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What is Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules)?
Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules) is a prescription medicine used in adults to help prevent the nausea and vomiting that happens with certain anti-cancer medicines (chemotherapy).
It is not known if Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules) is safe and effective in people under the age of 18 years.
Who should not take Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules) ?
What are the possible side effects of Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules) ?
Serious allergic reactions. Serious allergic reactions can happen with Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules) . Tell your doctor if you experience redness or swelling of the skin, itching, chest discomfort or shortness of breath.
The most common side effects of Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules) are:
Tell your doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules) . For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Aloxi (palonosetron HCl) Capsules is an antiemetic and antinauseant agent. It is a serotonin subtype 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist with a strong binding affinity for this receptor. Chemically, palonosetron hydrochloride is: (3aS)-2-[(S)-1-Azabicyclo [2.2.2]oct-3-yl]-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1-oxo-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline hydrochloride. The empirical formula is C19H24N2O.HCl, with a molecular weight of 332.87. Palonosetron hydrochloride exists as a single isomer and has the following structural formula:
 |
Palonosetron hydrochloride is a white to off-white crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in water, soluble in propylene glycol, and slightly soluble in ethanol and 2-propanol.
Each light beige opaque soft gelatin Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsule contains 0.56 mg of palonosetron HCl equivalent to palonosetron 0.5 mg. Inactive ingredients are: mono- and di-glycerides of capryl/capric acid, glycerin, polyglyceryl oleate, water, and butylated hydroxyanisole.
ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules are indicated for:
Dosage for Adults - one 0.5 mg capsule administered approximately one hour prior to the start of chemotherapy. ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) can be taken with or without food.
Capsules, 0.5 mg
NDC #62856-799-05, ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules, 0.5 mg (free base), are supplied as light beige opaque soft gelatin capsules, five capsules per bottle, each bottle packaged in a small carton.
Jointly manufactured by: Catalent Pharma Solutions, Somerset NJ and Philadelphia PA, USA, and Helsinn Birex Pharmaceuticals, Dublin, Ireland. HELSINN, Manufactured for Helsinn Healthcare SA, Switzerland. Distributed and marketed by Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677. Revised 08/2008. FDA Rev date: 8/22/2008
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. In clinical trials for the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by moderately emetogenic chemotherapy, 693 adult patients received oral palonosetron in doses ranging from 0.25 mg to 0.75 mg. Following is a listing of drug related adverse reactions reported by ≥ 2% of patients from two clinical trials.
Table 1: Adverse Reactions ≥ 2% from Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea
and Vomiting Studies
| Event | 0.25 mg (N=157) |
0.5 mg (N=161) |
0.75 mg (N=375) |
0.25 mg I.V. (N=163) |
| Headache | 6 (3.8%) | 6 (3.7%) | 21 (5.6%) | 14 (8.6%) |
| Constipation | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 9 (2.4%) | 5 (3.1%) |
The infrequently reported adverse reactions listed below, assessed by investigators as treatment-related or causality unknown/missing, occurred following administration of ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules to adult patients receiving concomitant cancer chemotherapy. Of these adverse events, fatigue (incidence 1%), was the only adverse event reported at an incidence of ≥ 1%. In general, adverse reactions were similar between oral and I.V. formulations.
Blood and Lymphatic System: <1%: anemia.
Cardiovascular: <1%: hypertension, transient arrhythmia, first degree atrioventricular block, second degree atrioventricular block, QTc prolongation.
Hearing and Labyrinth: <1%: motion sickness.
Eye: <1%: eye swelling.
Gastrointestinal System: <1%: gastritis, nausea, vomiting.
General: 1%: fatigue, <1%: chills, pyrexia.
Infections: <1%: sinusitis.
Liver: <1%: transient, asymptomatic increases in bilirubin.
Nutrition: <1%: anorexia.
Musculoskeletal: <1%: joint stiffness, myalgia, pain in extremity.
Nervous System: <1%: postural dizziness, dysgeusia.
Psychiatric: <1%: insomnia.
Respiratory System: <1%: dyspnea, epistaxis.
Skin: <1%: generalized pruritus, erythema, alopecia.
Very rare cases (<1/10,000) of hypersensitivity reactions have been reported for I.V. ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) from post-marketing experience.
Palonosetron is eliminated from the body through both renal excretion and metabolic pathways with the latter mediated via multiple CYP enzymes. Further in vitro studies indicated that palonosetron is not an inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5 (CYP2C19 was not investigated) nor does it induce the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4/5. Therefore, the potential for clinically significant drug interactions with palonosetron appears to be low.
A study in healthy volunteers involving single-dose I.V. palonosetron (0.75 mg) and steady state oral metoclopramide (10 mg four times daily) demonstrated no significant pharmacokinetic interaction.
