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ADLYXIN
(lixisenatide) Injection, for Subcutaneous Use
ADLYXIN contains lixisenatide, which acts as a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Lixisenatide is a peptide containing 44 amino acids, which is amidated at the C-terminal amino acid (position 44). The order of the amino acids is given in the figure below. Its molecular weight is 4858.5 and its molecular formula is C215H347N61O65S. Lixisenatide has the following chemical structure:
 |
ADLYXIN injection is a sterile, clear, colorless aqueous solution for subcutaneous administration. ADLYXIN is supplied in two single-patient use prefilled pens. Each green prefilled pen contains 3 mL solution and each mL contains 50 mcg lixisenatide. Each burgundy prefilled pen contains 3 mL solution, and each mL contains 100 mcg lixisenatide. Inactive ingredients for both prefilled pens are glycerol 85% (54 mg), sodium acetate trihydrate (10.5 mg), methionine (9.0 mg), metacresol (8.1 mg), and water for injection. Hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may be added to adjust pH.
ADLYXIN is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The starting dose of ADLYXIN is 10 mcg subcutaneously once daily for 14 days. • Increase the dose to the maintenance dose of 20 mcg once daily starting on Day 15.
ADLYXIN is a clear solution for subcutaneous injection available as:
ADLYXIN injection is supplied in a disposable single-patient use pen containing a sterile, clear solution for subcutaneous administration. Each prefilled pen contains 3 mL solution. The green starter pen contains 50 mcg/mL of ADLYXIN and delivers 14 doses of 10 mcg, and the burgundy maintenance pen contains 100 mcg/mL of ADLYXIN and delivers 14 doses of 20 mcg.
The following packages are available:
Prior to first use, ADLYXIN should be stored in a refrigerator, 36° - 46°F (2°C - 8°C). Do not freeze. Keep the prefilled pen in the original package to protect it from light.
After first use, store below 86°F (30°C). Replace the pen cap after each use to protect from light. Discard pen 14 days after first use.
sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC Bridgewater, NJ 08807. Revised: July 2016
The following serious reactions are described below or elsewhere in the prescribing information:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The data in Table 1 are derived from the placebo-controlled trials [see Clinical Studies].
These data reflect exposure of 2869 patients to ADLYXIN and a mean duration of exposure to ADLYXIN of 21.7 weeks. Across the treatment arms, the mean age of patients was 56.1 years, 2.3% were 75 years or older and 48.2% were male. The population in these studies was 63.7% White, 2.6% Black or African American, 32.0% Asian; 18.9% were of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. At baseline, the population had diabetes for an average of 8.2 years and had a mean HbA1c of 8.1%. At baseline, 11.2% of the population reported retinopathy. Baseline estimated renal function was normal or mildly impaired (eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2) in 95.3% of the pooled study populations.
Table 1 shows common adverse reactions, excluding hypoglycemia, associated with the use of ADLYXIN in the pool of placebo-controlled trials. These adverse reactions were not present at baseline, occurred more commonly on ADLYXIN than on placebo, and occurred in at least 5% of patients treated with ADLYXIN.
Table 1: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥5% of ADLYXIN-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Occurring More Frequently Compared to Placebo
| Adverse reaction | Placebo | ADLYXIN |
| (N=1639) | (N=2869) | |
| Nausea | 6% | 25% |
| Vomiting | 2% | 10% |
| Headache | 6% | 9% |
| Diarrhea | 6% | 8% |
| Dizziness | 4% | 7% |
| *hypoglycemia is discussed separately | ||
In the pool of placebo-controlled trials, gastrointestinal adverse reactions occurred more frequently among patients receiving ADLYXIN than placebo (placebo 18.4%, ADLYXIN 39.7%). More patients receiving ADLYXIN (4.3%) discontinued treatment due to gastrointestinal adverse reactions than patients receiving placebo (0.5%). Investigators graded the severity of gastrointestinal adverse reactions occurring on ADLYXIN in 64.2% of cases, “moderate" in 32.3% of cases, or “severe" in 3.5% of cases. The majority of these adverse reactions occurred during the first 3 weeks after starting treatment.
In addition to the reactions in Table 1, the following adverse reactions were reported in >2% of patients and more frequently in ADLYXIN-treated patients than placebo (frequencies listed, respectively, as: placebo; ADLYXIN): dyspepsia (0.2%, 3.2%), constipation (1.8%, 2.8%), abdominal distension (0.9%, 2.2%), abdominal pain upper (0.9%, 2.2%), abdominal pain (1.5%, 2.0%).
Symptomatic hypoglycemia was defined as an event with clinical symptoms that were considered to result from a hypoglycemic episode with an accompanying plasma glucose <60 mg/dL or associated with prompt recovery after oral carbohydrate, intravenous glucose, or glucagon administration if no plasma glucose value was available.
Severe symptomatic hypoglycemia was defined as an event with clinical symptoms that were considered to result from hypoglycemia in which the patient required the assistance of another person, associated with a plasma glucose level below 36 mg/dL or, associated with prompt recovery after oral carbohydrate, intravenous glucose, or glucagon administration if no plasma glucose was available.
Table 2 summarizes the incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia in seven placebo-controlled efficacy/safety studies.
Table 2: Incidence (%) of Symptomatic Hypoglycemia and Severe Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During the 24-week Main Treatment Period
| Background therapy | Placebo | ADLYXIN |
| Monotherapy# Symptomatic (%) Severe (%) |
N=122 2 0 |
N=239 2 0 |
| With Metformin Symptomatic (%) Severe (%) |
N=432 1 0 |
N=946 3 0 |
| With Sulfonylurea +/- metformin Symptomatic (%) Severe (%) |
N=377 11 0 |
N=656 15 0.2 |
| With Pioglitazone +/- metformin Symptomatic (%) Severe (%) |
N=161 1 0 |
N=323 3 0 |
| With Basal insulin +/- metformin Symptomatic (%) Severe (%) |
N=213 23 0 |
N=374 28 1 |
| With Basal insulin +/- sulfonylurea Symptomatic (%) Severe (%) |
N=111 22 0 |
N=108 47 0 |
| With Insulin Glargine and metformin +/- thiazolidinedione Symptomatic (%) Severe (%) |
N=223 14 0 |
N=223 22 0.4 |
| # 12-week treatment duration | ||
Injections site reactions (e.g., pain, pruritus and erythema) were reported more frequently in ADLYXIN-treated patients (4%) than placebo treated patients (2 %).
In the ADLYXIN development program anaphylaxis cases were adjudicated. Anaphylaxis was defined as a skin or mucosal lesion of acute onset associated with at least 1 other organ system involvement. Symptoms such as hypotension, laryngeal edema or severe bronchospasm could be present but were not required for the case definition. More cases adjudicated as meeting the definition for anaphylaxis occurred in ADLYXIN-treated patients (incidence rate of 0.2% or 16 cases per 10,000 patient years) than placebo treated patient (incidence rate of 0.1% or 7 cases per 10,000 patient years).
Allergic reactions (such as anaphylactic reaction, angioedema and urticaria) adjudicated as possibly related to the study medication were observed more frequently in ADLYXIN-treated patients (0.4%) than placebo-treated patient (0.2%) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
In the pool of 9 placebo-controlled studies, 70% of patients exposed to lixisenatide tested positive for anti-lixisenatide antibodies during the trials. In the subset of patients (2.4%) with the highest antibody concentrations (>100 nmol/L), an attenuated glycemic response was observed. A higher incidence of allergic reactions and injection site reactions occurred in antibody positive patients. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Anti-lixisenatide antibody characterization studies have demonstrated the potential for development of antibodies cross-reactive with endogenous GLP-1 and glucagon, but their incidence has not been fully determined and the clinical significance of these antibodies is not currently known.
