dose APTENSIO XR 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, or 40 mg administered once daily in the morning, patients were randomly assigned to APTENSIO XR (dose from open-label phase) or placebo. After 1-week of treatment, patients were evaluated over a period of 12 hours. Subsequently, patients were given the opposite treatment for 1-week and returned for the second evaluation. Patients could then enter an open-label extension phase for up to 21 months.
Efficacy assessments were conducted at 1, 2, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, 10.5 and 12 hours post-dose using the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M. Flynn, and Pelham Total score (SKAMP). The primary efficacy endpoint was the average SKAMP Total Score, comparing APTENSIO XR to placebo. SKAMP is a validated 13-item teacher-rated scale that assesses manifestations of ADHD in a classroom setting.
The SKAMP Total Scores were statistically significantly better (lower) for APTENSIO XR than for placebo at the test day average and at all time points (1, 2, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, 10.5 and 12 hours) post-dosing (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: Absolute SKAMP- Total Score after treatment with APTENSIO XR or Placebo (Study 1).
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A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, fixed-dose study (Study 2) was conducted in pediatric patients age 6 to 17 years (N=230) who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive or combined inattentive/hyperactive-impulsive subtypes.
The ADHD-RS-IV is an 18-item questionnaire with a score range of 0 to 54 points that measures the core symptoms of ADHD and includes both hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive subscales.
Patients were randomized to a daily morning dose of APTENSIO XR 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, or 40 mg, or placebo for 1 week. An 11-week open label phase followed the double-blind phase. Patients could then enter another open-label phase for up to 21 months.
The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean decrease from baseline to the end of Week 1 in the ADHD-RS-IV Total Score. Each of the four APTENSIO XR doses (10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg/day) was compared to placebo at the end of week 1. For both the 20 mg/day and the 40 mg/day doses, APTENSIO XR was superior to placebo in reduction of the ADHD-RS-IV Total Score, but not for the 10 mg/day or the 15 mg/day doses.
A total of 221 patients completed the 1-week double-blind phase. Among those, 200 (90.5%) completed the 11-week open label phase and 173 (86.5%) patients continued into the 21-month open-label extension phase.
Table 3: Summary of Parallel-Group Study
| Study Number | Treatment Group | Primary Efficacy Measure: ADHD-RS-IV Total Score | ||
| Mean Baseline Score (SD) | LS Mean Reduction from Baseline (SE) | Placebo-subtracted Differencea (95% CI) | ||
| Study 2 (Pediatric) | APTENSIO XR 10 mg/day | 37.6 (8.32) | 9.1 (1.40) | 3.7 (-0.31, 7.66) |
| APTENSIO XR 15 mg/day | 38.0 (8.64) | 10.3 (1.59) | 4.9 (0.63, 9.07) |
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| APTENSIO XR 20 mg/day* | 36.2 (8.46) | 11.4 (1.49) | 6.0 (1.92, 10.02) |
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| APTENSIO XR 40 mg/day* | 35.6 (9.16) | 12.8 (1.49) | 7.4 (3.38, 11.45) |
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| Placebo | 33.4 (11.01) | 5.4 (1.48) | -- | |
| Note: SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; LS Mean: least-squares mean; CI: confidence interval, not adjusted for multiple comparisons. a Difference (placebo minus drug) in least-squares mean change from baseline. Positive numbers indicate reduction (improvement). * Doses that are demonstrated to be effective. |
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APTENSIO XR®
(App-ten-see-o)
(methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release) capsules
What is the most important information I should know about APTENSIO XR?
APTENSIO XR may cause serious side effects, including:
Your healthcare provider should check you or your child carefully for heart problems before starting treatment with APTENSIO XR. Tell your healthcare provider if you or your child have any heart problems, heart disease, or heart defects.
Your healthcare provider should check you or your child’s blood pressure and heart rate regularly during treatment with APTENSIO XR.
Call your healthcare provider or go the nearest hospital emergency room right away if you or your child have any signs of heart problems such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting during treatment with APTENSIO XR.
Tell your healthcare provider about any mental problems you or your child have, or about a family history of suicide, bipolar illness, or depression.
Call your healthcare provider right away if you or your child have any new or worsening mental symptoms or problems during treatment with APTENSIO XR, especially hearing voices, seeing or believing things that are not real, or new manic symptoms.
What is APTENSIO XR?
APTENSIO XR is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant prescription medicine used for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in people 6 years of age and older. APTENSIO XR may help increase attention and decrease impulsiveness and hyperactivity in people with ADHD.
APTENSIO XR is a federally controlled substance (CII) because it contains methylphenidate that can be a target for people who abuse prescription medicines or street drugs. Keep APTENSIO XR in a safe place to protect it from theft. Never give your APTENSIO XR to anyone else, because it may cause death or harm them. Selling or giving away APTENSIO XR may harm others and is against the law.
Do not take APTENSIO XR if you or your child are:
Before taking APTENSIO XR tell your healthcare provider about all medical conditions, including if you or your child:
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines that you or your child take, including prescription and over the- counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
APTENSIO XR and some medicines may interact with each other and cause serious side effects. Sometimes the doses of other medicines will need to be changed during treatment with APTENSIO XR. Your healthcare provider will decide whether APTENSIO XR can be taken with other medicines.
Especially tell your healthcare provider if you or your child take a medicine used to treat depression called monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).
Know the medicines that you or your child take. Keep a list of the medicines with you to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist. Do not start any new medicine during treatment with APTENSIO XR without talking to your healthcare provider first.
How should APTENSIO XR be taken?
If you or your child take too much APTENSIO XR, call your healthcare provider or Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222 or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.
What should be avoided during treatment with APTENSIO XR?
Avoid drinking alcohol during treatment with APTENSIO XR. This may cause a faster release of the APTENSIO XR medicine.
What are possible side effects of APTENSIO XR?
APTENSIO XR may cause serious side effects, including:
Tell your healthcare provider if you have or your child have numbness, pain, skin color change, or sensitivity to temperature in the fingers or toes.
Call your healthcare provider right away if you have or your child have any signs of unexplained wounds appearing on fingers or toes during treatment with APTENSIO XR.
The most common side effects of APTENSIO XR in children 6 to 17 years of age include stomach pain, decreased appetite, headache, trouble sleeping.
These are not all the possible side effects of APTENSIO XR.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
You may also report side effects to Rhodes Pharmaceuticals at 1-888-827-0616.
How should I store APTENSIO XR?
Keep APTENSIO XR and all medicines out of the reach of children.
General information about the safe and effective use of APTENSIO XR.
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use APTENSIO XR for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give APTENSIO XR to other people, even if they have the same symptoms. It may harm them and it is against the law. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about APTENSIO XR that is written for healthcare professionals.
What are the ingredients in APTENSIO XR?
Active Ingredient: methylphenidate hydrochloride
Inactive Ingredients: ammonio methacrylate copolymer, type B; colloidal silicon dioxide (added if necessary); gelatin; hypromelloses; methacrylic acid copolymer, type C; polyethylene glycol; sugar spheres; talc; titanium oxide; and triethyl citrate.
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
