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ACTOS
(pioglitazone) Tablets
WARNING
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
ACTOS tablets are a thiazolidinedione and an agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma that contains an oral antidiabetic medication: pioglitazone.
Pioglitazone [(±)-5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl) ethoxy] phenyl] methyl]-2,4-] thiazolidinedione monohydrochloride contains one asymmetric carbon, and the compound is synthesized and used as the racemic mixture. The two enantiomers of pioglitazone interconvert in vivo. No differences were found in the pharmacologic activity between the two enantiomers. The structural formula is as shown:
 |
Pioglitazone hydrochloride is an odorless white crystalline powder that has a molecular formula of C19H20N2O3S•HCl and a molecular weight of 392.90 daltons. It is soluble in N,Ndimethylformamide, slightly soluble in anhydrous ethanol, very slightly soluble in acetone and acetonitrile, practically insoluble in water, and insoluble in ether.
ACTOS is available as a tablet for oral administration containing 15 mg, 30 mg, or 45 mg of pioglitazone (as the base) formulated with the following excipients: lactose monohydrate NF, hydroxypropylcellulose NF, carboxymethylcellulose calcium NF, and magnesium stearate NF.
ACTOS is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in multiple clinical settings [see Clinical Studies].
ACTOS exerts its antihyperglycemic effect only in the presence of endogenous insulin. ACTOS should not be used to treat type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis, as it would not be effective in these settings.
Use caution in patients with liver disease [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
ACTOS should be taken once daily and can be taken without regard to meals.
The recommended starting dose for patients without congestive heart failure is 15 mg or 30 mg once daily.
The recommended starting dose for patients with congestive heart failure (NYHA Class I or II) is 15 mg once daily.
The dose can be titrated in increments of 15 mg up to a maximum of 45 mg once daily based on glycemic response as determined by HbA1c.
After initiation of ACTOS or with dose increase, monitor patients carefully for adverse reactions related to fluid retention such as weight gain, edema, and signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure [see BOX WARNING and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Liver tests (serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin) should be obtained prior to initiating ACTOS. Routine periodic monitoring of liver tests during treatment with ACTOS is not recommended in patients without liver disease. Patients who have liver test abnormalities prior to initiation of ACTOS or who are found to have abnormal liver tests while taking ACTOS should be managed as described under Warnings and Precautions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
If hypoglycemia occurs in a patient co-administered ACTOS and an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea), the dose of the insulin secretagogue should be reduced.
If hypoglycemia occurs in a patient co-administered ACTOS and insulin, the dose of insulin should be decreased by 10% to 25%. Further adjustments to the insulin dose should be individualized based on glycemic response.
Coadministration of ACTOS and gemfibrozil, a strong CYP2C8 inhibitor, increases pioglitazone exposure approximately 3-fold. Therefore, the maximum recommended dose of ACTOS is 15 mg daily when used in combination with gemfibrozil or other strong CYP2C8 inhibitors [see DRUG INTERACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Round tablet contains pioglitazone as follows:
ACTOS is available in 15 mg, 30 mg, and 45 mg tablets as follows:
15 mg tablet: White to off-white, round, convex, nonscored tablet with “ACTOS” on one side, and “15” on the other, available in:
NDC 64764-151-04 Bottles of 30
NDC 64764-151-05 Bottles of 90
NDC 64764-151-06 Bottles of 500
30 mg tablet: White to off-white, round, flat, nonscored tablet with “ACTOS” on one side, and “30” on the other, available in:
NDC 64764-301-14 Bottles of 30
NDC 64764-301-15 Bottles of 90
NDC 64764-301-16 Bottles of 500
45 mg tablet: White to off-white, round, flat, nonscored tablet with “ACTOS” on one side, and “45” on the other, available in:
NDC 64764-451-24 Bottles of 30
NDC 64764-451-25 Bottles of 90
NDC 64764-451-26 Bottles of 500
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Keep container tightly closed, and protect from light, moisture and humidity.
Distributed by: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc. Deerfield, IL 60015. Revised: Dec 2017
The following serious adverse reactions are discussed elsewhere in the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Over 8500 patients with type 2 diabetes have been treated with ACTOS in randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials, including 2605 patients with type 2 diabetes and macrovascular disease treated with ACTOS in the PROactive clinical trial. In these trials, over 6000 patients have been treated with ACTOS for six months or longer, over 4500 patients have been treated with ACTOS for one year or longer, and over 3000 patients have been treated with ACTOS for at least two years.
In six pooled 16-to 26-week placebo-controlled monotherapy and 16-to 24-week add-on combination therapy trials, the incidence of withdrawals due to adverse events was 4.5% for patients treated with ACTOS and 5.8% for comparator-treated patients. The most common adverse events leading to withdrawal were related to inadequate glycemic control, although the incidence of these events was lower (1.5%) with ACTOS than with placebo (3.0%).
In the PROactive trial, the incidence of withdrawals due to adverse events was 9.0% for patients treated with ACTOS and 7.7% for placebo-treated patients. Congestive heart failure was the most common serious adverse event leading to withdrawal occurring in 1.3% of patients treated with ACTOS and 0.6% of patients treated with placebo.
A summary of the incidence and type of common adverse events reported in three pooled 16to 26-week placebo-controlled monotherapy trials of ACTOS is provided in Table 1. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly in patients treated with ACTOS than in patients who received placebo. None of these adverse events were related to ACTOS dose.
Table 1. Three Pooled 16-to 26-Week Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials of ACTOS Monotherapy: Adverse Events Reported at an Incidence >5% and More Commonly in Patients Treated with ACTOS than in Patients Treated with Placebo
| % of Patients | ||
| Placebo N=259 |
ACTOS N=606 |
|
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 8.5 | 13.2 |
| Headache | 6.9 | 9.1 |
| Sinusitis | 4.6 | 6.3 |
| Myalgia | 2.7 | 5.4 |
| Pharyngitis | 0.8 | 5.1 |
A summary of the overall incidence and types of common adverse events reported in trials of ACTOS add-on to sulfonylurea is provided in Table 2. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly with the highest tested dose of ACTOS.
Table 2. 16-to 24-Week Clinical Trials of ACTOS Add-on to Sulfonylurea
| 16-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with ACTOS 30 mg + Sulfonylurea than in Patients Treated with Placebo + Sulfonylurea | |||
| % of Patients | |||
| Placebo + Sulfonylurea N=187 |
ACTOS 15 mg + Sulfonylurea N=184 |
ACTOS 30 mg + Sulfonylurea N=189 |
|
| Edema | 2.1 | 1.6 | 12.7 |
| Headache | 3.7 | 4.3 | 5.3 |
| Flatulence | 0.5 | 2.7 | 6.3 |
| Weight Increased | 0 | 2.7 | 5.3 |
| 24-Week Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with ACTOS 45 mg + Sulfonylurea than in Patients Treated with ACTOS 30 mg + Sulfonylurea | |||
| % of Patients | |||
| ACTOS 30 mg + Sulfonylurea N=351 |
ACTOS 45 mg + Sulfonylurea N=351 |
||
| Hypoglycemia | 13.4 | 15.7 | |
| Edema | 10.5 | 23.1 | |
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 12.3 | 14.8 | |
| Weight Increased | 9.1 | 13.4 | |
| Urinary Tract Infection | 5.7 | 6.8 | |
| Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of “edema.” | |||
A summary of the overall incidence and types of common adverse events reported in trials of ACTOS add-on to metformin is provided in Table 3. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly with the highest tested dose of ACTOS.
Table 3. 16-to 24-Week Clinical Trials of ACTOS Add-on to Metformin
| 16-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with ACTOS + Metformin than in Patients Treated with Placebo + Metformin | ||
| % of Patients | ||
| Placebo + Metformin N=160 |
ACTOS 30 mg + Metformin N=168 |
|
| Edema | 2.5 | 6.0 |
| Headache | 1.9 | 6.0 |
| 24-Week Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with ACTOS 45 mg + Metformin than in Patients Treated with ACTOS 30 mg + Metformin | ||
| % of Patients | ||
| ACTOS 30 mg + Metformin N=411 |
ACTOS 45 mg + Metformin N=416 |
|
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 12.4 | 13.5 |
| Edema | 5.8 | 13.9 |
| Headache | 5.4 | 5.8 |
| Weight Increased | 2.9 | 6.7 |
| Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of “edema.” | ||
Table 4 summarizes the incidence and types of common adverse events reported in trials of ACTOS add-on to insulin. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly with the highest tested dose of ACTOS.