No information regarding the presence of neutralizing antibodies is currently available. The detection of antibody formation is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Additionally, the observed incidence of antibody (including neutralizing antibody) positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors including assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, the incidence of antibodies to lixisenatide cannot be directly compared with the incidence of antibodies with other products.
ADLYXIN delays gastric emptying which may reduce the rate of absorption of orally administered medications. Use caution when coadministering oral medications that have a narrow therapeutic ratio or that require careful clinical monitoring. These medications should be adequately monitored when concomitantly administered with ADLYXIN. If such medications are to be administered with food, patients should be advised to take them with a meal or snack when ADLYXIN is not administered.
Oral medications that are particularly dependent on threshold concentrations for efficacy, such as antibiotics, or medications for which a delay in effect is undesirable, such as acetaminophen, should be administered at least 1 hour before ADLYXIN injection [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Patients taking oral contraceptives should be advised to take them at least 1 hour before ADLYXIN administration or at least 11 hours after the dose of ADLYXIN [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
When ADLYXIN is added to a sulfonylurea or basal insulin, there is a potential risk of hypoglycemia. A reduction of the concomitantly administered sulfonylurea or basal insulin may be necessary. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
In clinical trials of ADLYXIN, there have been cases of anaphylaxis determined to be related to ADLYXIN (frequency of 0.1% or 10 cases per 10,000 patient-years). Other serious hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema also occurred [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Inform and closely monitor patients with a history of anaphylaxis or angioedema with another GLP-1 receptor agonist for allergic reactions, because it is unknown whether such patients will be predisposed to anaphylaxis with ADLYXIN. ADLYXIN is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to lixisenatide [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. If a hypersensitivity reaction occurs, the patient should discontinue ADLYXIN and promptly seek medical attention.
Acute pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis, has been reported postmarketing in patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists. In clinical trials of ADLYXIN, there were 21 cases of pancreatitis among ADLYXIN-treated patients and 14 cases in comparator-treated patients (incidence rate of 21 vs. 17 per 10,000 patient-years). ADLYXIN cases were reported as acute pancreatitis (n=3), pancreatitis (n=12), chronic pancreatitis (n=5), and edematous pancreatitis (n=1). Some patients had risk factors for pancreatitis, such as a history of cholelithiasis or alcohol abuse.
After initiation of ADLYXIN, observe patients carefully for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis (including persistent severe abdominal pain, sometimes radiating to the back and which may or may not be accompanied by vomiting). If pancreatitis is suspected, promptly discontinue ADLYXIN and initiate appropriate management. If pancreatitis is confirmed, do not restart ADLYXIN. Consider antidiabetic therapies other than ADLYXIN in patients with a history of pancreatitis.
ADLYXIN pens should never be shared between patients, even if the needle is changed. Pensharing poses a risk for transmission of blood-borne pathogens.
Patients receiving ADLYXIN in combination with basal insulin or a sulfonylurea have an increased risk of hypoglycemia. In patients receiving sulfonylurea with or without metformin, 14.5% patients on ADLYXIN reported symptomatic hypoglycemia compared to 10.6% for those on placebo. In patients receiving basal insulin with or without metformin, 28.3% patients on ADLYXIN reported symptomatic hypoglycemia compared to 23.0% for those on placebo. In patients receiving basal insulin with sulfonylurea, 47.2% patients on ADLYXIN reported symptomatic hypoglycemia compared to 21.6% for those on placebo. Reduction in the dose of sulfonylurea or basal insulin may be necessary. [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Acute kidney injury and worsening of chronic renal failure, which may sometimes require hemodialysis has been reported postmarketing in patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists. Some of these events were reported in patients without known underlying renal disease. A majority of the reported events occurred in patients who had experienced nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or dehydration.
Monitor renal function when initiating or escalating doses of ADLYXIN in patients with renal impairment and in patients reporting severe gastrointestinal reactions. ADLYXIN is not recommended in patients with end stage renal disease [see Use in Specific Populations].
Patients may develop antibodies to lixisenatide following treatment with ADLYXIN. A pooled analysis of studies of lixisenatide-treated patients showed that 70% were antibody positive at Week 24. In the subset of patients (2.4 %) with the highest antibody concentrations (>100 nmol/L), an attenuated glycemic response was observed. A higher incidence of allergic reactions and injection site reactions occurred in antibody positive patients. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS].
If there is worsening glycemic control or failure to achieve targeted glycemic control, significant injection site reactions or allergic reactions, alternative antidiabetic therapy should be considered [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Clinical studies have not shown macrovascular risk reduction with ADLYXIN or any other antidiabetic drug [see Clinical Studies].
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).
Inform patients that serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been reported in clinical trials of ADLYXIN and during postmarketing use of GLP-1 receptor agonists. If symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions occur, inform patients that they must stop taking ADLYXIN and seek medical advice promptly.[see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Inform patients that persistent severe abdominal pain that may radiate to the back and which may or may not be accompanied by vomiting is the hallmark symptom of acute pancreatitis. Instruct patients to promptly discontinue ADLYXIN and contact their physician if persistent severe abdominal pain occurs. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Advise patients that they should never share ADLYXIN pen with another person, even if the needle is changed, because doing so carries a risk for transmission of blood-borne pathogens. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Inform patients that the risk of hypoglycemia increased when ADLYXIN is used in combination with a sulfonylurea or basal insulin. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Advise patients treated with ADLYXIN of the potential risk of dehydration due to gastrointestinal adverse reactions and take precautions to avoid fluid depletion. Inform patients of the potential risk for worsening renal function, which in some cases may require dialysis. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
Advise patients to inform their physicians if they are pregnant or intend to become pregnant. [see Use in Specific Populations]
Carcinogenicity studies of 2-years durations were conducted in CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats with twice daily subcutaneous doses of 40, 200, or 1,000 mcg/kg. A statistically significant increase in thyroid C-cell adenomas was observed in male mice at 2,000 mcg/kg/day, resulting in systemic exposures that are >180-times the human exposure achieved at 20 mcg/day based on plasma AUC.
Statistically significant increases in thyroid C-cell adenomas were seen at all doses in rats, resulting in systemic exposures that are ≥15-times the human exposure achieved at 20 mcg/day based on plasma AUC. A numerical increase in thyroid C-cell carcinomas was observed in rats at ≥ 400 mcg/kg/day, resulting in systemic exposures that are >56-times the human exposure achieved at 20 mcg/day based on plasma AUC.
Lixisenatide was not mutagenic or clastogenic in a standard battery of genotoxicity tests (bacterial mutagenicity (Ames), human lymphocyte chromosome aberration, mouse bone marrow micronucleus).
Studies in which male and female rats received twice daily subcutaneous doses of 2, 29, or 414 mcg/kg/dose prior to pairing through gestation day 6 did not indicate any adverse effects on male or female fertility in rats up to the highest dose tested, 414 mcg/kg/dose, which is approximately 400-times the clinical dose at 20 mcg/day based on mcg/m2 .
The limited available data with lixisenatide in pregnant women are not sufficient to inform a drug-associated risk of major birth defects and miscarriage. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations].