Concomitant administration of an antacid (Maalox® liquid 30 mL) had no effect on the oral absorption or pharmacokinetics of a single capsule of palonosetron 0.75 mg in healthy subjects.
In controlled clinical trials, ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules have been safely administered with chemotherapeutic agents, systemic corticosteroids, analgesics, and drugs for gastrointestinal disorders including function gastrointestinal disorders, acid-related disorders, and antiemetics/antinauseants.
Palonosetron did not inhibit the antitumor activity of the five chemotherapeutic agents tested (cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, doxorubicin and mitomycin C) in murine tumor models.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in patients who have exhibited hypersensitivity to other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Hypersensitivity reactions have been very rarely reported postmarketing for intravenous palonosetron: dyspnea, bronchospasm, swelling/edema, erythema, pruritus, rash, urticaria. No hypersensitivity reactions have been reported for oral palonosetron.
See FDA-Approved Patient Labeling
In a 104-week carcinogenicity study in CD-1 mice, animals were treated with oral doses of palonosetron at 10, 30 and 60 mg/kg/day. Treatment with palonosetron was not tumorigenic. The highest tested dose produced a systemic exposure to palonosetron (Plasma AUC) of about 90 to 173 times the human exposure (AUC= 49.7 ng·h/mL) at the recommended oral dose of 0.5 mg. In a 104-week carcinogenicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats, male and female rats were treated with oral doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg/day and 15, 45 and 90 mg/kg/day, respectively. The highest doses produced a systemic exposure to palonosetron (Plasma AUC) of 82 and 185 times the human exposure at the recommended dose. Treatment with palonosetron produced increased incidences of adrenal benign pheochromocytoma and combined benign and malignant pheochromocytoma, increased incidences of pancreatic Islet cell adenoma and combined adenoma and carcinoma and pituitary adenoma in male rats. In female rats, it produced hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma and increased the incidences of thyroid C-cell adenoma and combined adenoma and carcinoma.
Palonosetron was not genotoxic in the Ames test, the Chinese hamster ovarian cell (CHO/HGPRT) forward mutation test, the ex vivo hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test or the mouse micronucleus test. It was, however, positive for clastogenic effects in the Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cell chromosomal aberration test.
Palonosetron at oral doses up to 60 mg/kg/day (about 921 times the recommended human oral dose based on body surface area) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.
Pregnancy Category B. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at oral doses up to 60 mg/kg/day (921 times the recommended human oral dose based on body surface area) and rabbits at oral doses up to 60 mg/kg/day (1841 times the recommended human oral dose based on body surface area) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to palonosetron. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, palonosetron should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Palonosetron has not been administered to patients undergoing labor and delivery, so its effects on the mother or child are unknown.
It is not known whether palonosetron is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants and the potential for tumorigenicity shown for palonosetron in the rat carcinogenicity study, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 18 years have not been established.
Of the total number of adult cancer patients in a pivotal study of oral palonosetron, 181 were 65 years of age and over. The number of geriatric patients receiving 0.5 mg palonosetron was insufficient to draw any efficacy or safety conclusions.
In a cross-study comparison, after a single oral dose (0.75 mg) the systemic exposure of palonosetron (AUC) was similar, but mean Cmax was 15% lower in healthy elderly subjects 65 years of age compared with the subjects < 65 years of age. No dose adjustment is required for geriatric patients.
Mild to moderate renal impairment does not significantly affect palonosetron pharmacokinetic parameters. Total systemic exposure to intravenous ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) increased by approximately 28% in severe renal impairment relative to healthy subjects. Dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with mild to severe renal impairment. The pharmacokinetics of palonosetron have not been studied in subjects with end-stage renal disease.
Hepatic impairment does not significantly affect total body clearance of intravenous palonosetron compared to the healthy subjects. Dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with any degree of hepatic impairment.
Oral pharmacokinetics of palonosetron were characterized in thirty-two healthy Japanese male subjects using solution over the dose range of 3-90 µg/kg. The apparent total body clear ance was 26% higher in Japanese males than in white males based on a cross-study comparison; however, no dose adjustment is necessary. The pharmacokinetics of palonosetron in other races have not been adequately characterized.
Although a single dose of 0.5 mg ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsule was associated with a 26Â35% higher systemic exposure in female subjects than in male subjects, dosage adjustment is not necessary based on gender.
There is no known antidote to ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) . Overdose should be managed with supportive care.
Thirty-three adult cancer patients were administered oral palonosetron at a dose of 90 µg/kg (equivalent to 6 mg fixed dose) as part of a dose ranging study. This is approximately 12 times the recommended oral dose of 0.5 mg. This dose group had a similar incidence of adverse events compared to the other dose groups and no dose response effects were observed.