Table 4. 16-to 24-Week Clinical Trials of ACTOS Add-on to Insulin
| 16-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with ACTOS 30 mg + Insulin than in Patients Treated with Placebo + Insulin | |||
| % of Patients | |||
| Placebo + Insulin N=187 |
ACTOS 15 mg + Insulin N=191 |
ACTOS 30 mg + Insulin N=188 |
|
| Hypoglycemia | 4.8 | 7.9 | 15.4 |
| Edema | 7.0 | 12.6 | 17.6 |
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 9.6 | 8.4 | 14.9 |
| Headache | 3.2 | 3.1 | 6.9 |
| Weight Increased | 0.5 | 5.2 | 6.4 |
| Back Pain | 4.3 | 2.1 | 5.3 |
| Dizziness | 3.7 | 2.6 | 5.3 |
| Flatulence | 1.6 | 3.7 | 5.3 |
| 24-Week Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with ACTOS 45 mg + Insulin than in Patients Treated with ACTOS 30 mg + Insulin | |||
| % of Patients | |||
| ACTOS 30 mg + Insulin N=345 |
ACTOS 45 mg + Insulin N=345 |
||
| Hypoglycemia | 43.5 | 47.8 | |
| Edema | 22.0 | 26.1 | |
| Weight Increased | 7.2 | 13.9 | |
| Urinary Tract Infection | 4.9 | 8.7 | |
| Diarrhea | 5.5 | 5.8 | |
| Back Pain | 3.8 | 6.4 | |
| Blood Creatine Phosphokinase Increased | 4.6 | 5.5 | |
| Sinusitis | 4.6 | 5.5 | |
| Hypertension | 4.1 | 5.5 | |
| Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of “edema.” | |||
A summary of the overall incidence and types of common adverse events reported in the PROactive trial is provided in Table 5. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly in patients treated with ACTOS than in patients who received placebo.
Table 5. PROactive Trial: Incidence and Types of Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients Treated with ACTOS and More Commonly than Placebo
| % of Patients | ||
| Placebo N=2633 |
ACTOS N=2605 |
|
| Hypoglycemia | 18.8 | 27.3 |
| Edema | 15.3 | 26.7 |
| Cardiac Failure | 6.1 | 8.1 |
| Pain in Extremity | 5.7 | 6.4 |
| Back Pain | 5.1 | 5.5 |
| Chest Pain | 5.0 | 5.1 |
| Mean duration of patient follow-up was 34.5 months. | ||
A summary of the incidence of adverse events related to congestive heart failure is provided in Table 6 for the 16-to 24-week add-on to sulfonylurea trials, for the 16-to 24-week add-on to insulin trials, and for the 16-to 24-week add-on to metformin trials. None of the events were fatal.
Table 6. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
| Patients Treated with ACTOS or Placebo Added on to a Sulfonylurea | |||||
| Number (%) of Patients | |||||
| Placebo-Controlled Trial (16 weeks) |
Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial (24 weeks) |
||||
| Placebo + Sulfonylurea N=187 |
ACTOS 15 mg + Sulfonylurea N=184 |
ACTOS 30 mg + Sulfonylurea N=189 |
ACTOS 30 mg + Sulfonylurea N=351 |
ACTOS 45 mg + Sulfonylurea N=351 |
|
| At least one congestive heart failure event | 2 (1.1%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.3%) | 6 (1.7%) |
| Hospitalized | 2 (1.1%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.6%) |
| Patients Treated with ACTOS or Placebo Added on to Insulin | |||||
| Number (%) of Patients | |||||
| Placebo-Controlled Trial (16 weeks) | Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial (24 weeks) | ||||
| Placebo + Insulin N=187 |
ACTOS 15 mg + Insulin N=191 |
ACTOS 30 mg + Insulin N=188 |
ACTOS 30 mg + Insulin N=345 |
ACTOS 45 mg + Insulin N=345 |
|
| At least one congestive heart failure event | 0 | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (1.1%) | 3 (0.9%) | 5 (1.4%) |
| Hospitalized | 0 | 2 (1.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.3%) | 3 (0.9%) |
| Patients Treated with ACTOS or Placebo Added on to Metformin | |||||
| Number (%) of Patients | |||||
| Placebo-Controlled Trial (16 weeks) | Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial (24 weeks) | ||||
| Placebo + Metformin N=160 |
ACTOS 30 mg + Metformin N=168 |
ACTOS 30 mg + Metformin N=411 |
ACTOS 45 mg + Metformin N=416 |
||
| At least one congestive heart failure event | 0 | 1 (0.6%) | 0 | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Hospitalized | 0 | 1 (0.6%) | 0 | 1 (0.2%) | |
Patients with type 2 diabetes and NYHA class II or early class III congestive heart failure were randomized to receive 24 weeks of double-blind treatment with either ACTOS at daily doses of 30 mg to 45 mg (n=262) or glyburide at daily doses of 10 mg to 15 mg (n=256). A summary of the incidence of adverse events related to congestive heart failure reported in this study is provided in Table 7.
Table 7. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Patients with NYHA Class II or III Congestive Heart Failure Treated with ACTOS or Glyburide
| Number (%) of Subjects | ||
| ACTOS N=262 |
Glyburide N=256 |
|
| Death due to cardiovascular causes (adjudicated) | 5 (1.9%) | 6 (2.3%) |
| Overnight hospitalization for worsening CHF (adjudicated) | 26 (9.9%) | 12 (4.7%) |
| Emergency room visit for CHF (adjudicated) | 4 (1.5%) | 3 (1.2%) |
| Patients experiencing CHF progression during study | 35 (13.4%) | 21 (8.2%) |
Congestive heart failure events leading to hospitalization that occurred during the PROactive trial are summarized in Table 8.
Table 8. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in PROactive Trial
| Number (%) of Patients | ||
| Placebo N=2633 |
ACTOS N=2605 |
|
| At least one hospitalized congestive heart failure event | 108 (4.1%) | 149 (5.7%) |
| Fatal | 22 (0.8%) | 25 (1.0%) |
| Hospitalized, nonfatal | 86 (3.3%) | 124 (4.7%) |
In the PROactive trial, 5238 patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of macrovascular disease were randomized to ACTOS (N=2605), force-titrated up to 45 mg daily or placebo (N=2633) in addition to standard of care. Almost all patients (95%) were receiving cardiovascular medications (beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, diuretics, aspirin, statins and fibrates). At baseline, patients had a mean age of 62 years, mean duration of diabetes of 9.5 years, and mean HbA1c of 8.1%. Mean duration of follow-up was 34.5 months. The primary objective of this trial was to examine the effect of ACTOS on mortality and macrovascular morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were at high risk for macrovascular events. The primary efficacy variable was the time to the first occurrence of any event in a cardiovascular composite endpoint that included all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) including silent MI, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, cardiac intervention including coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous intervention, major leg amputation above the ankle, and bypass surgery or revascularization in the leg. A total of 514 (19.7%) patients treated with ACTOS and 572 (21.7%) placebo-treated patients experienced at least one event from the primary composite endpoint (hazard ratio 0.90; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.80, 1.02; p=0.10).
Although there was no statistically significant difference between ACTOS and placebo for the three-year incidence of a first event within this composite, there was no increase in mortality or in total macrovascular events with ACTOS. The number of first occurrences and total individual events contributing to the primary composite endpoint is shown in Table 9.