Based on animal reproduction studies, there may be risks to the fetus from exposure to lixisenatide during pregnancy. ADLYXIN should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Lixisenatide administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis was associated with visceral closure and skeletal defects at systemic exposures that decreased maternal food intake and weight gain during gestation, and that are 1-time and 6-times higher than the 20 mcg/day clinical dose, respectively, based on plasma AUC [see Data].
The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6-10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes with a HbA1c >7 and has been reported to be as high as 20-25% in women with a HbA1c >10. The estimated background risk of miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
Disease-Associated Maternal And/or Embryo/fetal Risk
Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, stillbirth and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, still birth, and macrosomia related morbidity.
Animal Data
In pregnant rats receiving twice daily subcutaneous doses of 2.5, 35, or 500 mcg/kg during organogenesis (gestation day 6 to 17), fetuses were present with visceral closure defects (e.g., microphthalmia, bilateral anophthalmia, diaphragmatic hernia) and stunted growth. Impaired ossification associated with skeletal malformations (e.g., bent limbs, scapula, clavicle, and pelvis) were observed at ≥5 mcg/kg/day, resulting in systemic exposure that is 1-time the 20 mcg/day clinical dose, based on plasma AUC. Decreases in maternal body weight, food consumption, and motor activity were observed concurrent with the adverse fetal findings, which confounds the interpretation of relevance of these malformations to the human risk assessment. Placental transfer of lixisenatide to developing rat fetuses is low with a concentration ratio in fetal/maternal plasma of 0.1%.
In pregnant rabbits receiving twice daily subcutaneous doses of 2.5, 25, 250 mcg/kg during organogenesis (gestation day 6 to 18), fetuses were present with multiple visceral and skeletal malformations, including closure defects, at ≥5 mcg/kg/day or systemic exposures that are 6times the 20 mcg/day clinical dose, based on plasma AUC. Decreases in maternal body weight, food consumption, and motor activity were observed concurrent with the fetal findings, which confounds the interpretation of relevance of these malformations to the human risk assessment. Placental transfer of lixisenatide to developing rabbit fetuses is low with a concentration ratio in fetal/maternal plasma of â‰Â¤0.3%. In a second study in pregnant rabbits, no drug-related malformations were observed from twice daily subcutaneous doses of 0.15, 1.0, and 2.5 mcg/kg administered during organogenesis, resulting in systemic exposures up to 9-times the clinical exposure at 20 mcg/day, based on plasma AUC.
In pregnant rats given twice daily subcutaneous doses of 2, 20, or 200 mcg/kg from gestation day 6 through lactation, decreases in maternal body weight, food consumption, motor activity were observed at all doses. Skeletal malformations and increased pup mortality were observed at 400 mcg/kg/day, which is approximately 200-times the 20 mcg/day clinical dose, based on mcg/m2 .
There is no information regarding the presence of ADLYXIN in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. However, lixisenatide is present in rat milk [see Data]. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for lixisenatide and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from lixisenatide or from the underlying maternal condition.
Animal Data
A study in lactating rats showed low (9.4%) transfer of lixisenatide and its metabolites into milk and negligible (0.01%) levels of unchanged lixisenatide peptide in the gastric contents of weaning offspring.
Safety and effectiveness of ADLYXIN have not been established in pediatric patients below 18 years of age.
In Phase 2 and 3controlled clinical studies of ADLYXIN, a total of 1837 (25%) of the patients exposed to the study medication were 65 years of age and over and 288 (4%) were 75 years of age and over. No overall differences were observed in safety or effectiveness between these patients and younger patients, but individual sensitivity cannot be ruled out.
In patients with mild renal impairment (eGFR: 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2) no dose adjustment is required [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY] but close monitoring for ADLYXIN related adverse reactions [see ADVERSE REACTIONS] and for changes in renal function is recommended because a higher incidence of hypoglycemia, nausea and vomiting were observed in these patients.
In a cardiovascular outcome study, 655 (22%) lixisenatide treated patients had moderate renal impairment (eGFR: 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). No dosing adjustment is recommended in patients with moderate renal impairment [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY] but close monitoring for ADLYXIN related adverse gastrointestinal reactions [see ADVERSE REACTIONS] and for changes in renal function is recommended because these may lead to dehydration and acute renal failure and worsening of chronic failure in these patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Clinical experience in patients with severe renal impairment is limited as there were only 5 patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR 15 to less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) exposed to ADLYXIN in all controlled studies. Lixisenatide exposure was higher in these patients [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Patients with severe renal impairment exposed to ADLYXIN should be closely monitored for occurrence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions and for changes in renal function [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
There is no therapeutic experience in patients with end stage renal disease (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2), and it is not recommended to use ADLYXIN in this population [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
ADLYXIN slows gastric emptying. Patients with preexisting gastroparesis were excluded from clinical trials of ADLYXIN. ADLYXIN should not be initiated in patients with severe gastroparesis
During clinical studies, doses up to 30 mcg of lixisenatide twice daily (3 times the daily recommended dose) were administered to type 2 diabetic patients in a 13-week study. The 30 mcg dose of lixisenatide is not an approved dose. An increased incidence of gastrointestinal disorders was observed.
In case of overdose, appropriate supportive treatment should be initiated according to the patient’s clinical signs and symptoms.
ADLYXIN is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to lixisenatide or to any component of ADLYXIN. Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis have occurred with ADLYXIN [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Lixisenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Lixisenatide increases glucose-dependent insulin release, decreases glucagon secretion, and slows gastric emptying.
In a clinical pharmacology study in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, ADLYXIN reduced fasting plasma glucose and postprandial blood glucose AUC 0-300 min compared to placebo (-33.8 mg/dL and -387 mg*h/dL, respectively) following a standardized test meal. The effect on postprandial blood glucose AUC was most notable with the first meal, and the effect was attenuated with later meals in the day.
Treatment with ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily reduced postprandial glucagon levels (AUC 0-300 min) compared to placebo by -15.6 h*pmol/L after a standardized test meal in patients with type 2 diabetes.
At a dose 1.5 times the recommended dose, ADLYXIN does not prolong the QTc interval to any clinically relevant extent.
No increase in mean heart rate was seen in phase 3 placebo-controlled studies.
Following subcutaneous administration in patients with type 2 diabetes, the median tmax is 1 to 3.5 hours. There are no clinically relevant differences in the rate of absorption when lixisenatide is administered subcutaneously in the abdomen, thigh, or arm.
The apparent volume of distribution after subcutaneous administration of lixisenatide (Vz/F) is approximately 100 L.
Metabolism and Elimination
Lixisenatide is presumed to be eliminated through glomerular filtration, and proteolytic degradation.
After multiple dose administration in patients with type 2 diabetes, mean terminal half-life was approximately 3 hours and the mean apparent clearance (CL/F) about 35 L/h.
Age, body weight, gender, and race were not observed to meaningfully affect the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide in population PK analyses. [see Use in Specific Populations].
Compared to healthy subjects [Creatinine Clearance using Cockcroft-Gault [CLcr] greater than or equal to 90 mL/min (N=4)], plasma Cmax of lixisenatide was increased by approximately 60%, 42%, and 83% in subjects with mild [CLcr 60-89 mL/min (N=9)], moderate [CLcr 30-59 mL/min (N=11)], and severe [CLcr 15-29 mL/min (N=8)] renal impairment. Plasma AUC was increased by approximately 34%, 69% and 124% with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively.[see Use in Specific Populations].
