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AGRIFLU
(Influenza Virus Vaccine) for Intramuscular Injection
AGRIFLU, Influenza Virus Vaccine, for intramuscular injection is a trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine prepared from virus propagated in the allantoic cavity of embryonated hens' eggs inoculated with an influenza virus suspension containing kanamycin and neomycin sulphate. Each of the influenza virus strains is harvested and clarified separately by centrifugation and filtration prior to inactivation with formaldehyde. The inactivated virus is concentrated and purified by zonal centrifugation. The surface antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are obtained from the influenza virus particle by further centrifugation in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a process which removes most of the internal proteins. The CTAB is removed from the vaccine preparation by subsequent purification steps.
AGRIFLU is a sterile clear aqueous suspension and is formulated to contain a total of 45 micrograms (mcg) hemagglutinin (HA) per 0.5-mL dose in the recommended ratio of 15 mcg HA of each of the following three influenza virus strains recommended for the 2013/2014 influenza season: A/California/7/2009, NYMC X-181 (H1N1); A/Texas/50/2012, NYMC X-223 (H3N2); and B/Massachusetts/2/2012.
The 0.5 mL pre-filled syringe presentation is manufactured and formulated without thimerosal or any other preservative.
The 5.0 mL multi-dose vial presentation contains thimerosal, a mercury derivative, added as a preservative. Each 0.5 mL dose from the multi-dose vial contains 25 mcg mercury.
Each 0.5 mL dose from the pre-filled syringe or multi-dose vial may contain residual amounts of egg proteins ( < 0.4 mcg), formaldehyde ( ≤ 10 mcg), polysorbate 80 ( ≤ 50 mcg), and CTAB ( ≤ 12 mcg). Each dose may also contain residual amounts of neomycin ( ≤ 0.02 mcg by calculation), kanamycin ( ≤ 0.03 mcg by calculation), and barium ( < 0.5 mcg by calculation), which are used during the initial stages of manufacture. The tip caps of the syringes may contain natural rubber latex. The syringe plunger and the multi-dose vial do not contain natural rubber latex.
AGRIFLU® is a vaccine indicated for the active immunization for the prevention of disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B contained in the vaccine.
AGRIFLU is approved for use in persons 18 years of age and older. (see Clinical Studies)
Shake each pre-filled syringe to aid inspection before administering the vaccine and shake the multi-dose vial each time before withdrawing a dose of vaccine. Inspect AGRIFLU visually for the presence of particulate matter or discoloration prior to administration, whenever suspension and container permit. If either of these conditions exists, do not use the contents. (see DESCRIPTION)
Between uses, return the multi-dose vial to the recommended storage conditions between 2° and 8°C (36° and 46°F). A separate sterile syringe and needle must be used for each injection to prevent transmission of infectious agents from one person to another. It is recommended that small syringes (0.5 mL or 1 mL) should be used to minimize any product loss.
Do not use the vaccine if it has been frozen. Needles should be disposed of properly and not recapped.
AGRIFLUshould be administered as a single 0.5 mL intramuscular injection, preferably in the region of the deltoid muscle of the upper arm.
The vaccine should not be injected in the gluteal region or areas where there may be a major nerve trunk.
AGRIFLU is a sterile clear aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection that is supplied in two presentations:
AGRIFLU product presentations are listed in Table 5 below:
Table 5: AGRIFLU Product Presentations
| Presentation | Carton NDC Number | Components |
| Pre-filled syringe | 46028-112-01 | Ten 0.5 mL single-dose pre-filled syringes without needles (tip cap may contain latex; plunger contains no latex) [NDC 46028-112-11] |
| Multi-dose vial | 46028-112-02 | One 5.0 mL multi-dose vial, containing ten 0.5 mL doses (contains no latex) [NDC 46028-112-12] |
Store refrigerated at +2°C to +8°C (36°F to 46°F).
Do not freeze. Discard if the vaccine has been frozen.
Protect from light.
Do not use after the expiration date.
Between uses, return the multi-dose vial to the recommended storage conditions.
Manufactured by: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Siena, Italy. An affiliate of: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA USA 02139
The most common local (injection site) adverse reactions observed in clinical studies with AGRIFLU were pain, induration, swelling, and erythema. The most common systemic adverse reactions observed were headache, myalgia, and malaise. These reactions are typically mild.
Serious allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, have been observed during postmarketing surveillance in individuals receiving AGRIFLU.