Table 9. PROactive: Number of First and Total Events for Each Component within the Cardiovascular Composite Endpoint
| Cardiovascular Events | Placebo N=2633 |
ACTOS N=2605 |
||
| First Events n (%) |
Total events n |
First Events n (%) |
Total events n |
|
| Any event | 572 (21.7) | 900 | 514 (19.7) | 803 |
| All-cause mortality | 122 (4.6) | 186 | 110 (4.2) | 177 |
| Nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) | 118 (4.5) | 157 | 105 (4.0) | 131 |
| Stroke | 96 (3.6) | 119 | 76 (2.9) | 92 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 63 (2.4) | 78 | 42 (1.6) | 65 |
| Cardiac intervention (CABG/PCI) | 101 (3.8) | 240 | 101 (3.9) | 195 |
| Major leg amputation | 15 (0.6) | 28 | 9 (0.3) | 28 |
| Leg revascularization | 57 (2.2) | 92 | 71 (2.7) | 115 |
| CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI = percutaneous intervention | ||||
Dose-related weight gain occurs when ACTOS is used alone or in combination with other antidiabetic medications. The mechanism of weight gain is unclear but probably involves a combination of fluid retention and fat accumulation.
Tables 10 and 11 summarize the changes in body weight with ACTOS and placebo in the 16to 26-week randomized, double-blind monotherapy and 16-to 24-week combination add-on therapy trials and in the PROactive trial.
Table 10. Weight Changes (kg) from Baseline During Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trials
| Control Group (Placebo) |
ACTOS 15 mg |
ACTOS 30 mg |
ACTOS 45 mg |
||
| Median (25th/75th percentile) |
Median (25th/75th percentile) |
Median (25th/75th percentile) |
Median (25th/75th percentile) |
||
| Monotherapy (16 to 26 weeks) |
-1.4 (-2.7/0.0) N=256 |
0.9 (-0.5/3.4) N=79 |
1.0 (-0.9/3.4) N=188 |
2.6 (0.2/5.4) N=79 |
|
| Combination Therapy (16 to 24 weeks) |
Sulfonylurea | -0.5 (-1.8/0.7) N=187 |
2.0 (0.2/3.2) N=183 |
3.1 (1.1/5.4) N=528 |
4.1 (1.8/7.3) N=333 |
| Metformin | -1.4 (-3.2/0.3) N=160 |
N/A | 0.9 (-1.3/3.2) N=567 |
1.8 (-0.9/5.0) N=407 |
|
| Insulin | 0.2 (-1.4/1.4) N=182 |
2.3 (0.5/4.3) N=190 |
3.3 (0.9/6.3) N=522 |
4.1 (1.4/6.8) N=338 |
|
Table 11. Median Change in Body Weight in Patients Treated with ACTOS Versus Patients Treated with Placebo During the Double-Blind Treatment Period in the PROactive Trial
| Placebo | ACTOS | |
| Median (25th/75th percentile) |
Median (25th/75th percentile) |
|
| Change from baseline to final visit (kg) | -0.5 (-3.3, 2.0) N=2581 |
+3.6 (0.0, 7.5) N=2560 |
| Note: Median exposure for both ACTOS and Placebo was 2.7 years. | ||
Edema induced from taking ACTOS is reversible when ACTOS is discontinued. The edema usually does not require hospitalization unless there is coexisting congestive heart failure. A summary of the frequency and types of edema adverse events occurring in clinical investigations of ACTOS is provided in Table 12.
Table 12. Adverse Events of Edema in Patients Treated with ACTOS
| Number (%) of Patients | |||||
| Placebo | ACTOS 15 mg |
ACTOS 30 mg |
ACTOS 45 mg |
||
| Monotherapy (16 to 26 weeks) | 3 (1.2%) N=259 |
2 (2.5%) N= 81 |
13 (4.7%) N= 275 |
11 (6.5%) N=169 |
|
| Combined Therapy (16 to 24 weeks) |
Sulfonylurea | 4 (2.1%) N=187 |
3 (1.6%) N=184 |
61 (11.3%) N=540 |
81 (23.1%) N=351 |
| Metformin | 4 (2.5%) N=160 |
N/A | 34 (5.9%) N=579 |
58 (13.9%) N=416 |
|
| Insulin | 13 (7.0%) N=187 |
24 (12.6%) N=191 |
109 (20.5%) N=533 |
90 (26.1%) N=345 |
|
| Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of “edema.” | |||||
Table 13. Adverse Events of Edema in Patients in the PROactive Trial
| Number (%) of Patients | |
| Placebo N=2633 |
ACTOS N=2605 |
| 419 (15.9%) | 712 (27.3%) |
| Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of “edema.” | |
There has been no evidence of induced hepatotoxicity with ACTOS in the ACTOS controlled clinical trial database to date. One randomized, double-blind 3-year trial comparing ACTOS to glyburide as add-on to metformin and insulin therapy was specifically designed to evaluate the incidence of serum ALT elevation to greater than three times the upper limit of the reference range, measured every eight weeks for the first 48 weeks of the trial then every 12 weeks thereafter. A total of 3/1051 (0.3%) patients treated with ACTOS and 9/1046 (0.9%) patients treated with glyburide developed ALT values greater than three times the upper limit of the reference range. None of the patients treated with ACTOS in the ACTOS controlled clinical trial database to date have had a serum ALT greater than three times the upper limit of the reference range and a corresponding total bilirubin greater than two times the upper limit of the reference range, a combination predictive of the potential for severe drug-induced liver injury.
In the ACTOS clinical trials, adverse events of hypoglycemia were reported based on clinical judgment of the investigators and did not require confirmation with fingerstick glucose testing.
In the 16-week add-on to sulfonylurea trial, the incidence of reported hypoglycemia was 3.7% with ACTOS 30 mg and 0.5% with placebo. In the 16-week add-on to insulin trial, the incidence of reported hypoglycemia was 7.9% with ACTOS 15 mg, 15.4% with ACTOS 30 mg, and 4.8% with placebo.
The incidence of reported hypoglycemia was higher with ACTOS 45 mg compared to ACTOS 30 mg in both the 24-week add-on to sulfonylurea trial (15.7% vs. 13.4%) and in the 24-week add-on to insulin trial (47.8% vs. 43.5%).
Three patients in these four trials were hospitalized due to hypoglycemia. All three patients were receiving ACTOS 30 mg (0.9%) in the 24-week add-on to insulin trial. An additional 14 patients reported severe hypoglycemia (defined as causing considerable interference with patient’s usual activities) that did not require hospitalization. These patients were receiving ACTOS 45 mg in combination with sulfonylurea (n=2) or ACTOS 30 mg or 45 mg in combination with insulin (n=12).
Tumors were observed in the urinary bladder of male rats in the two-year carcinogenicity study [see Nonclinical Toxicology]. During the three year PROactive clinical trial, 14 patients out of 2605 (0.54%) randomized to ACTOS and 5 out of 2633 (0.19%) randomized to placebo were diagnosed with bladder cancer. After excluding patients in whom exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were 6 (0.23%) cases on ACTOS and two (0.08%) cases on placebo. After completion of the trial, a large subset of patients was observed for up to 10 additional years, with little additional exposure to ACTOS. During the 13 years of both PROactive and observational follow-up, the occurrence of bladder cancer did not differ between patients randomized to ACTOS or placebo (HR =1.00; 95% CI: 0.59-1.72) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
ACTOS may cause decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit. In placebo-controlled monotherapy trials, mean hemoglobin values declined by 2% to 4% in patients treated with ACTOS compared with a mean change in hemoglobin of -1% to +1% in placebo-treated patients. These changes primarily occurred within the first 4 to 12 weeks of therapy and remained relatively constant thereafter. These changes may be related to increased plasma volume associated with ACTOS therapy and are not likely to be associated with any clinically significant hematologic effects.
During protocol-specified measurement of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in ACTOS clinical trials, an isolated elevation in CPK to greater than 10 times the upper limit of the reference range was noted in nine (0.2%) patients treated with ACTOS (values of 2150 to 11400 IU/L) and in no comparator-treated patients. Six of these nine patients continued to receive ACTOS, two patients were noted to have the CPK elevation on the last day of dosing and one patient discontinued ACTOS due to the elevation. These elevations resolved without any apparent clinical sequelae. The relationship of these events to ACTOS therapy is unknown.
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of ACTOS. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Postmarketing reports of congestive heart failure have been reported in patients treated with ACTOS, both with and without previously known heart disease and both with and without concomitant insulin administration.