No pharmacokinetic study has been performed in patients with acute or chronic hepatic impairment. Hepatic dysfunction is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of lixisenatide.
ADLYXIN 10 mcg did not change the overall exposure (AUC) of acetaminophen following administration of a single dose of acetaminophen 1000 mg, whether before or after ADLYXIN. No effects on acetaminophen Cmax and tmax were observed when acetaminophen was administered 1 hour before ADLYXIN. When administered 1 or 4 hours after 10 mcg of ADLYXIN, Cmax of acetaminophen was decreased by 29% and 31% respectively and median tmax was delayed by 2.0 and 1.75 hours, respectively.
Administration of a single dose of an oral contraceptive medicinal product (ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg/levonorgestrel 0.15 mg) 1 hour before or 11 hours after 10 mcg of ADLYXIN, did not change Cmax, AUC, t½ and tmax of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel.
Administration of a single dose of an oral contraceptive medicinal product (ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg/levonorgestrel 0.15 mg) 1 hour or 4 hours after 10 mcg of ADLYXIN did not affect the overall exposure (AUC) and mean terminal half-life (t½) of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel. However, Cmax of ethinylestradiol was decreased by 52% and 39% respectively and Cmax of levonorgestrel was decreased by 46% and 20%, respectively and median tmax was delayed by 1 to 3 hours [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
When ADLYXIN 20 mcg and atorvastatin 40 mg were coadministered in the morning for 6 days, the overall exposure (AUC) of atorvastatin was not affected, while Cmax was decreased by 31% and tmax was delayed by 3.25 hours. No such increase for tmax was observed when atorvastatin was administered in the evening and ADLYXIN in the morning but the AUC and Cmax of atorvastatin were increased by 27% and 66% respectively.
After concomitant administration of warfarin 25 mg with repeated dosing of ADLYXIN20 mcg, there were no effects on AUC or INR (International Normalized Ratio) while Cmax was reduced by 19% and tmax was delayed by 7 hours [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
After concomitant administration of ADLYXIN 20 mcg and digoxin 0.25 mg at steady state, the AUC of digoxin was not affected. The tmax of digoxin was delayed by 1.5 hour and the Cmax was reduced by 26% [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].
After concomitant administration of ADLYXIN20 mcg and ramipril 5 mg during 6 days, the AUC of ramipril was increased by 21% while the Cmax was decreased by 63%. The AUC and Cmax of the active metabolite (ramiprilat) were not affected. The tmax of ramipril and ramiprilat were delayed by approximately 2.5 hours.
ADLYXIN has been studied as monotherapy, in combination with oral antidiabetic medications, and in combination with basal insulin (with or without oral antidiabetic medications). The efficacy of ADLYXIN was compared with placebo, exenatide, and insulin glulisine.
In patients with type 2 diabetes, ADLYXIN produced reductions from baseline in HbA1c compared to placebo.
In a 12-week double blind study, 241 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on diet and exercise were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or placebo. The mean age of the study population was 53.9 years, and the mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 2.5 years. 51.0% were male. 72.6% were White, 2.5% were Black or African American. 22.0% were Hispanic. 3.7% had an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 32 kg/m 2 .
Compared with placebo, treatment with ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c from baseline at Week 12 (see Table 3). The adjusted mean change in weight from baseline did not differ significantly between ADLYXIN (-1.9 kg) and placebo (-2.0 kg).
Table 3: Placebo-Controlled Study (12-week Treatment Period Results) - Intent-To-Treat (ITT) Population
| Placebo (N=122) |
ADLYXIN 20 mcg (N= 119) |
|
| HbA1c (%) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 8.07 | 8.07 |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
-0.18 | -0.83 -0.65 (-0.903, -0.399) (p<0.0001) |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c <7.0%## |
24 | 44 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) | ||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
160.39 1.46 |
162.77 -15.84 |
| Body weight (kg) | ||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
86.08 -2.03 |
86.50 -1.94 |
| ITT population = all randomized patients. # Using multiple imputation with respect to jump to placebo for missing data at Week 12 in the ADLYXIN group. ## Patients with missing HbA1c value at Week 12 were considered non-responders. 10 % of patients in ADLYXIN and 10% in the placebo had missing HbA1c data at Week 12 in the ITT population. |
||
In a 24-week study, 323 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on diet exercise and metformin were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or placebo. The mean age of the study population was 56.7 years, and the mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5.9 years. 44.6% were male. 90.1% were White, 0.6% were Black or African American. 27.9% were Hispanic. 1.2% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 33 kg/m 2 . The mean dose of metformin was 1955 mg per day.
Compared with placebo, treatment with ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c from baseline at Week 24 (see Table 4).
Table 4: Placebo-Controlled Study in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Combination with Metformin (24-week Results) - ITT Population
| Background therapy | With metformin* | |
| Placebo (N= 162) |
ADLYXIN 20 mcg (N= 161) |
|
| HbA1c (%) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 8.03 | 7.99 |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
-0.26 |
-0.72 -0.46 (-0.640, -0.279) (p<0.0001) |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c <7.0%## |
22 | 44 |
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) |
||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
170.32 -7.25 |
172.23 -16.88 -9.64 (-16.306, -2.970) (p=0.0046) |
| Body weight (kg) | ||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
87.87 -1.71 |
90.21 -2.70 -1.00 (-1.706, -0.286) (p=0.006) |
| ITT population = all randomized patients. # Using multiple imputation with respect to jump to placebo for missing data at Week 24 in the ADLYXIN group. ## Patients with missing HbA1c value at Week 24 were considered non-responders. * 11% of patients in ADLYXIN 20 mcg and 6% in the placebo had missing HbA1c data at Week 24 in the ITT population. |
||
In a 24-week study, 391 Asian patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on diet exercise and metformin with or without a sulfonylurea were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or placebo. The mean age of the study population was 54.8 years, and mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 6.6 years. 49.1% were male. All patients were Asian. 2.8% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 27 kg/m 2 . The mean dose of metformin was 1368 mg per day and 44.8% of patients were on a sulfonylurea.
Compared with placebo, treatment with ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c from baseline at Week 24 (see Table 5).
Table 5: Placebo-Controlled Study in Asian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Combination with Metformin with or without Sulfonylurea (24-week Results) - ITT Population
| Background therapy | With metformin +/- sulfonylurea* | |
| Placebo (N= 195) |
ADLYXIN 20 mcg (N= 196) |
|
| HbA1c (%) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 7.85 | 7.95 |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
-0.57 | -0.84 -0.27 (-0.447, -0.090) (p=0.0032) |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c <7.0%## |
37 | 49 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) |
||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
157.47 -7.05 |
159.26 -13.39 |
| Body weight (kg) | ||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
72.74 -1.12 |
73.18 -1.36 |
| ITT population = all randomized patients. # Using multiple imputation with respect to jump to placebo for missing data at Week 24 in the ADLYXIN group. ## Patients with missing HbA1c value at Week 24 were considered non-responders. * 7% of patients in ADLYXIN and 6% in the placebo had missing HbA1c data at Week 24 in the ITT population. |
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In a 24-week open-label study, 634 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on diet, exercise and metformin were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or exenatide 10 mcg twice daily. The mean age of the study population was 57.4 years, and mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 6.8 years. 53.3% were male. 92.7% were White, 2.8% were Black or African American. 26.8% were Hispanic. 1.7% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 34 kg/m2 . The mean dose of metformin was 2039 mg per day.
ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily met the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of 0.4% versus exenatide 10 mg BID for the difference in HbA1c reduction from baseline (see Table 6). However in this study, ADLYXIN provided less HbA1c reduction than exenatide 10 mg BID and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.0175).
Table 6: Active-Controlled Study in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Combination with Metformin (24-week Treatment Period Results) - ITT population
| ADLYXIN (N=318) |
Exenatide BID (N=316) |
|
| HbA1c (%) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 7.95 | 7.97 |
| LS Mean change from baseline# LS mean difference vs Exenatide BID# 95% CI |
-0.73 0.17 (0.030 to 0.314) (p=0.0175) |
-0.90 |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c <7.0%## |
43.1 | 45.6 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) | ||
| Baseline LS Mean change from baselinea |
174.24 -19.79 |
173.88 -24.19 |
| Body weight (kg) | ||
| Baseline LS Mean change from baselinea |
94.01 -2.74 |
96.09 -3.72 |
| ITT population = all randomized patients. # Using multiple imputation with respect to use the baseline value for missing data at Week 24 in each group. ## Patients with missing HbA1c value at Week 24 were considered non-responders 14% of patients in ADLYXIN and 14% in exenatide had missing HbA1c data at Week 24 in the ITT population |
||
In a 24-week study, 859 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet, exercise and a sulfonylurea with or without metformin were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or placebo. The mean age of the study population was 57.2 years, and mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 9.3 years. 50.5% were male. 52.2% were White, 3.0% were Black or
African American. 2.7% were Hispanic. 4.7% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 30 kg/m2 . The two most common sulfonylureas used were glimepiride and glibenclamide and the mean dose of these drugs at baseline were 5.1 mg and 12.9 mg respectively, and 84.4% of patients were on metformin.
Compared with placebo, treatment with ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c from baseline at Week 24 (see Table 7).
Table 7: Placebo-Controlled Study in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Combination with a Sulfonylurea (24-week results) - ITT Population
| Background therapy | With sulfonylurea +/- metformin* | |
| Placebo (N= 286) |
ADLYXIN 20 mcg (N= 573) |
|
| HbA1c (%) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 8.28 | |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
8.21 -0.18 |
-0.77 -0.58 (-0.715, -0.453) (p<0.0001) |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c <7.0%## |
13 | 33 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 174.24 | |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
167.47 -10.36 |
-17.09 -6.73 (-11.946, -1.518) (p=0.0114) |
| Body weight (kg) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 82.34 | |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
84.34 -0.83 | -1.63 -0.80 (-1.244, -0.349) (p=0.0005) |
| ITT population = all randomized patients. # Using multiple imputation with respect to jump to placebo for missing data at Week 24 in the ADLYXIN group. ## Patients with missing HbA1c value at Week 24 were considered non-responders. * 13% of patients in ADLYXIN and 13% in the placebo had missing HbA1c data at Week 24 in the ITT population. |
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In a 24-week study, 484 patients with type 2 diabetes with inadequately controlled with diet, exercise and pioglitazone with or without metformin were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or placebo. The mean age of the study population was 55.8 years, and mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 8.1 years. 52.5% were male. 83.7% were White, 4.8% were Black or African American. 26.4% were Hispanic. 4.1% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 34 kg/m2. The mean dose of pioglitazone was 33.6 mg per day and 81.0% of patients were on metformin.
Compared with placebo, treatment with ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c from baseline at Week 24 (see Table 8).
Table 8: Placebo-Controlled Study in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Combination with Pioglitazone (24-week results) - ITT Population
| Background therapy | Pioglitazone +/- metformin* | |
| Placebo (N= 161) |
ADLYXIN 20 mcg (N= 323) |
|
| HbA1c(%) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 8.08 | |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
8.06 -0.43 |
-0.91 -0.48 (-0.647, -0.318) (p<.0001) |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c <7.0%## |
25 |
49 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 164.16 | |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
164.49 -14.12 |
-24.56 -10.45 (-16.580, -4.315) (p=0.0008) |
| Body weight (kg) | ||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
96.74 0.26 |
92.93 -0.11 |
| ITT population = all randomized patients. # Using multiple imputation with respect to jump to placebo for missing data at Week 24 in the ADLYXIN group. ## Patients with missing HbA1c value at Week 24 were considered non-responders. * 9% of patients in ADLYXIN and 12% in the placebo had missing HbA1c data at Week 24 in the ITT population. |
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In a 24-week study, 496 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on diet, exercise and basal insulin with or without metformin were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or placebo. The mean age of the study population was 57.2 years, and mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 12.46 years. 46.0% were male. 77.6% were White, 4.0% were Black or
African American. 27.0% were Hispanic. 3.2% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 32 kg/m2 . At baseline, the mean basal insulin dose was 54.9 units and 79.2% of individuals were receiving metformin.
In another 24-week study, 311 Asian patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on diet, exercise and basal insulin with or without a sulfonylurea were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or to placebo. The mean age of the study population was 58.4 years, and mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 13.92 years. 47.9% were male. All patients were Asian. 15.8% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 25 kg/m 2. At baseline, the mean basal insulin dose was 24.2 units and 70.4% of individuals were receiving a sulfonylurea.
Compared with placebo, treatment with ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c from baseline at Week 24 (see Table 9) in both studies.
Table 9: Placebo-Controlled Studies in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Combination with a Basal Insulin (24-week Treatment Period Results) - ITT Population
| Background therapy | With basal insulin +/metformin* | With basal insulin +/- sulfonylurea** | |||
| Placebo (N= 167) |
ADLYXIN 20 mcg (N= 329) |
Placebo (N= 157) |
ADLYXIN 20 mcg (N= 154) |
||
| HbA1c (%) | |||||
| Baseline (mean) | 8.37 | 8.42 | 8.52 | 8.54 | |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
-0.34 | -0.71 -0.36 (-0.557, -0.170) (p=0.0002) |
0.07 | -0.70 -0.76 (-1.005, -0.516) (p<.0001) |
|
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c <7.0%## | 11 | 25 | 6 | 33 | |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) | |||||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
144.94 -13.07 |
146.44 -13.02 |
139.69 2.02 |
138.25 -4.38 |
|
| Body weight (kg) | |||||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
88.94 -0.36 |
87.10 -1.55 |
65.60 -0.03 |
65.93 -0.48 |
|
| ITT population = all randomized patients. # Using multiple imputation with respect to jump to placebo for missing data at Week 24 in the ADLYXIN group. ## Patients with missing HbA1c value at Week 24 were considered non-responders. * 16% of patients in ADLYXIN and 13% in the placebo had missing HbA1c data at Week 24 with basal insulin +/- metformin in the ITT population. ** Conducted in an Asian population. 8 % of patients in ADLYXIN and 6% of patients in placebo had missing HbA1c data at Week 24 with basal insulin +/- sulfonylurea in the ITT population. |
|||||
In a 24-week study, 446 patients with type 2 diabetes, inadequately controlled on diet exercise and on insulin glargine and metformin with or without thiazolidinediones, were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or placebo. The mean age of the study population was 56.2 years, and mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 9.1 years. 49.8% were male. 74.4% were White, 4.5% were Black or African American. 22.6% were Hispanic. 3.8% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 32 kg/m 2 . At baseline, the mean insulin glargine dose was 44.5 units, the mean metformin dose was 2049 mg and 12.1% of individuals were receiving thiazolidinedione.
Compared with placebo, treatment with ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c from baseline at Week 24 (see Table 10).
