Goldberg Variations, BWV 988
Johann Sebastian Bach
Work background
Researched classical background
An aria frames thirty variations that explore changing meters, textures, and contrapuntal techniques. Rather than simply decorating the melody, Bach repeatedly reworks its underlying harmonic plan. The original publication specifies a two-manual harpsichord, which helps explain some crossed or overlapping hand textures. The often-told story connecting the work to a count's sleepless nights is a later account, not secure evidence of its commission.
A listening guide
Hear the opening aria again after the variations and notice how much the intervening music changes your perception.
Listening suggestions are editorial guides to the music.
Forces: Two-manual harpsichord originally; often performed on piano
Publication: 1741
Published as an aria with variations; the familiar Goldberg name became attached later.
This entry describes the musical work or cycle. Composition, premiere and publication dates describe different events. Performers and recordings can be explored through the external listening search.
Date, title and version notes
The insomnia-commission story was recorded later and is not treated as established compositional intent.
Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 - LA Phil
Work identity, chronology where stated, and the specific musical or historical context summarized in this entry. | Reviewed 2026-10-19
Sources for this work
Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 - LA Phil
Work identity, chronology where stated, and the specific musical or historical context summarized in this entry. | Reviewed 2026-10-19
Browse by year
1960-2025. Each year contains 150 selections.