In postmarketing experience, there have been reports of unusually rapid increases in weight and increases in excess of that generally observed in clinical trials. Patients who experience such increases should be assessed for fluid accumulation and volume-related events such as excessive edema and congestive heart failure [see BOX WARNING and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
An inhibitor of CYP2C8 (e.g., gemfibrozil) significantly increases the exposure (area under the serum concentration-time curve or AUC) and half-life (t½) of pioglitazone. Therefore, the maximum recommended dose of ACTOS is 15 mg daily if used in combination with gemfibrozil or other strong CYP2C8 inhibitors [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
An inducer of CYP2C8 (e.g., rifampin) may significantly decrease the exposure (AUC) of pioglitazone. Therefore, if an inducer of CYP2C8 is started or stopped during treatment with ACTOS, changes in diabetes treatment may be needed based on clinical response without exceeding the maximum recommended daily dose of 45 mg for ACTOS [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
A decrease in the exposure of pioglitazone and its active metabolites were noted with concomitant administration of pioglitazone and topiramate [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The clinical relevance of this decrease is unknown; however, when ACTOS and topiramate are used concomitantly, monitor patients for adequate glycemic control.
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
ACTOS, like other thiazolidinediones, can cause dose-related fluid retention when used alone or in combination with other antidiabetic medications and is most common when ACTOS is used in combination with insulin. Fluid retention may lead to or exacerbate congestive heart failure. Patients should be observed for signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. If congestive heart failure develops, it should be managed according to current standards of care and discontinuation or dose reduction of ACTOS must be considered [see BOX WARNING, CONTRAINDICATIONS, and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Patients receiving ACTOS in combination with insulin or other antidiabetic medications (particularly insulin secretagogues such as sulfonylureas) may be at risk for hypoglycemia. A reduction in the dose of the concomitant antidiabetic medication may be necessary to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
There have been postmarketing reports of fatal and non-fatal hepatic failure in patients taking ACTOS, although the reports contain insufficient information necessary to establish the probable cause. There has been no evidence of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in the ACTOS controlled clinical trial database to date [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Patients with type 2 diabetes may have fatty liver disease or cardiac disease with episodic congestive heart failure, both of which may cause liver test abnormalities, and they may also have other forms of liver disease, many of which can be treated or managed. Therefore, obtaining a liver test panel (serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin) and assessing the patient is recommended before initiating ACTOS therapy. In patients with abnormal liver tests, ACTOS should be initiated with caution.
Measure liver tests promptly in patients who report symptoms that may indicate liver injury, including fatigue, anorexia, right upper abdominal discomfort, dark urine or jaundice. In this clinical context, if the patient is found to have abnormal liver tests (ALT greater than 3 times the upper limit of the reference range), ACTOS treatment should be interrupted and investigation done to establish the probable cause. ACTOS should not be restarted in these patients without another explanation for the liver test abnormalities.
Patients who have serum ALT greater than three times the reference range with serum total bilirubin greater than two times the reference range without alternative etiologies are at risk for severe drug-induced liver injury, and should not be restarted on ACTOS. For patients with lesser elevations of serum ALT or bilirubin and with an alternate probable cause, treatment with ACTOS can be used with caution.
Tumors were observed in the urinary bladder of male rats in the two-year carcinogenicity study [see Nonclinical Toxicology]. In addition, during the three year PROactive clinical trial, 14 patients out of 2605 (0.54%) randomized to ACTOS and 5 out of 2633 (0.19%) randomized to placebo were diagnosed with bladder cancer. After excluding patients in whom exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were 6 (0.23%) cases on ACTOS and two (0.08%) cases on placebo. After completion of the trial, a large subset of patients was observed for up to 10 additional years, with little additional exposure to ACTOS. During the 13 years of both PROactive and observational follow-up, the occurrence of bladder cancer did not differ between patients randomized to ACTOS or placebo (HR =1.00; [95% CI: 0.59-1.72]).
Findings regarding the risk of bladder cancer in patients exposed to ACTOS vary among observational studies; some did not find an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with ACTOS, while others did.
A large prospective10-year observational cohort study conducted in the United States found no statistically significant increase in the risk of bladder cancer in diabetic patients ever exposed to ACTOS, compared to those never exposed to ACTOS (HR =1.06 [95% CI 0.89-1.26]).
A retrospective cohort study conducted with data from the United Kingdom found a statistically significant association between ever exposure to ACTOS and bladder cancer (HR: 1.63; [95% CI: 1.22-2.19]).
Associations between cumulative dose or cumulative duration of exposure to ACTOS and bladder cancer were not detected in some studies including the 10-year observational study in the U.S., but were in others. Inconsistent findings and limitations inherent in these and other studies preclude conclusive interpretations of the observational data.
ACTOS may be associated with an increase in the risk of urinary bladder tumors. There are insufficient data to determine whether pioglitazone is a tumor promoter for urinary bladder tumors.
Consequently, ACTOS should not be used in patients with active bladder cancer and the benefits of glycemic control versus unknown risks for cancer recurrence with ACTOS should be considered in patients with a prior history of bladder cancer.
In controlled clinical trials, edema was reported more frequently in patients treated with ACTOS than in placebo-treated patients and is dose-related [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. In postmarketing experience, reports of new onset or worsening edema have been received.
ACTOS should be used with caution in patients with edema. Because thiazolidinediones, including ACTOS, can cause fluid retention, which can exacerbate or lead to congestive heart failure, ACTOS should be used with caution in patients at risk for congestive heart failure. Patients treated with ACTOS should be monitored for signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure [see BOX WARNING, Congestive Heart Failure and PATIENT INFORMATION].
In PROactive (the Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events), 5238 patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of macrovascular disease were randomized to ACTOS (N=2605), force-titrated up to 45 mg daily or placebo (N=2633) in addition to standard of care. During a mean follow-up of 34.5 months, the incidence of bone fracture in females was 5.1% (44/870) for ACTOS versus 2.5% (23/905) for placebo. This difference was noted after the first year of treatment and persisted during the course of the study. The majority of fractures observed in female patients were nonvertebral fractures including lower limb and distal upper limb. No increase in the incidence of fracture was observed in men treated with ACTOS (1.7%) versus placebo (2.1%). The risk of fracture should be considered in the care of patients, especially female patients, treated with ACTOS and attention should be given to assessing and maintaining bone health according to current standards of care.
Macular edema has been reported in postmarketing experience in diabetic patients who were taking ACTOS or another thiazolidinedione. Some patients presented with blurred vision or decreased visual acuity, but others were diagnosed on routine ophthalmologic examination.
Most patients had peripheral edema at the time macular edema was diagnosed. Some patients had improvement in their macular edema after discontinuation of the thiazolidinedione.
Patients with diabetes should have regular eye exams by an ophthalmologist according to current standards of care. Patients with diabetes who report any visual symptoms should be promptly referred to an ophthalmologist, regardless of the patient’s underlying medications or other physical findings [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with ACTOS.
See FDA-Approved Patient Labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION).
A two-year carcinogenicity study was conducted in male and female rats at oral doses up to 63 mg/kg (approximately 14 times the maximum recommended human oral dose of 45 mg based on mg/m2). Drug-induced tumors were not observed in any organ except for the urinary bladder of male rats. Benign and/or malignant transitional cell neoplasms were observed in male rats at 4 mg/kg/day and above (approximately equal to the maximum recommended human oral dose based on mg/m2). Urinary calculi with subsequent irritation and hyperplasia were postulated as the mechanism for bladder tumors observed in male rats. A two-year mechanistic study in male rats utilizing dietary acidification to reduce calculi formation was completed in 2009. Dietary acidification decreased but did not abolish the hyperplastic changes in the bladder. The presence of calculi exacerbated the hyperplastic response to pioglitazone but was not considered the primary cause of the hyperplastic changes.
The relevance to humans of the bladder findings in the male rat cannot be excluded.
A two-year carcinogenicity study was also conducted in male and female mice at oral doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (approximately 11 times the maximum recommended human oral dose based on mg/m2). No drug-induced tumors were observed in any organ.