Table 10: Placebo-Controlled Study in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Combination with Insulin Glargine (24-week Results) - ITT Population
| Background therapy | With Insulin glargine and metformin +/- Thiazolidinediones* | |
| Placebo (N= 223) |
ADLYXIN 20 mcg (N= 223) |
|
| HbA1c (%) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 7.60 | 7.56 |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
-0.42 | -0.28 (-0.434, -0.123) (p=0.0005) |
|
Patients (%) achieving HbA1c |
39 |
50 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) | ||
| Baseline (mean) LS mean change from baseline# |
120.67 6.05 |
117.99 5.74 |
| Body weight (kg) | ||
| Baseline (mean) | 86.75 | 87.31 |
| LS mean change from baseline# Difference from placebo (95% CI) |
1.09 | -0.78 (-1.388, -0.168) (p=0.0125) |
| ITT population = all randomized patients. # Using multiple imputation with respect to jump to placebo for missing data at Week 24 in the ADLYXIN group. ## Patients with missing HbA1c value at Week 24 were considered non-responders. * 9% of patients in ADLYXIN and 5% in the placebo had missing HbA1c data at Week 24 in the ITT population. |
||
In a 26-week open-label study, 894 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on diet, exercise and basal insulin combined with 1 to 3 oral antidiabetic agents were randomized to ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily or insulin glulisine once daily (QD) or insulin glulisine three times a day (TID) combined with insulin glargine with or without metformin. The mean age of the study population was 59.8 years, and mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 12.2 years. 45.3% were male. 92.6% were White, 4.0% were Black or African American. 21.1% were Hispanic. 5.6% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The mean BMI was 32 kg/m2 . At baseline, the mean insulin glargine dose was 65.9 units and 87.4% of individuals were receiving metformin.
ADLYXIN 20 mcg once daily met the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of 0.4% versus insulin glulisine QD and TID for the difference in HbA1c reduction from baseline. However in this study, ADLYXIN provided less HbA1c reduction than insulin glulisine TID and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.0002).
Table 11: Active-Controlled Study in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Combination with a Basal Insulin with or without Metformin (26-week Treatment Period Results) - ITT population
| ADLYXIN (N=298) |
Insulin Glulisine QD (N=298) |
Insulin Glulisine TID (N=298) |
|
| HbA1c (%) | |||
| Baseline | 7.77 | 7.73 | 7.79 |
| LS Mean change from baseline# LS mean difference vs insulin glulisine# 95% CI |
-0.57 |
-0.53 -0.04 (-0.161 to 0.080) |
-0.80 0.23 (0.112 to 0.352) (p=0.0002) |
| Patients (%) achieving HbA1c <7.0%## | 38.6 | 36.6 | 47.7 |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) | |||
| Baseline LS Mean change from baseline# |
118.55 -3.39 |
123.21 -3.68 |
119,80 -1.42 |
| Body weight (kg) | |||
| Baseline | 90.06 | 88.45 | 90.08 |
| LS Mean change from baseline# LS mean difference vs insulin glulisine# 95% CI |
-0.64 | 0.98 | 1.26 -1.91 (-3.103 to -0.713) (p=0.0018) |
| ITT population = all randomized patients. Non-inferiority margin = 0.4%. # Using multiple imputation with respect to use the baseline value for missing data at Week 26 in each group. ## Patients with missing HbA1c value at Week 26 were considered non-responders. 12% of patients in ADLYXIN, 8% in glulisine QD and 5.0% in glulisine TID had missing HbA1c data at Week 26 in the ITT population. |
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The ELIXA study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational study that evaluated cardiovascular (CV) outcomes during treatment with ADLYXIN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after a recent Acute Coronary Syndrome event. The primary composite endpoint was the time to the first occurrence of a major adverse cardiovascular event or MACE+, defined as any of the following positively adjudicated events:Cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina. The study was designed as a non-inferiority trial with a pre-specified risk margin of 1.3 for the hazard ratio comparing ADLYXIN to placebo.
Overall, 6068 patients were randomized 1:1 to either placebo or ADLYXIN 20 mcg (following a starting dose of 10 mcg during the first 2 weeks) and were included in the primary analyses. The demographics and baseline characteristics were well-balanced between treatments. The median age at study entry was 60 years. Approximately 69% of the patients were males and 75% were Caucasian. The majority of patients were either obese or overweight with a median BMI of 29.4 kg/m2 . The mean duration of diabetes was 9.3 years. More than 75% of patients had impaired renal function and more than 20% had an estimated GFR less than 60 mL/min/ 1.73 m2 . Use of CV medications at baseline was similar between treatments; platelet aggregation inhibitors (aspirin and/or clopidogrel) were used by 97.5% of patients, statins by 92.7%, ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II antagonists by 86.8%, and beta-blockers by 84.4%. Prior to study entry, 93.9% of patients used at least 1 glucose-lowering medication, including metformin (69.9%), sulfonylureas (37.3%) and insulin (47.6%). During the study, antidiabetic medications were adjusted by the investigators per the local standard of care.
Ninety six percent of the patients in both treatment groups completed the study in accordance with the protocol, and the vital status was known at the end of the study for 99.0% and 98.6% of the patients in the ADLYXIN and placebo group, respectively. Median treatment duration was 22.4 months in the ADLYXIN group and 23.3 months in the placebo group, and the median duration of study follow-up was 25.8 and 25.7 months; respectively.
The results of the primary composite cardiovascular endpoint are shown in Table 12. The hazard ratio (HR) for ADLYXIN versus placebo was 1.02, with an associated 2-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.89 to 1.17. The upper bound of this confidence interval, 1.17, excluded a risk margin larger than 1.3.
Table 12: Analysis of the primary cardiovascular endpoint (time to the first occurrence of the composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina) -- ITT population
| Placebo | ADLYXIN | Hazard ratio | |
| (N=3,034) | (N=3,034) | (95% CI) | |
| Primary composite CV event | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | ||
| No. of patients with event (%) Total Person Year |
399 (13.2%) 6328.2 | 406 (13.4%) 6356.8 | |
| Incidence Rate | 6.31 | 6.39 | |
| Component CV event Cardiovascular death Non-fatal myocardial infarction |
93 (3.1%) 247 (8.1%) | 88 (2.9%) 255 (8.4%) | |
| Non-fatal stroke Hospitalization for unstable angina |
49 (1.6%) 10 (0.3%) |
54 (1.8%) 9 (0.3%) |
|
| CI: confidence interval, CV: cardiovascular. Only positively adjudicated events by the Cardiovascular Events Adjudication Committee are included. |
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The Kaplan-Meier based cumulative event probability is presented in Figure1 for the time to first occurrence of the primary CV composite endpoint by treatment arm.
Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier cumulative curves of the primary CV endpoint (time to the first occurrence of the composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina) - ITT population
 |
ADLYXIN
(ad-LIX-in)
(lixisenatide) injection, for subcutaneous use
What is the most important information I should know about ADLYXIN?
Do not share your ADLYXIN pen with other people, even if the needle has been changed. You may give other people a serious infection, or get a serious infection from them.
ADLYXIN can cause serious side effects including inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), which may be severe and lead to death.
Before using ADLYXIN, tell your healthcare provider if you have had:
These medical problems may make you more likely to get pancreatitis.
Stop taking ADLYXIN and call your healthcare provider right away if you have pain in your stomach area (abdomen) that is severe, and will not go away. The pain may be felt going from your abdomen through to your back. The pain may happen with or without vomiting. These may be symptoms of pancreatitis.