Dialysis studies have not been performed, however, due to the large volume of distribution, dialysis is unlikely to be an effective treatment for palonosetron overdose. A single oral dose of palonosetron at 500 mg/kg in rats and 100 mg/kg in dogs (7673 and 5115 times the recommended human oral dose, respectively, based on body surface area) was lethal. The major signs of toxicity included convulsions, labored breathing, and salivation.
ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) is contraindicated in patients known to have hypersensitivity to the drug or any of its components.
Palonosetron is a 5-HT3receptor antagonist with a strong binding affinity for this receptor and little or no affinity for other receptors.
Cancer chemotherapy may be associated with a high incidence of nausea and vomiting, particularly when certain agents, such as cisplatin, are used. 5ÂHT3 receptors are located on the nerve terminals of the vagus in the periphery and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema. It is thought that chemotherapeutic agents produce nausea and vomiting by releasing serotonin from the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine and that the released serotonin then activates 5-HT3 receptors located on vagal afferents to initiate the vomiting reflex.
In non-clinical studies palonosetron possesses the ability to block ion channels involved in ventricular de- and re-polarization and to prolong action potential duration.
The effect of palonosetron on QTc interval was evaluated in a double blind, randomized, parallel, placebo and positive (moxifloxicin) controlled trial in adult men and women. The objective was to evaluate the ECG effects of intravenously administered palonosetron at single doses of 0.25 mg, 0.75 mg or 2.25 mg in 221 healthy subjects. The study demonstrated no significant effect on any ECG interval including QTc duration (cardiac repolarization) at doses up to 2.25 mg.
Clinical trials revealed that oral palonosetron had comparable effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG parameters as intravenous palonosetron.
Following oral administration, palonosetron is well absorbed with its absolute bioavailability reaching 97%. After single oral doses using bufferedm solution mean maximum palonosetron concentrations (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) were dose proportional over the dose range of 3.0 to 80 µg/kg in healthy subjects.
In 36 healthy male and female subjects given a single oral dose of ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules 0.5 mg, maximum plasma palonosetron concentration (C max) was 0.81 ± nd time to maximum concentration (Tmax) was 5.1 ± 35% higher and the mean Cmax was 26% higher than in male subjects (n=18).
In 12 cancer patients given a single oral dose of palonosetron 0.5 mg one hour prior to chemotherapy, Cmax was 0.93 ± 0.34 ng/mL and Tmax was 5.1 ± 5.9 hours. The AUC was 30% higher in cancer patients than in healthy subjects. The mean PK parameters after a single oral dose of 0.5 mg palonosetron are compared between healthy subjects and cancer patients (Table 2).
Table 2: Mean PK parameters1 (± SD) of palonosetron
after a single dose of 0.5 mg Aloxi (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules in healthy subjects and cancer
patients
| PK Parameters | Healthy subjects (n=36) |
Cancer patients (n=12) |
| Cmax (ng/mL) | 0.81 ±0.17 | 0.93 ± 0.34 |
| Tmax (h) | 5.1 ±107 | 5.1± 5.9 |
| AUC∞(ng·h/mL) | 38.2 ±11.7 | 49.7± 12.2 |
| t1/2 (h) | 37 ±12 | 48± 19 |
| 1across-study comparison | ||
A high fat meal did not affect the Cmax and AUC of oral palonosetron. Therefore, ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules may be taken without regard to meals.
Palonosetron has a volume of distribution of approximately 8.3 ± 2.5 L/kg. Approximately 62% of palonosetron is bound to plasma proteins.
Palonosetron is eliminated by multiple routes with approximately 50% metabolized to form two primary metabolites: N-oxide-palonosetron and 6-Shydroxy- palonosetron. These metabolites each have less than 1% of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist activity of palonosetron. In vitro metabolism studies have suggested that CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 are involved in the metabolism of palonosetron. However, clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are not significantly different between poor and extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6 substrates.