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a vaccine cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another vaccine, and may not reflect rates observed in clinical practice. The most common local adverse reactions and general adverse reactions observed with AGRIFLU were pain and erythema at the injection site, headache, myalgia, and malaise.
Clinical safety data have been obtained from three randomized, controlled trials one of which was a placebo controlled efficacy study.1,2,3 In these trials, 13480 subjects were randomized to receive either AGRIFLU (5338 subjects included in the safety analysis), a U.S.-licensed comparator influenza vaccine (435 included in the safety analysis), an investigational inactivated influenza vaccine (3813 included in the safety analysis), or placebo (3894 included in the safety analysis). (see Clinical Studies). The overall enrolled population from the 3 studies was 18-64 years of age (mean 33 years), 57 % were female and 75% were Caucasian, 6% were Black, 18% were Hispanic and 1% were of other ethnic origin. The percentage of subjects who had a record of receiving a previous influenza vaccination was 13%. (see Clinical Studies). In all three studies, solicited local (injection site) and systemic reactions were collected from subjects who completed a symptom diary card for seven days following vaccination. Safety data are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Percentage of Subjects Reporting Solicited
Adverse Reactions in Days 1-7 After Vaccination With AGRIFLU or Comparators
| Percentage of Subjects with Adverse Reactions | ||||||
| Study 11 2007 NCT00464672 (18-64 years) | Study 22 2007-2008 NCT00617851 (18-49 years) | Study 33 2007-2008 NCT 00630331 (18-49 years) | ||||
| AGRIFLU N=460 |
Comparatora N=233 |
AGRIFLU N=1209 |
Comparatora N=202 |
AGRIFLU N=3669 |
Placebo N=3895 |
|
| Local Adverse Reactions | ||||||
| Injection site pain | ||||||
| Any pain | 25 | 30 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 10 |
| Severe painb | < 1 | 0 | < 1 | < 1 | < 1 | < 1 |
| Induration | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 3 |
| Swelling | < 1 | 1 | 1 | < 1 | 5 | 3 |
| Erythema | < 1 | 1 | < 1 | < 1 | 13 | 10 |
| Ecchymosis | < 1 | 0 | < 1 | < 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Systemic Adverse Reactions | ||||||
| Headache | 23 | 18 | 24 | 24 | 15 | 15 |
| Myalgia | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 10 | 7 |
| Malaise | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 6 |
| Fatigue | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 10 |
| Chills | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 |
| Arthralgia | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 3 |
| Sweating | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Fever ( ≥ 38°C) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | < 1 | < 1 |
| aComparator is U.S.-licensed trivalent,
inactivated influenza virus vaccine (Fluvirin). bSevere injection site pain= local reaction leading to the inability to perform normal daily activities. |
||||||
In the two studies with a U.S.-licensed influenza comparator vaccine, unsolicited adverse events were reported by subjects over a 3-week period after vaccination. Unsolicited adverse events that occurred in > 1% of subjects included influenza-like illness (4% of AGRIFLU subjects and 3% of active comparator subjects) and headache (2% of AGRIFLU and comparator subjects). A total of 17% of subjects in both the AGRIFLU and the comparator groups reported unsolicited adverse events: 15% and 16% of subjects in the AGRIFLU and in the comparator groups, respectively, had mild unsolicited adverse events, 2% and 1% of subjects had moderate adverse events, and < 1 % of subjects in both groups had severe adverse events.
In the placebo controlled efficacy study, all unsolicited adverse events were collected for 7 days after vaccination and selected adverse events (serious adverse events, onset of chronic illness, AEs that necessitated a physician consultation and/or led to withdrawal from the study) for up to 3 weeks after vaccination. A total of 13% and 14% of subjects in the AGRIFLU and the comparator groups reported unsolicited adverse events: in both the AGRIFLU and in the comparator groups, 7% of subjects had mild unsolicited adverse events, 5% of subjects had moderate adverse events, and 2% of subjects had severe adverse events. Unsolicited adverse events reported in the 3 week period that occurred in > 1% of subjects included pharyngolaryngeal pain (2% of both AGRIFLU and placebo subjects).
The following additional adverse events have been identified during postapproval use of AGRIFLU in Europe since 2003. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to the vaccine.
Thrombocytopenia (some very rare cases were severe with platelet counts less than 5,000 per mm³).
Conjunctivitis, eyelid edema, eye redness
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Local injection site reactions, including pain, pain limiting limb movement, redness, swelling, warmth, ecchymosis, induration, local lymphadenopathy, Injection-site cellulitis-like reaction (some cases of swelling, pain, and redness extending more than 10 cm and lasting more than one week), Extensive swelling of injected limb lasting more than one week, and general disorders including, chills, fever, malaise, fatigue, asthenia, facial edema.