What is ADLYXIN?
ADLYXIN is an injectable prescription medicine that may improve blood sugar (glucose) control in adults with type 2 diabetes, when used with diet and exercise.
Who should not use ADLYXIN? Do not use ADLYXIN if you:
Symptoms of a severe allergic reaction with ADLYXIN may include:
Before using ADLYXIN, tell your healthcare provider if you:
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take:
Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if your medicine is listed above.
Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine.
How should I use ADLYXIN?
Your dose of ADLYXIN and other diabetes medicines may need to change because of:
What are the possible side effects of ADLYXIN?
ADLYXIN may cause serious side effects including:
Talk with your healthcare provider about how to treat low blood sugar.
Kidney problems (kidney failure). In people who have kidney problems, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting may cause a loss of fluids (dehydration) which may cause kidney problems to get worse.
The most common side effects of ADLYXIN include:
These are not all the possible side effects of ADLYXIN. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I store ADLYXIN?
General information about the safe and effective use of ADLYXIN.
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use ADLYXIN for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give ADLYXIN to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.
You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about ADLYXIN that is written for health professionals.
What are the ingredients in ADLYXIN? Active ingredient: lixisenatide
Inactive ingredients: glycerol 85%, sodium acetate trihydrate, methionine, metacresol, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide solution and water for injection.
For more information, go to www. ADLYXIN.com or call sanofi-aventis at 1-800-633-1610.
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
ADLYXIN
(ad-LIX-in)
(lixisenatide) Injection, for subcutaneous use
Starter pack - Contains two pre-filled pens each with 14 doses.
One 10 microgram (mcg) pen, each dose contains 10 micrograms in 0.2 ml.
One 20 microgram (mcg) pen, each dose contains 20 micrograms in 0.2 ml.
Section 1 - Important Information
Read these instructions carefully before using your ADLYXIN pens.
Keep this leaflet for future reference.
Do not share your ADLYXIN pen with other people, even if the needle has been changed. You may give other people a serious infection, or get a serious infection from them.
ADLYXIN pen Information
About Your Starter Pack
The ADLYXIN Starter pack includes two different colored pens that contain different strengths of ADLYXIN. Both pens are used in the same way.
You must start your treatment with the green 10 microgram ADLYXIN pen. You must first use all 14 doses from this pen. Then use the burgundy 20 microgram ADLYXIN pen.
About Your ADLYXIN Pens
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The plunger will advance along the dose scale after each injection. In the example above, the dose number shows there are 13 injections left in the ADLYXIN pen.
Burgundy 20 microgram (mcg) ADLYXIN pen
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About pen needles (supplied separately)
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Section 2 - Getting Started
Begin with the green 10 mcg ADLYXIN pen.
First activate your new pen
The pictures below show how the activation window on the injection button of your pen changes after activation.
Before activation (orange window)
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The pen is not activated when the activation window is orange. The pen must be activated before injecting your first dose of ADLYXIN.
After activation (white window)
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The pen is activated and ready for injections when the activation window is white.
How to activate your new ADLYXIN pen
Step 1. Pull off cap and check pen
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Step 2. Screw needle on and remove needle caps
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Pull off (do not unscrew) the outer needle cap.
Step 3. Pull the injection button out
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Step 4. Firmly press and hold the injection button to remove the liquid
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Step 5. The pen is now ready for use.
For your first injection, go directly to Section 3 - Step 3.
You do not need to replace the needle between activation and first injection if you inject yourself immediately after activation.
Section 3 - Daily use of pen
Inject only 1 dose each day.
Check to make sure the activation window is white before continuing in this section.
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Step 1. Pull off cap and check pen
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Check the liquid. It should be clear and colorless with no particles. If not, do not use the pen. Call your healthcare provider. Tiny air bubbles in the liquid are normal. See the Questions and Answers section at the end of this Instructions for Use.
Step 2. Attach a new needle and remove needle caps
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Step 3. Pull the injection button out
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Injection sites
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ADLYXIN must be injected under the skin and can be injected in any of the areas shown above in blue. These areas include the thigh, abdomen or upper arm. Ask your healthcare provider about how to inject correctly.
Step 5. Press and hold the injection button to inject the dose
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If you do not hold the injection button in or remove the injector too early you may not get the full dose.
Your dose has now been given. Pull out the needle from your skin
Step 6. Remove and throw away needle after each injection
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Step 7. Repeat all steps in Section 3 for each injection.
Throw away a pen 14 days after activation, even if there is some medicine left.
Once the green pen is discarded continue to Section 4 to begin using the burgundy pen.
Section 4 - Moving to the burgundy pen
Completed use of the green 10 mcg pen
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The green 10 mcg ADLYXIN pen is empty when the black plunger has reached "O" on the dose scale and the injection button cannot be pulled out fully.
Once the green 10 mcg ADLYXIN pen is empty you must continue your treatment the next day using the burgundy 20 mcg ADLYXIN pen. This is used in exactly the same way.
Use of burgundy 20 microgram pen
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Burgundy 20 mcg pen activation
The burgundy 20 mcg ADLYXIN pen must also be activated before use. Follow all steps in Section 2.
Burgundy 20 mcg pen use
To inject a dose with the burgundy 20 mcg ADLYXIN pen, follow all steps in Section 3. Repeat Section 3 for your daily injections until your pen is empty.
Table of activation and disposal
In the table write the date when you activated your pen and the date to throw it away 14 days later.
| Pen | Date of activation | Date to throw away |
| 10 microgram | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
| 20 microgram | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
Storage
General information
Before activation of the pen:
After activation of the pen:
Throwing your pen away
Maintenance
Questions and Answers
What do I do if I forget to activate the ADLYXIN Pen or inject myself before activation? If you have injected yourself before activating the pen, do not correct this by giving yourself a second injection. Contact your healthcare provider for advice on checking your blood sugar.
What do I do if there are air bubbles in the container?
Small air bubbles in the container are normal and they will not harm you. Your dose will be correct and you can keep following the instructions. Contact your healthcare provider if you need help.
What do I do if no liquid comes out during activation?
The needle may be blocked or not properly attached. Remove the needle from the pen, attach a new one and repeat Steps 4 and 5 of Section 2 only. If still no liquid comes out, your ADLYXIN pen may be damaged. Do not use this ADLYXIN Starter pack. Contact your healthcare provider for help.
What do I do if it is hard to press the injection button all the way in?
The needle may be blocked or not properly attached. Pull the needle out of your skin and remove the needle from the pen. Attach a new needle and repeat Steps D and E of Section 3 only. If it is still hard to press in the injection button, your ADLYXIN pen may be damaged. Do not use this ADLYXIN starter pack. Contact your healthcare provider for help.
If you have any questions about ADLYXIN or about diabetes, ask your healthcare provider or call sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC at 1-800-633-1610.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
ADLYXIN
(ad-LIX-in)
(lixisenatide) Injection, for subcutaneous use
One pre-filled pen contains 14 doses, each dose contains 10 micrograms (mcg) in 0.2 ml.
Section 1 - Important Information
Read these instructions carefully before using your ADLYXIN pen.
Keep this leaflet for future reference.
Do not share your ADLYXIN pen with other people, even if the needle has been changed. You may give other people a serious infection, or get a serious infection from them.
ADLYXIN Pen Information
About Your ADLYXIN Pen
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About pen needles (supplied separately)
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Section 2 - Getting Started
Activate the pen on the same day as your first injection with your new pen.