Pioglitazone hydrochloride was not mutagenic in a battery of genetic toxicology studies, including the Ames bacterial assay, a mammalian cell forward gene mutation assay (CHO/HPRT and AS52/XPRT), an in vitro cytogenetics assay using CHL cells, an unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, and an in vivo micronucleus assay.
No adverse effects upon fertility were observed in male and female rats at oral doses up to 40 mg/kg pioglitazone hydrochloride daily prior to and throughout mating and gestation (approximately nine times the maximum recommended human oral dose based on mg/m2).
Limited data with ACTOS in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations].
In animal reproduction studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed when pioglitazone was administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at exposures up to 5-and 35-times the 45 mg clinical dose, respectively, based on body surface area [see Data].
The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6-10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes with a HbA1c >7 and has been reported to be as high as 20-25% in women with a HbA1c >10. The estimated background risk of miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
Disease-associated Maternal and/or Embryo/fetal Risk
Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, still birth and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, still birth, and macrosomia related morbidity.
Animal Data
Pioglitazone administered to pregnant rats during organogenesis did not cause adverse developmental effects at a dose of 20 mg/kg (~5-times the 45 mg clinical dose), but delayed parturition and reduced embryofetal viability at 40 and 80 mg/kg, or ≥9-times the 45 mg clinical dose, by body surface area. In pregnant rabbits administered pioglitazone during organogenesis, no adverse developmental effects were observed at 80 mg/kg (~35-times the 45 mg clinical dose), but reduced embryofetal viability at 160 mg/kg, or ~69-times the 45 mg clinical dose, by body surface area. When pregnant rats received pioglitazone during late gestation and lactation, delayed postnatal development, attributed to decreased body weight, occurred in offspring at maternal doses of 10 mg/kg and above or ≥2 times the 45 mg clinical dose, by body surface area.
There is no information regarding the presence of pioglitazone in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Pioglitazone is present in rat milk; however due to species-specific differences in lactation physiology, animal data may not reliably predict drug levels in human milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for ACTOS and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from ACTOS or from the underlying maternal condition.
Discuss the potential for unintended pregnancy with premenopausal women as therapy with ACTOS, like other thiazolidinediones, may result in ovulation in some anovulatory women.
Safety and effectiveness of ACTOS in pediatric patients have not been established.
ACTOS is not recommended for use in pediatric patients based on adverse effects observed in adults, including fluid retention and congestive heart failure, fractures, and urinary bladder tumors [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
A total of 92 patients (15.2%) treated with ACTOS in the three pooled 16-to 26-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, monotherapy trials were ≥65 years old and two patients (0.3%) were ≥75 years old. In the two pooled 16-to 24-week add-on to sulfonylurea trials, 201 patients (18.7%) treated with ACTOS were ≥65 years old and 19 (1.8%) were ≥75 years old. In the two pooled 16-to 24-week add-on to metformin trials, 155 patients (15.5%) treated with ACTOS were ≥65 years old and 19 (1.9%) were ≥75 years old. In the two pooled 16-to 24-week add-on to insulin trials, 272 patients (25.4%) treated with ACTOS were ≥65 years old and 22 (2.1%) were ≥75 years old.
In PROactive, 1068 patients (41.0%) treated with ACTOS were ≥65 years old and 42 (1.6%) were ≥75 years old.
In pharmacokinetic studies with pioglitazone, no significant differences were observed in pharmacokinetic parameters between elderly and younger patients [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Although clinical experiences have not identified differences in effectiveness and safety between the elderly (≥65 years) and younger patients, these conclusions are limited by small sample sizes for patients ≥75 years old.
During controlled clinical trials, one case of overdose with ACTOS was reported. A male patient took 120 mg per day for four days, then 180 mg per day for seven days. The patient denied any clinical symptoms during this period.
In the event of overdosage, appropriate supportive treatment should be initiated according to the patient’s clinical signs and symptoms.
ACTOS is a thiazolidinedione that depends on the presence of insulin for its mechanism of action. ACTOS decreases insulin resistance in the periphery and in the liver resulting in increased insulin-dependent glucose disposal and decreased hepatic glucose output. Pioglitazone is not an insulin secretagogue. Pioglitazone is an agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR?). PPAR receptors are found in tissues important for insulin action such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. Activation of PPAR? nuclear receptors modulates the transcription of a number of insulin responsive genes involved in the control of glucose and lipid metabolism.
In animal models of diabetes, pioglitazone reduces the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia characteristic of insulin-resistant states such as type 2 diabetes. The metabolic changes produced by pioglitazone result in increased responsiveness of insulin-dependent tissues and are observed in numerous animal models of insulin resistance.
Because pioglitazone enhances the effects of circulating insulin (by decreasing insulin resistance), it does not lower blood glucose in animal models that lack endogenous insulin.
Clinical studies demonstrate that ACTOS improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant patients. ACTOS enhances cellular responsiveness to insulin, increases insulin-dependent glucose disposal and improves hepatic sensitivity to insulin. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the decreased insulin resistance produced by ACTOS results in lower plasma glucose concentrations, lower plasma insulin concentrations, and lower HbA1c values. In controlled clinical trials, ACTOS had an additive effect on glycemic control when used in combination with a sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin [see Clinical Studies].
Patients with lipid abnormalities were included in clinical trials with ACTOS. Overall, patients treated with ACTOS had mean decreases in serum triglycerides, mean increases in HDL cholesterol, and no consistent mean changes in LDL and total cholesterol. There is no conclusive evidence of macrovascular benefit with ACTOS [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS].
In a 26-week, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging monotherapy study, mean serum triglycerides decreased in the 15 mg, 30 mg, and 45 mg ACTOS dose groups compared to a mean increase in the placebo group. Mean HDL cholesterol increased to a greater extent in patients treated with ACTOS than in the placebo-treated patients. There were no consistent differences for LDL and total cholesterol in patients treated with ACTOS compared to placebo (see Table 14).
Table 14. Lipids in a 26-Week Placebo-Controlled Monotherapy Dose-Ranging Study
| Placebo | ACTOS 15 mg Once Daily | ACTOS 30 mg Once Daily | ACTOS 45 mg Once Daily | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | N=79 | N=79 | N=84 | N=77 |
| Baseline (mean) | 263 | 284 | 261 | 260 |
| Percent change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 4.8% | -9.0%† | -9.6%† | -9.3%† |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | N=79 | N=79 | N=83 | N=77 |
| Baseline (mean) | 42 | 40 | 41 | 41 |
| Percent change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 8.1% | 14.1%† | 12.2% | 19.1%† |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | N=65 | N=63 | N=74 | N=62 |
| Baseline (mean) | 139 | 132 | 136 | 127 |
| Percent change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 4.8% | 7.2% | 5.2% | 6.0% |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | N=79 | N=79 | N=84 | N=77 |
| Baseline (mean) | 225 | 220 | 223 | 214 |
| Percent change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 4.4% | 4.6% | 3.3% | 6.4% |
|
*Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction †p<0.05 versus placebo |
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In the two other monotherapy studies (16 weeks and 24 weeks) and in combination therapy studies with sulfonylurea (16 weeks and 24 weeks), metformin (16 weeks and 24 weeks) or insulin (16 weeks and 24 weeks), the results were generally consistent with the data above.
Following once-daily administration of ACTOS, steady-state serum concentrations of both pioglitazone and its major active metabolites, M-III (keto derivative of pioglitazone) and M-IV (hydroxyl derivative of pioglitazone), are achieved within seven days. At steady-state, M-III and M-IV reach serum concentrations equal to or greater than that of pioglitazone. At steady-state, in both healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes, pioglitazone comprises approximately 30% to 50% of the peak total pioglitazone serum concentrations (pioglitazone plus active metabolites) and 20% to 25% of the total AUC.
Cmax, AUC, and trough serum concentrations (Cmin) for pioglitazone and M-III and M-IV, increased proportionally with administered doses of 15 mg and 30 mg per day.
Following oral administration of pioglitazone, Tmax of pioglitazone was within two hours. Food delays the Tmax to three to four hours but does not alter the extent of absorption (AUC).