Hypersensitivity reactions (including throat and/or mouth edema, anaphylaxis, and anaphylactic shock)
Arthralgia, myalgia.
Headache, syncope shortly after vaccination, dizziness, neuralgia, paraesthesia, convulsion, myelitis (including encephalomyelitis and transverse myelitis), neuropathy (including neuritis and brachial plexus neuropathy), paralysis (including Bell's Palsy and other cranial nerve paralyses), Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Pruritus, urticaria and non-specific rash
Vasculitis (in rare cases associated with transient renal involvement), hot flush
Anaphylaxis has been reported after administration of AGRIFLU. AGRIFLU contains egg proteins, which can induce immediate hypersensitivity reactions among persons who have severe egg allergy. Allergic reactions include hives, angioedema, allergic asthma, and systemic anaphylaxis [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and DESCRIPTION].
The 1976 swine influenza vaccine was associated with an increased frequency of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Evidence for a causal relation of GBS with subsequent vaccines prepared from other influenza viruses is unclear. If influenza vaccine does pose a risk, it is probably slightly more than 1 additional case/1 million persons vaccinated.
Neurological disorders temporally associated with influenza vaccination such as encephalopathy, optic neuritis/neuropathy, partial facial paralysis, and brachial plexus neuropathy have been reported.
Microscopic polyangitis (vasculitis) has been reported temporally associated with influenza vaccination.
There are no data to assess the concomitant administration of AGRIFLU with other vaccines. If AGRIFLU is to be given at the same time as other injectable vaccine(s), the vaccine(s) should be administered at different injection sites.
AGRIFLU should not be mixed with any other vaccine in the same syringe.
Immunosuppressive therapies including corticosteroids may reduce the immune response to AGRIFLU.
REFERENCES
1 NCT00464672; see www.clinicaltrials.gov
2 NCT00617851; see www.clinicaltrials.gov
3 NCT00630331; see www.clinicaltrials.gov
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
If Guillain-Barré syndrome has occurred within 6 weeks of receipt of prior influenza vaccine, the decision to give AGRIFLU should be based on careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks.
The immune response to AGRIFLUin immunocompromised persons, including individuals receiving immunosuppressive therapy, may be lower than in immunocompetent individuals.
Appropriate medical treatment and supervision must be available to manage possible anaphylactic reactions following administration of the vaccine.
The tip caps of the AGRIFLU prefilled syringes may contain natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions in latex sensitive individuals.
Vaccination with AGRIFLU may not protect all recipients.
AGRIFLU has not been evaluated for carcinogenic or mutagenic potential, or for impairment of male fertility.
Reproduction studies have been performed in female rabbits at a dose approximately 15 times the human dose (on a mg/kg basis) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to AGRIFLU. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, AGRIFLU should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.
In two reproduction toxicity studies, the effect of AGRIFLU on embryo-fetal or post-natal development was evaluated in pregnant rabbits. Animals were administered AGRIFLU 3 times prior to gestation, during the period of organogenesis (gestation day 7) and later in pregnancy (gestation day 20), 0.5 mL/rabbit/occasion (approximately 15-fold excess relative to the projected human dose on a body weight basis) by intramuscular injection. Effects on post-natal development could not be fully evaluated, however, there were no adverse effects attributable to the vaccine on mating, female fertility, pregnancy, or embryo-fetal development. There were no vaccine related fetal malformations or other evidence of teratogenesis noted in this study.
AGRIFLU has not been evaluated in nursing mothers. It is not known whether AGRIFLU is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when AGRIFLU is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness in the pediatric population have not been established.
In eight clinical studies, 1221 subjects 65 years of age and older received AGRIFLU. Antibody responses in geriatric subjects were lower after administration of AGRIFLU in comparison to younger adult subjects. Adverse event rates were generally similar in frequency in geriatric subjects ( ≥ 65 years of age) to those reported in younger adults, although some differences were observed.
No information provided.
Do not administer AGRIFLU to anyone with known systemic hypersensitivity reactions to egg proteins (eggs or egg products), kanamycin and neomycin, or any other constituent of the vaccine (see DESCRIPTION), or to anyone who has had a life-threatening reaction to previous influenza vaccination.