First activate your new pen
The pictures below show how the injection button of your pen changes after activation.
Before activation After activation
Before activation (orange window)
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The pen is not activated when the activation window is orange. The pen must be activated before injecting your first dose of ADLYXIN.
After activation (white window)
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The pen is activated and ready for injections when the activation window is white.
How to activate your new ADLYXIN pen
Step 1. Pull off the cap and check the pen
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Step 2. Screw needle on and remove needle caps
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Step 3. Pull injection button out
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Step 4. Firmly press and hold injection button to remove the liquid
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Step 5. The pen is now ready for use
For your first injection, go directly to Section 3 - Step 3.
Section 3 - Daily use of pen
Check to make sure the activation window is white before continuing in this section.
Inject only 1 dose each day.
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Step 1. Pull off cap and check pen
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Check the label on your Check the number of doses Check that the pen to make sure you remaining in the pen. This is activation window is have the correct medicine. shown by the placement of the black white. If it is orange, plunger. go to Section 2. Check the liquid. It should be clear and colorless with no particles.
If not, do not use the pen. Call your healthcare provider. Tiny air bubbles in the liquid are normal. See the Questions and Answers section at the end of this Instructions for Use.
Step 2. Screw needle on and remove needle caps
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Step 3. Pull the injection button out
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Step 4. Choosing Injection Sites
Injection sites
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ADLYXIN pen must be injected under the skin and can be injected in any of the areas shown above in blue. These areas include the thigh, abdomen or upper arm. Ask your healthcare provider about how to inject correctly.
Step 5. Press and hold the injection button to inject the dose
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Step 6. Remove and throw away needle after each injection
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Step 7. Repeat all steps in Section 3 for each injection.
Throw away a pen 14 days after activation, even if there is some medicine left.
Table of activation and disposal
In the table, write the date when you activated your pen and the date to throw it away 14 days later.
| Pen | Date of activation | Date to discard |
| 1 | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
| 2 | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
Storage
General information
Before activation of the pen:
After activation of the pen:
Throwing your pen away
Maintenance
Questions and Answers
What do I do if I forget to activate the ADLYXIN pen or inject myself before activation?
If you have injected yourself before activating the pen, do not correct this by giving yourself a second injection. Contact your healthcare provider for advice on checking your blood sugar.
What do I do if there are air bubbles in the container?
Small air bubbles in the container are normal and they will not harm you. Your dose will be correct and you can keep following the instructions. Contact your healthcare provider if you need help.
What do I do if no liquid comes out during activation?
The needle may be blocked or not properly screwed on. Remove the needle from the pen, attach a new needle and repeat Steps 4 and 5 of Section 2 only. If still no liquid comes out, your ADLYXIN pen may be damaged. Do not use this ADLYXIN pen. Contact your healthcare provider for help.
What do I do if it is hard to press the injection button all the way in?
The needle may be blocked or not properly attached. Pull the needle from your skin and remove the needle from the pen. Attach a new needle and repeat Steps 5 and 6 of Section 3 only. If still no liquid comes out, your ADLYXIN pen may be damaged. Do not use this ADLYXIN pen. Contact your healthcare provider for help.
If you have any questions about ADLYXIN or about diabetes, ask your healthcare provider or call sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC at 1-800-633-1610.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
ADLYXIN
(ad-LIX-in)
(lixisenatide) Injection, for subcutaneous use
One pre-filled pen contains 14 doses, each dose contains 20 micrograms (mcg) in 0.2 ml.
Section 1 - Important Information
Read these instructions carefully before using your ADLYXIN pen.
Keep this leaflet for future reference
Do not share your ADLYXIN pen with other people, even if the needle has been changed. You may give other people a serious infection, or get a serious infection from them.
ADLYXIN pen Information
About Your ADLYXIN Pen
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The plunger will move along the dose scale after each injection. In the example above the dose number shows there are 13 injections left in the ADLYXIN pen.
About your pen needles (supplied separately)
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Section 2 - Getting Started
First activate your new pen
The pictures below show how the injection button of your pen changes after activation.
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The pen is not activated when the activation window is white. The pen is activated and window is orange.
The pen must be activated ready for injections when the activation before injecting your first dose of ADLYXIN.
How to activate your new ADLYXIN pen
Step 1. Pull off the pen cap and check the pen
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Step 2. Screw needle on and remove needle caps
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Step 3. Pull injection button out
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Step 4. Firmly press and hold injection button to remove the liquid
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Step 5. The pen is now ready for use.
For your first injection, go directly to Section 3 - Step 3.
Section 3 - Daily use of pen
Inject only 1dose each day.
Check to make sure the activation window is white before continuing in this section.
 |
Step 1. Pull off pen cap and check pen
 |
Check the label on your Check the number of Check that the activation window pen to make sure you doses remaining in is white. If it is orange, go to have the correct medicine. the pen. This is shown Section 2.
by the placement of the
Check the liquid. It black plunger. should be clear, and colorless, with no particles. If not, do not use the pen. Call your healthcare provider. Tiny air bubbles in the liquid are normal. See the Questions and Answers
section at the end of this Instructions for Use.
Step 2. Attach a new needle and remove the needle caps
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Step 3. Pull the injection button out
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The arrow in the window will be pointing towards the injection button.
Pull the injection button out firmly until it stops.
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The arrow will now be pointing towards the needle.
Step 4. Choosing Injection Sites
Injection sites
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ADLYXIN must be injected under the skin and can be injected in any of the areas shown above in blue. These areas include the thigh, abdomen or upper arm. Ask your healthcare provider about how to inject correctly.
Step 5. Press and hold the injection button to inject the dose
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If you do not hold the injection button in or remove the injector too early you may not get the full dose.
Your dose has now been given. Pull the needle out of your skin.
Step 6. Remove and throw away needle after each injection
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Step 7. Repeat all steps in Section 3 for your each injection.
Throw away a pen 14 days after activation, even if there is some medicine left.
Table of activation and disposal
In the table, write the date when you activated your pen and the date to discard it 14 days later.
| Pen | Date of activation | Date to discard |
| 1 | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
| 2 | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
| 3 | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
| 4 | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
| 5 | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
| 6 | ___ / ___ / ___ | ___ / ___ / ___ |
Storage
General information
After activation of the pen:
Throwing your pen away
Maintenance
Questions and Answers
What do I do if I forget to activate the ADLYXIN pen or inject myself before activation? If you have injected yourself before activating the pen, do not correct this by giving yourself a second injection. Contact your healthcare provider for advice on checking your blood sugar.
What do I do if there are air bubbles in the container?
Small air bubbles in the container are normal and they will not harm you. Your dose will be correct and you can keep following the instructions. Contact your healthcare provider if you need help.
What do I do if no liquid comes out during activation?
The needle may be blocked or not properly attached. Remove the needle from the pen, attach a new needle and repeat Steps 4 and 5 of Section 2 only. If still no liquid comes out, your ADLYXIN pen may be damaged. Do not use this ADLYXIN pen. Contact your healthcare provider for help.
What do I do if it is hard to press the injection button all the way in?
The needle may be blocked or not properly attached. Pull the needle out of your skin and remove the needle from the pen. Attach a new needle and repeat Steps 5 and 6 of Section 3 only. If it is still hard to press in the injection button, your ADLYXIN pen may be damaged. Do not use this ADLYXIN pen. Contact your healthcare professional for help.
If you have any questions about ADLYXIN or about diabetes, ask your healthcare provider or call sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC at 1-800-633-1610.