The mean apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) of pioglitazone following single-dose administration is 0.63 ± 0.41 (mean ± SD) L/kg of body weight. Pioglitazone is extensively protein bound (>99%) in human serum, principally to serum albumin. Pioglitazone also binds to other serum proteins, but with lower affinity. M-III and M-IV are also extensively bound (>98%) to serum albumin.
Pioglitazone is extensively metabolized by hydroxylation and oxidation; the metabolites also partly convert to glucuronide or sulfate conjugates. Metabolites M-III and M-IV are the major circulating active metabolites in humans.
In vitro data demonstrate that multiple CYP isoforms are involved in the metabolism of pioglitazone, which include CYP2C8 and, to a lesser degree, CYP3A4 with additional contributions from a variety of other isoforms including the mainly extrahepatic CYP1A1. In vivo study of pioglitazone in combination with gemfibrozil, a strong CYP2C8 inhibitor, showed that pioglitazone is a CYP2C8 substrate [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratios measured in patients treated with ACTOS showed that pioglitazone is not a strong CYP3A4 enzyme inducer.
Following oral administration, approximately 15% to 30% of the pioglitazone dose is recovered in the urine. Renal elimination of pioglitazone is negligible, and the drug is excreted primarily as metabolites and their conjugates. It is presumed that most of the oral dose is excreted into the bile either unchanged or as metabolites and eliminated in the feces.
The mean serum half-life (t1/2) of pioglitazone and its metabolites (M-III and M-IV) range from three to seven hours and 16 to 24 hours, respectively. Pioglitazone has an apparent clearance, CL/F, calculated to be five to seven L/hr.
The serum elimination half-life of pioglitazone, M-III, and M-IV remains unchanged in patients with moderate (creatinine clearance [CLcr] 30 to 50 mL/min) and severe (CLcr <30 mL/min) renal impairment when compared to subjects with normal renal function. Therefore, no dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment is required.
Compared with healthy controls, subjects with impaired hepatic function (Child-Turcotte-Pugh Grade B/C) have an approximate 45% reduction in pioglitazone and total pioglitazone (pioglitazone, M-III, and M-IV) mean Cmax but no change in the mean AUC values. Therefore, no dose adjustment in patients with hepatic impairment is required.
There are postmarketing reports of liver failure with ACTOS and clinical trials have generally excluded patients with serum ALT >2.5 times the upper limit of the reference range. Use caution in patients with liver disease [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
In healthy elderly subjects, Cmax of pioglitazone was not significantly different, but AUC values were approximately 21% higher than those achieved in younger subjects. The mean t1/2 of pioglitazone was also prolonged in elderly subjects (about ten hours) as compared to younger subjects (about seven hours). These changes were not of a magnitude that would be considered clinically relevant.
Safety and efficacy of pioglitazone in pediatric patients have not been established. ACTOS is not recommended for use in pediatric patients [see Use In Specific Populations].
The mean Cmax and AUC values of pioglitazone were increased 20% to 60% in women compared to men. In controlled clinical trials, HbA1c decreases from baseline were generally greater for females than for males (average mean difference in HbA1c 0.5%). Because therapy should be individualized for each patient to achieve glycemic control, no dose adjustment is recommended based on gender alone.
Pharmacokinetic data among various ethnic groups are not available.
Table 15. Effect of Pioglitazone Coadministration on Systemic Exposure of Other Drugs
| Coadministered Drug | |||||
| Pioglitazone Dosage Regimen (mg) * |
Name and Dose Regimens | Change in AUC† | Change in Cmax † | ||
| 45 mg (N = 12) |
Warfarin‡ | ||||
| Daily loading then maintenance doses based PT and INR values Quick’s Value = 35 ± 5% | R-Warfarin | ↓3% | R-Warfarin | ↓2% | |
| S-Warfarin | ↓1% | S-Warfarin | ↑1% | ||
| 45 mg (N = 12) |
Digoxin | ||||
| 0.200 mg twice daily (loading dose) then 0.250 mg daily (maintenance dose, 7 days) | ↑15% | ↑17% | |||
| 45 mg daily for 21 days (N = 35) |
Oral Contraceptive | ||||
| [Ethinyl Estradiol (EE) 0.035 mg plus Norethindrone (NE) 1 mg] for 21 days | EE | ↓11% | EE | ↓13% | |
| NE | ↑3% | NE | ↓7% | ||
| 45 mg (N = 23) |
Fexofenadine | ||||
| 60 mg twice daily for 7 days | ↑30% | ↑37% | |||
| 45 mg (N = 14) |
Glipizide | ||||
| 5 mg daily for 7 days | ↓3% | ↓8% | |||
| 45 mg daily for 8 days (N = 16) |
Metformin | ||||
| 1000 mg single dose on Day 8 | ↓3% | ↓5% | |||
| 45 mg (N = 21) |
Midazolam | ||||
| 7.5 mg single dose on Day 15 | ↓26% | ↓26% | |||
| 45 mg (N = 24) |
Ranitidine | ||||
| 150 mg twice daily for 7 days | ↑1% | ↑1% | |||
| 45 mg daily for 4 days (N = 24) |
Nifedipine ER | ||||
| 30 mg daily for 4 days | ↓13% | ↓17% | |||
| 45 mg (N = 25) |
Atorvastatin Ca | ||||
| 80 mg daily for 7 days | ↓14% | ↓23% | |||
| 45 mg (N = 22) |
Theophylline | ||||
| 400 mg twice daily for 7 days | ↑2% | ↑5% | |||
|
*Daily for 7 days unless otherwise noted †% change (with/without coadministered drug and no change = 0%); symbols of ↑ and ↓ indicate the exposure increase and decrease, respectively ‡Pioglitazone had no clinically significant effect on prothrombin time |
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Table 16. Effect of Coadministered Drugs on Pioglitazone Systemic Exposure
| Coadministered Drug and Dosage Regimen | Pioglitazone | ||
| Dose Regimen (mg)* |
Change in AUC† | Change in Cmax † | |
| Gemfibrozil 600 mg twice daily for 2 days (N = 12) |
15 mg single dose | ↑3.2-fold‡ | ↑6% |
| Ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily for 7 days (N = 28) |
45 mg | ↑34% | ↑14% |
| Rifampin 600 mg daily for 5 days (N = 10) |
30 mg single dose | ↓54% | ↓5% |
| Fexofenadine 60 mg twice daily for 7 days (N = 23) |
45 mg | ↑1% | 0% |
| Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily for 4 days (N = 23) |
45 mg | ↓13% | ↓16% |
| Nifedipine ER 30 mg daily for 7 days (N = 23) |
45 mg | ↑5% | ↑4% |
| Atorvastatin Ca 80 mg daily for 7 days (N = 24) |
45 mg | ↓24% | ↓31% |
| Theophylline 400 mg twice daily for 7 days (N = 22) |
45 mg | ↓4% | ↓2% |
| Topiramate 96 mg twice daily for 7 days§ (N = 26) |
30 mg§ | ↓15%¶ | 0% |
|
*Daily for 7 days unless otherwise noted †Mean ratio (with/without coadministered drug and no change = 1-fold) % change (with/without coadministered drug and no change = 0%); symbols of ↑ and ↓ indicate the exposure increase and decrease, respectively ‡The half-life of pioglitazone increased from 8.3 hours to 22.7 hours in the presence of gemfibrozil [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and DRUG INTERACTIONS] §Indicates duration of concomitant administration with highest twice-daily dose of topiramate from Day 14 onwards over the 22 days of study ¶Additional decrease in active metabolites; 60% for M-III and 16% for M-IV |
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Heart enlargement has been observed in mice (100 mg/kg), rats (4 mg/kg and above) and dogs (3 mg/kg) treated orally with pioglitazone hydrochloride (approximately 11, 1, and 2 times the maximum recommended human oral dose for mice, rats, and dogs, respectively, based on mg/m2). In a one-year rat study, drug-related early death due to apparent heart dysfunction occurred at an oral dose of 160 mg/kg/day (approximately 35 times the maximum recommended human oral dose based on mg/m2). Heart enlargement was seen in a 13-week study in monkeys at oral doses of 8.9 mg/kg and above (approximately four times the maximum recommended human oral dose based on mg/m2), but not in a 52-week study at oral doses up to 32 mg/kg (approximately 13 times the maximum recommended human oral dose based on mg/m2).