Influenza illness and its complications follow infection with influenza viruses. Global surveillance of influenza identifies yearly antigenic variants. For example, since 1977, antigenic variants of influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) viruses and influenza B viruses have been in global circulation. Specific levels of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers induced by vaccination with inactivated influenza virus vaccine have not been correlated with protection from influenza illness. In some human studies, HI antibody titers of 1:40 or greater have been associated with protection from influenza illness in up to 50% of subjects4.
Antibody against one influenza virus type or subtype confers limited or no protection against another. Furthermore, antibody to one antigenic variant of influenza virus might not protect against a new antigenic variant of the same type or subtype. Frequent development of antigenic variants through antigenic drift is the virologic basis for seasonal epidemics and the reason for the usual change of one or more new strains in each year's influenza vaccine. Therefore, inactivated influenza vaccines are standardized to contain the hemagglutinin of influenza virus strains (typically two type A and one type B), representing the influenza viruses likely to be circulating in the United States in the upcoming winter.
Annual revaccination with the current vaccine is recommended because immunity declines during the year after vaccination, and because circulating strains of influenza virus change from year to year5.
A multinational (U.S., Finland, and Poland), randomized, observer-blind, placebo controlled trial (Study 33) was performed to assess clinical efficacy and safety of AGRIFLU in the 2007-2008 influenza season in adults aged 18 to 49 years. A total of 11404 subjects were enrolled to receive in a 1:1:1 ratio AGRIFLU (N=3676), an investigational inactivated influenza vaccine (N=3828) or placebo (N=3900). Among the overall study population enrolled, the mean age was 33 years, 55% were women; 84% were Caucasian, 7% were Hispanic, 7% were Black, and 2% were of other ethnic origin.
AGRIFLU efficacy was assessed by the prevention of culture-confirmed symptomatic influenza illness caused by vaccine-like virus strains compared to placebo. Influenza cases were identified by active and passive surveillance of influenza-like illness (ILI). ILI was defined according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) case definition, i.e., a fever (oral temperature ≥ 100.0°F / 38°C) and cough or sore throat. After an episode of ILI, nose and throat swab samples were collected for analysis. Vaccine efficacy against vaccine-matched influenza strains, against all influenza strains, and against individual influenza subtypes was calculated (Tables 2 and 3).
Table 2: Vaccine Efficacy against Culture-Confirmed
Influenza (Study 3, NCT00630331)1
| N3 | n4 | Attack Rate | Vaccine Efficacy2 | ||
| % | % | LL5 97.5% CI | |||
| Antigenically Matched Strains | |||||
| AGRIFLU | 3638 | 9 | 0.25 | 78.4 | 52.1 |
| Placebo | 3843 | 44 | 1.14 | -- | -- |
| All Culture-Confirmed Influenza | |||||
| AGRIFLU | 3638 | 49 | 1.35 | 63.0 | 46.7 |
| Placebo | 3843 | 140 | 3.64 | -- | -- |
| 1Study 3 was conducted during the 2007/2008 influenza season; 2Simultaneous one-sided 97.5% confidence intervals for the vaccine efficacy of each influenza vaccine relative to placebo based on the Sidak-corrected score confidence intervals for the two relative risks. Vaccine Efficacy = (1 - Relative Risk) x 100 %; 3N = number of subjects in the per protocol efficacy population;4n = number of subjects with Influenza; 5LL = lower limit of one-sided 97.5% CI | |||||
Table 3: Comparative Efficacy of AGRIFLU versus
Placebo Against Culture-Confirmed Influenza by Influenza Subtype (Study 3,
NCT00630331)1
| AGRIFLU (N=3638) |
Placebo (N=3843) |
Vaccine Efficacy2 | ||||
| Attack Rate | Number of Subjects with Influenza | Attack Rate | Number of Subjects with Influenza | % | Lower Limit of One-Sided 97.5% CI | |
| Antigenically Matched Strains | ||||||
| A/H3N23 | 0. 03% | 1 | 0 | 0 | -- | -- |
| A/H1N1 | 0.22% | 8 | 1.12% | 43 | 80.3 | 54.7 |
| B3 | 0 | 0 | 0.03% | 1 | -- | -- |
| All Culture-Confirmed Influenza | ||||||
| A/H3N2 | 0.33% | 12 | 0.65% | 25 | 49.3 | -9.0 |
| A/H1N1 | 0.27% | 10 | 1.48% | 57 | 81.5 | 60.9 |
| B | 0.74% | 27 | 1.59% | 61 | 53.2 | 22.2 |
| 1Study 3 was conducted during the 2007/2008 influenza season; 2Simultaneous one-sided 97.5% confidence intervals for the vaccine efficacy of each influenza vaccine relative to placebo based on the Sidak-corrected score confidence intervals for the two relative risks. Vaccine Efficacy = (1 - Relative Risk) x 100 %; 3There were too few cases of influenza due to vaccine-matched influenza H3N2 or B to adequately assess vaccine efficacy. | ||||||
In the three randomized, controlled clinical trials with AGRIFLU, immune responses, specifically hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers to each virus strain in the vaccine, were evaluated in sera obtained 21 days after administration of AGRIFLU. These studies included Study 3, in which immunogenicity was evaluated in a subset of subjects, comprised of the first 1045 subjects enrolled and randomized at the US sites.