Following administration of a single oral 0.75 mg dose of [14C]Âpalonosetron to six healthy subjects, 85% to 93% of the total radioactivity was excreted in urine, and 5% to 8% was eliminated in feces. The amount of unchanged palonosetron excreted in the urine represented approximately 40% of the administered dose. In healthy subjects given ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules 0.5 mg, the terminal elimination half-life (t½) of palonosetron was 37 (mean ± dose of approximately 0.75 mg intravenous palonosetron, the total body clearance of palonosetron in healthy subjects was 160 SD) and renal clearance was 66.5
[see Use In Sprcific Populations]
Study 1 was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind active control clinical trial of 635 patients set to receive moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. A single-dose of 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, or 0.75 mg oral ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) capsules given one hour prior to moderately emetogenic chemotherapy was compared to a single-dose of 0.25 mg I.V. ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) given 30 minutes prior to chemotherapy. Patients were randomized to either dexamethasone or placebo in addition to their assigned treatment. The majority of patients in the study were women (73%), white (69%), and naïve to previous chemotherapy (59%). The primary efficacy endpoint was Complete Response (no emetic episodes and no rescue medication) assessed in the acute phase (0-24 hours). A key secondary efficacy endpoint was Complete Response assessed in the delayed phase (24-120 hours). Other secondary endpoints included Complete Response for the acute plus delayed phases (0-120 hours) and No Nausea for the acute and delayed phases.
Efficacy was based on demonstrating non-inferiority of oral palonosetron doses compared to the approved I.V. formulation. Non-inferiority criteria were met if the lower bound of the two-sided 98.3% confidence interval for the difference in complete response rates of oral palonosetron dose minus approved I.V. formulation was larger than -15%. The non-inferiority margin was 15%.
As shown in Table 3, ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules 0.5 mg demonstrated non-inferiority to the active comparator during the 0 to 24 hour time interval; however, for the 24 to 120 hour time period, non-inferiority was not shown. The additional two oral palonosetron dose levels showed similar results.
Table 3: Proportion of Patients Achieving Complete Response
Post-Chemotherapy
| Time Period | Oral ALOXI 0.5 mg (N=160) | I.V. ALOXI 0.25 mg (N=162) | Difference [Two-sided 98.3% Confidence Interval]*: Oral ALOXI minus I.V. ALOXI Comparator |
| 0-24 hr | 76.3% | 70.4% | 5.9% [-6.5%, 18.2%] |
| 24-120 hr | 62.5% | 65.4% | -2.9% [-16.3%, 10.5%] |
| * To adjust for multiplicity of treatment groups, a lower-bound of a two-sided 98.3% confidence interval was used to compare to -15%, the negative value 12 hours in of the non-inferiority margin. | |||
As indicated in the data above, analysis of the key secondary endpoint showed35 mL/h/kg (mean that a single dose of ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules 0.5 mg was numerically similar to a 18.2 mL/h/kg. single dose of I.V. ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) 0.25 mg, however, statistical non-inferiority was not demonstrated. For ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules 0.5 mg versus I.V. ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) 0.25 mg, the proportion of patients with complete response at 0-120 hours was 58.8% versus 59.3%, respectively. The proportions of patients with no nausea at 0Â24 and 24-120 hours were also numerically similar between oral and I.V. doses.
Study 2 was a multicenter, open label, repeat cycle study performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of single dose oral ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) Capsules 0.75 mg in cancer patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. An ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) capsule was given to 217 cancer patients in 654 chemotherapy cycles one hour before the start of chemotherapy. Approximately 74% of patients also received single dose oral or intravenous dexamethasone 30 minutes before chemotherapy. Complete Response was not formally evaluated for the repeat cycle application. However, in general the antiemetic effect for the 0Â24 hour interval was similar throughout the consecutively repeated cycles.
ALOXI®
(Ah-lock-see)
(palonosetron HCl) Capsules
Read the Patient Information that comes with ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) before you start taking it and each time you refill your prescription. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment.
What is ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) ?
ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) is a prescription medicine used in adults to help prevent the nausea and vomiting that happens with certain anti-cancer medicines (chemotherapy).
It is not known if ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) is safe and effective in people under the age of 18 years.
Who should not take ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) ?
Do not take ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) if you are allergic to any of the ingredients in ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) . See the end of this leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) .
What should I tell my doctor before taking ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) ?
Tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you:
How should I take ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) ?
What are the possible side effects of ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) ?
Serious allergic reactions. Serious allergic reactions can happen with ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) . Tell your doctor if you experience redness or swelling of the skin, itching, chest discomfort or shortness of breath.
The most common side effects of ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) are:
Tell your doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) . For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1Â 800-FDA-1088.
How should I store ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) ?
Keep ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) out of the reach of children.
General information about ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules)
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions other than those listed in patient information leaflets. Do not take ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) to other people even if they have the same condition that you have. It may harm them.
This leaflet summarizes the most important information about ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) . If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) that is written for health professionals. For more information call 1-888-422Â4743, or go to www.ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) .com.
What are the ingredients in ALOXI (palonosetron hcl capsules) ?
Active ingredient: palonosetron hydrochloride
Inactive ingredients: Mono-glycerides and di-glycerides of capryl/capric acid, glycerin, polyglyceryl oleate, water, and butylated hydroxyanisole