Three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with durations from 16 to 26 weeks were conducted to evaluate the use of ACTOS as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. These trials examined ACTOS at doses up to 45 mg or placebo once daily in a total of 865 patients.
In a 26-week dose-ranging monotherapy trial, 408 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to receive 7.5 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg, or 45 mg of ACTOS, or placebo once daily. Therapy with any previous antidiabetic agent was discontinued eight weeks prior to the double-blind period. Treatment with 15 mg, 30 mg, and 45 mg of ACTOS produced statistically significant improvements in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at endpoint compared to placebo (see Figure 1, Table 17).
Figure 1 shows the time course for changes in HbA1c in this 26-week study.
Figure 1. Mean Change from Baseline for HbA1c in a 26-Week Placebo-Controlled Dose-Ranging Study (Observed Values)
 |
Table 17. Glycemic Parameters in a 26-Week Placebo-Controlled Dose-Ranging Monotherapy Trial
| Placebo | ACTOS 15 mg Once Daily |
ACTOS 30 mg Once Daily |
ACTOS 45 mg Once Daily |
|
| Total Population | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | N=79 | N=79 | N=85 | N=76 |
| Baseline (mean) | 10.4 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 0.7 | -0.3 | -0.3 | -0.9 |
| Difference from placebo (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval |
-1.0† (-1.6, -0.4) |
-1.0† (-1.6, -0.4) |
-1.6† (-2.2, -1.0) |
|
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | N=79 | N=79 | N=84 | N=77 |
| Baseline (mean) | 268 | 267 | 269 | 276 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 9 | -30 | -32 | -56 |
| Difference from placebo (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval |
-39† (-63, -16) |
-41† (-64, -18) |
-65† (-89, -42) |
|
|
*Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction †p ≤0.05 vs. placebo |
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In a 24-week placebo-controlled monotherapy trial, 260 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to one of two forced-titration ACTOS treatment groups or a mock-titration placebo group. Therapy with any previous antidiabetic agent was discontinued six weeks prior to the double-blind period. In one ACTOS treatment group, patients received an initial dose of 7.5 mg once daily. After four weeks, the dose was increased to 15 mg once daily and after another four weeks, the dose was increased to 30 mg once daily for the remainder of the trial (16 weeks). In the second ACTOS treatment group, patients received an initial dose of 15 mg once daily and were titrated to 30 mg once daily and 45 mg once daily in a similar manner. Treatment with ACTOS, as described, produced statistically significant improvements in HbA1c and FPG at endpoint compared to placebo (see Table 18).
Table 18. Glycemic Parameters in a 24-Week Placebo-Controlled Forced-Titration Monotherapy Trial
| Placebo | ACTOS 30 mg* Once Daily |
ACTOS 30 mg* Once Daily |
|
| Total Population | |||
| HbA1c (%) | N=83 | N=85 | N=85 |
| Baseline (mean) | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.8 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean†) | 0.9 | -0.6 | -0.6 |
| Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†) 95% Confidence Interval |
-1.5‡ (-2.0, -1.0) |
-1.5‡ (-2.0, -1.0) |
|
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | N=78 | N=82 | N=85 |
| Baseline (mean) | 279 | 268 | 281 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean†) | 18 | -44 | -50 |
| Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†) 95% Confidence Interval |
-62‡ (-82, -0.41) |
-68‡ (-88, -0.48) |
|
|
*Final dose in forced titration †Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction ‡p≤0.05 vs. placebo |
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In a 16-week monotherapy trial, 197 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to treatment with 30 mg of ACTOS or placebo once daily. Therapy with any previous antidiabetic agent was discontinued six weeks prior to the double-blind period. Treatment with 30 mg of ACTOS produced statistically significant improvements in HbA1c and FPG at endpoint compared to placebo (see Table 19).
Table 19. Glycemic Parameters in a 16-Week Placebo-Controlled Monotherapy Trial
| Placebo | ACTOS 30 mg Once Daily |
|
| Total Population | ||
| HbA1c (%) | N=93 | N=100 |
| Baseline (mean) | 10.3 | 10.5 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 0.8 | -0.6 |
| Difference from placebo (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval |
-1.4† (-1.8, -0.9) |
|
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | N=91 | N=99 |
| Baseline (mean) | 270 | 273 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 8 | -50 |
| Difference from placebo (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval |
-58† (-77, -38) |
|
|
*Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction †p≤0.050 vs. placebo |
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Three 16-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of ACTOS (15 mg and/or 30 mg) on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes who were inadequately controlled (HbA1c ≥8%) despite current therapy with a sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin. In addition, three 24-week randomized, double-blind clinical trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of ACTOS 30 mg vs. ACTOS 45 mg on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes who were inadequately controlled (HbA1c ≥8%) despite current therapy with a sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin. Previous diabetes treatment may have been monotherapy or combination therapy.
Two clinical trials were conducted with ACTOS in combination with a sulfonylurea. Both studies included patients with type 2 diabetes on any dose of a sulfonylurea, either alone or in combination with another antidiabetic agent. All other antidiabetic agents were withdrawn at least three weeks prior to starting study treatment.
In the first study, 560 patients were randomized to receive 15 mg or 30 mg of ACTOS or placebo once daily for 16 weeks in addition to their current sulfonylurea regimen. Treatment with ACTOS as add-on to sulfonylurea produced statistically significant improvements in HbA1c and FPG at endpoint compared to placebo add-on to sulfonylurea (see Table 20).
Table 20. Glycemic Parameters in a 16-Week Placebo-Controlled, Add-on to Sulfonylurea Trial
| Placebo + Sulfonylurea | ACTOS 15 mg + Sulfonylurea | ACTOS 30 mg + Sulfonylurea | |
| Total Population | |||
| HbA1c (%) | N=181 | N=176 | N=182 |
| Baseline (mean) | 9.9 | 10.0 | 9.9 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 0.1 | -0.8 | -1.2 |
| Difference from placebo + sulfonylurea (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval |
-0.9† (-1.2, -0.6) |
1.3† (-1.6, -1.0) |
|
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | N=182 | N=179 | N=186 |
| Baseline (mean) | 236 | 247 | 239 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 6 | -34 | -52 |
| Difference from placebo +sulfonylurea (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval |
-39† (-52, -27) |
-58† (-70, -46) |
|
|
*Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction †p≤0.05 vs. placebo + sulfonylurea |
|||
In the second trial, 702 patients were randomized to receive 30 mg or 45 mg of ACTOS once daily for 24 weeks in addition to their current sulfonylurea regimen. The mean reduction from baseline at Week 24 in HbA1c was 1.6% for the 30 mg dose and 1.7% for the 45 mg dose (see Table 21). The mean reduction from baseline at Week 24 in FPG was 52 mg/dL for the 30 mg dose and 56 mg/dL for the 45 mg dose.
The therapeutic effect of ACTOS in combination with sulfonylurea was observed in patients regardless of the sulfonylurea dose.
Table 21. Glycemic Parameters in a 24-Week Add-on to Sulfonylurea Trial
| ACTOS 30 mg + Sulfonylurea | ACTOS 45 mg + Sulfonylurea | |
| Total Population | ||
| HbA1c (%) | N=340 | N=332 |
| Baseline (mean) | 9.8 | 9.9 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | -1.6 | -1.7 |
| Difference from 30 mg daily ACTOS + sulfonylurea (adjusted mean*) (95% CI) | -0.1 (-0.4, 0.1) |
|
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | N=338 | N=329 |
| Baseline (mean) | 214 | 217 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | -52 | -56 |
| Difference from 30 mg daily ACTOS + sulfonylurea (adjusted mean*) (95% CI) | -5 (-12, 3) |
|
|
95% CI = 95% confidence interval *Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction |
||
Two clinical trials were conducted with ACTOS in combination with metformin. Both trials included patients with type 2 diabetes on any dose of metformin, either alone or in combination with another antidiabetic agent. All other antidiabetic agents were withdrawn at least three weeks prior to starting study treatment.