In the first clinical trial (Study 11), performed in Argentina, 643 adult subjects (424 and 219 for AGRIFLU and U.S.-licensed comparator influenza vaccine, respectively) were enrolled and evaluable. Among the overall study population enrolled, 61% were women, and the distribution of subjects by ethnicity was 79% Caucasian, 20% Hispanic, and 1% Asian; the subjects' age ranged between 18 and 64 years (mean age of 38.5 years).
In the second clinical trial (Study 22), performed in the Dominican Republic, subjects were randomly assigned at a 2:2:2:1 ratio to receive either one of three consecutive AGRIFLU lots or the U.S.-licensed influenza vaccine used for comparison of the safety profile. A total of 1376 adult subjects 18 to 49 years of age were enrolled and evaluable (1182 and 194 for AGRIFLU and comparator influenza vaccine, respectively). Among the overall study population enrolled, 70% were women; 97% were Hispanic, 2% were Black, and 1% were of other ethnic origin; subjects' age ranged between 18 and 49 years (mean of 31 years). For all three studies, the following immunogenicity endpoints were assessed: 1) the lower bounds of the 2-sided 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the proportion of subjects with HI antibody titers of 1:40 or greater after vaccination, should exceed 70% for each vaccine antigen strain; and 2) the lower bounds of the 2-sided 95% CI for rates of seroconversion (defined as ≥ 4-fold increase in post-vaccination HI antibody titers from pre-vaccination titers of ≥ 1:10 or an increase in titers from < 1:10 to ≥ 1:40), should exceed 40% for each vaccine antigen strain. In both studies with a U.S.-licensed influenza vaccine comparator the active comparator arm was used for comparison of safety only.
Table 4: Serum HI Antibody Responses in Adults 21 Days
After Vaccination With AGRIFLU
| Vaccine Strain | % HI Titer ≥ 1:40 (95% CI) | % Seroconversionb (95% CI) | |
| Study 1 2007 (18-64 years) NCT00464672 N=424 | A/H1N1 | 93 (90-95) | 74 (69-78) |
| A/H3N2 | 96 (94-98) | 72 (68-76) | |
| B | 91 (87-93) | 77 (72-81) | |
| Study 2 2007-2008 (18-49 years) NCT00617851 N=1182a | A/H1N1 | 98 (97-99) | 94 (93-95) |
| A/H3N2 | 99 (98-100) | 67 (65-70) | |
| B | 87 (85-89) | 84 (82-86) | |
| Study 3 2007-2008 (18-49 years) NCT00630331 N=695 | A/H1N1 | 98 (97-99) | 75 (71-78) |
| A/H3N2 | 99 (98-100) | 68 (64-71) | |
| B | 92 (90-94) | 68 (65-72) | |
| apooled number of subjects receiving one of
the three manufacturing lots of AGRIFLU. bRates of seroconversion = percentage of subjects with either a pre-vaccination HI titer < 1:10 and a post-vaccination HI titer > 1:40 or a pre-vaccination HI titer > 1:10 and at least a four-fold rise in post-vaccination HI antibody titer. |
|||
REFERENCES
1 NCT00464672; see www.clinicaltrials.gov
2 NCT00617851; see www.clinicaltrials.gov
4 Hobson D, Curry RL, Beare A, et. al. The role of serum hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B viruses. J Hyg Camb 1972; 767-777.
5 Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 2011; 60(33):1128-1132. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
Provide the following information or instructions to vaccine recipients:
Inform on potential benefits and risks of immunization with AGRIFLU.
Explain that (1) AGRIFLU contains non-infectious particles and cannot cause influenza and (2) AGRIFLU is intended to provide protection against illness due to influenza viruses only, and cannot provide protection against other respiratory illnesses.
Instruct to report any severe or unusual adverse reactions to their healthcare provider.
Instruct that annual vaccination is recommended.