In the first trial, 328 patients were randomized to receive either 30 mg of ACTOS or placebo once daily for 16 weeks in addition to their current metformin regimen. Treatment with ACTOS as add-on to metformin produced statistically significant improvements in HbA1c and FPG at endpoint compared to placebo add-on to metformin (see Table 22).
Table 22. Glycemic Parameters in a 16-Week Placebo-Controlled, Add-on to Metformin Trial
| Placebo + Metformin | ACTOS 30 mg + Metformin | |
| Total Population | ||
| HbA1c (%) | N=153 | N=161 |
| Baseline (mean) | 9.8 | 9.9 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 0.2 | -0.6 |
| Difference from placebo + metformin (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval | -0.8† (-1.2, -0.5) |
|
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | N=157 | N=165 |
| Baseline (mean) | 260 | 254 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | -5 | -43 |
| Difference from placebo + metformin (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval | -38† (-49, -26) |
|
|
*Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction †p≤0.05 vs. placebo + metformin |
||
In the second trial, 827 patients were randomized to receive either 30 mg or 45 mg of ACTOS once daily for 24 weeks in addition to their current metformin regimen. The mean reduction from baseline at Week 24 in HbA1c was 0.8% for the 30 mg dose and 1.0% for the 45 mg dose (see Table 23). The mean reduction from baseline at Week 24 in FPG was 38 mg/dL for the 30 mg dose and 51 mg/dL for the 45 mg dose.
Table 23. Glycemic Parameters in a 24-Week Add-on to Metformin Study
| ACTOS 30 mg + Metformin | ACTOS 45 mg + Metformin | |
| Total Population | ||
| HbA1c (%) | N=400 | N=398 |
| Baseline (mean) | 9.9 | 9.8 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | -0.8 | -1.0 |
| Difference from 30 mg daily ACTOS + Metformin (adjusted mean*) (95% CI) | -0.2 (-0.5, 0.1) |
|
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | N=398 | N=399 |
| Baseline (mean) | 233 | 232 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | -38 | -51 |
| Difference from 30 mg daily ACTOS + Metformin (adjusted mean*) (95% CI) | -12† (-21, -4) |
|
|
95% CI = 95% confidence interval *Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction †p≤0.05 vs. 30 mg daily ACTOS + metformin |
||
The therapeutic effect of ACTOS in combination with metformin was observed in patients regardless of the metformin dose.
Two clinical trials were conducted with ACTOS in combination with insulin. Both trials included patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin, either alone or in combination with another antidiabetic agent. All other antidiabetic agents were withdrawn prior to starting study treatment. In the first trial, 566 patients were randomized to receive either 15 mg or 30 mg of ACTOS or placebo once daily for 16 weeks in addition to their insulin regimen. Treatment with ACTOS as add-on to insulin produced statistically significant improvements in HbA1c and FPG at endpoint compared to placebo add-on to insulin (see Table 24). The mean daily insulin dose at baseline in each treatment group was approximately 70 units. The majority of patients (75% overall, 86% treated with placebo, 77% treated with ACTOS 15 mg, and 61% treated with ACTOS 30 mg) had no change in their daily insulin dose from baseline to the final study visit. The mean change from baseline in daily dose of insulin (including patients with no insulin dose modifications) was -3 units in the patients treated with ACTOS 15 mg, -8 units in the patients treated with ACTOS 30 mg, and -1 unit in patients treated with placebo.
Table 24. Glycemic Parameters in a 16-Week Placebo-Controlled, Add-on to Insulin Trial
| Placebo + Insulin | ACTOS 15 mg + Insulin | ACTOS 30 mg + Insulin | |
| Total Population | |||
| HbA1c (%) | N=177 | N=177 | N=185 |
| Baseline (mean) | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.8 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | -0.3 | -1.0 | -1.3 |
| Difference from placebo + Insulin (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval | -0.7† (-1.0, -0.5) |
-1.0† (-1.3, -0.7) |
|
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | N=179 | N=183 | N=184 |
| Baseline (mean) | 221 | 222 | 229 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | 1 | -35 | -48 |
| Difference from placebo + Insulin (adjusted mean*) 95% Confidence Interval | -35† (-51, -19) |
49† (-65, -33) |
|
|
*Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction †p≤0.05 vs. placebo + insulin |
|||
In the second trial, 690 patients receiving a median of 60 units per day of insulin were randomized to receive either 30 mg or 45 mg of ACTOS once daily for 24 weeks in addition to their current insulin regimen. The mean reduction from baseline at Week 24 in HbA1c was 1.2% for the 30 mg dose and 1.5% for the 45 mg dose. The mean reduction from baseline at Week 24 in FPG was 32 mg/dL for the 30 mg dose and 46 mg/dL for the 45 mg dose (see Table 25). The mean daily insulin dose at baseline in both treatment groups was approximately 70 units. The majority of patients (55% overall, 58% treated with ACTOS 30 mg, and 52% treated with ACTOS 45 mg) had no change in their daily insulin dose from baseline to the final study visit. The mean change from baseline in daily dose of insulin (including patients with no insulin dose modifications) was -5 units in the patients treated with ACTOS 30 mg and -8 units in the patients treated with ACTOS 45 mg.
The therapeutic effect of ACTOS in combination with insulin was observed in patients regardless of the insulin dose.
Table 25. Glycemic Parameters in a 24-Week Add-on to Insulin Trial
| ACTOS 30 mg + Insulin | ACTOS 45 mg + Insulin | |
| Total Population | ||
| HbA1c (%) | N=328 | N=328 |
| Baseline (mean) | 9.9 | 9.7 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | -1.2 | -1.5 |
| Difference from 30 mg daily ACTOS + Insulin (adjusted mean*) (95% CI) | -0.3† (-0.5, -0.1) |
|
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | N=325 | N=327 |
| Baseline (mean) | 202 | 199 |
| Change from baseline (adjusted mean*) | -32 | -46 |
| Difference from 30 mg daily ACTOS + Insulin (adjusted mean*) (95% CI) | -14† (-25, -3) |
|
|
95% CI = 95% confidence interval *Adjusted for baseline, pooled center, and pooled center by treatment interaction †p≤0.05 vs. 30 mg daily ACTOS + insulin |
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ACTOS
(ak-TOS)
(pioglitazone) Tablets
Read this Medication Guide carefully before you start taking ACTOS and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment. If you have any questions about ACTOS, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
What is the most important information I should know about ACTOS?
ACTOS can cause serious side effects, including new or worse heart failure.
Call your doctor right away if you have any of the following:
ACTOS can have other serious side effects. See “What are the possible side effects of ACTOS?”
What is ACTOS?
ACTOS is a prescription medicine used with diet and exercise to improve blood sugar (glucose) control in adults with type 2 diabetes. ACTOS is a diabetes medicine called pioglitazone that may be taken alone or with other diabetes medicines.
It is not known if ACTOS is safe and effective in children under the age of 18. ACTOS is not recommended for use in children.
ACTOS is not for people with type 1 diabetes.
ACTOS is not for people with diabetic ketoacidosis (increased ketones in your blood or urine).
Who should not take ACTOS?
See “What is the most important information I should know about ACTOS?”
Do not take ACTOS if you:
Talk to your doctor before taking ACTOS if you have either of these conditions.
What should I tell my doctor before taking ACTOS?
Before you take ACTOS, tell your doctor if you:
Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take including prescription and over the counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
ACTOS and some of your other medicines can affect each other. You may need to have your dose of ACTOS or certain other medicines changed.
Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your doctor and pharmacist before you start a new medicine. They will tell you if it is okay to take ACTOS with other medicines.
How should I take ACTOS?
What are the possible side effects of ACTOS?
ACTOS may cause serious side effects including:
The most common side effects of ACTOS include:
Tell your doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.
These are not all the side effects of ACTOS. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I store ACTOS?
General information about the safe and effective use of ACTOS
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use ACTOS for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give ACTOS to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them.
This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about ACTOS. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about ACTOS that is written for healthcare professionals. For more information, go to www.actos.com or call 1-877-825-3327.
What are the ingredients in ACTOS?
Active Ingredient: pioglitazone
Inactive Ingredients: lactose monohydrate, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, and magnesium stearate
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
